Adropin

2023-10-06:

Adropin #

Secreted by the liver (hepatokine). Upregulated by ERα. Inhibits PKA, JNK. Activates AKT and VEGF.

• Serum Adropin as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
  • serum adropin concentrations were negatively correlated with intrahepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, and NAFLD activity score
• Adropin as A Fat-Burning Hormone with Multiple Functions—Review of a Decade of Research
  • Improves insulin sensitivity/glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle glucose utilization,
• ERα-Dependent Regulation of Adropin Predicts Sex Differences in Liver Homeostasis during High-Fat Diet
  • Under HFD conditions, the hepatic induction of adropin negatively correlates with the expression of lipogenic genes and with fatty liver in female mice, an effect that depends upon hepatic ERα
• Organ with higest expression = the brain.
• Adropin acts in brain to inhibit water drinking: potential interaction with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR19
  • GPR19 (different from TGR5/GPCR19) has been proposed as its receptor
• A Review of Adropin as the Medium of Dialogue between Energy Regulation and Immune Regulation
  • Negative correlation with expression levels of inflammatory Cytokines.
  • AKT/ERK→ PPAR-γ expression in monocytes. M2 Macrophages. have higher levels of Fatty Acid Oxidation instead of glycolysis (lactate, that is, not OXPHOS. I believe.). See:
    • PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties
• • Promotes insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation and GLUT4 cell surface expression.
  • Increased CoA/acetyl-CoA ration via inhibition of enzymes involved in fatty acid utilization like Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.
  • Promotes PDH