Neurogenesis

links: reference:nv 10-21-2021

Neurogenesis #

I think a lot of comes down to the prevalence of Stem Cells - areas like the Hippocampus are rife with them, while areas like the prefrontal cortex have less and less.

Transcriptome #

• Common pitfalls of stem cell diferentiation: A guide to improving protocols for neurodegenerative disease models and research
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• In vivo Direct Conversion of Astrocytes to Neurons Maybe a Potential Alternative Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases
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  • Introducing NeAL218. A collection of the 3 TFs NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Lmx1a, + miR-218. Absolutely reminiscent of the Yamanaka factors.
  • The reprogramming can also be achieved simply by depleting PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) an RNA-binding protein.
• Roles of Transcription Factors in the Development and Reprogramming of the Dopaminergic Neurons
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  • Notice they used LMX1A, just like the study above!

Adult Neurogenesis #

• Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in Mammalian Brain
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• Adult Neurogenesis and Stroke: A Tale of Two Neurogenic Niches
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  • B: Astrocytic stem cells. C: Transient-amplifying cells. A: neuroblasts.
• Adult Neurogenesis takes place in the Subventricular Zone, Subgranular Zone 1 of the hippocampus, and the Olfactory Bulb. The rostral migratory stream is when the neuroblasts go from the SVZ/DG into the Olfactory Bulb:
• ADULT NEUROGENESIS IN HUMANS: A Review of Basic Concepts, History, Current Research, and Clinical Implications (2019)
• Mechanisms and Functional Implications of Adult Neurogenesis
  • GABA depolarizes neurons 2-4 weeks after birth. This is due to their high intraceullar concentration of chloride; GABA directly depolarizes type 2 progenitors in the adult hippocampus, which results in calcium ion influx. But I don’t get it - sounds more like a matter of chloride channels (or GABA-B), with the ions just being a result.
    • NKCC1 knockout leads to defecets in neuronal maturation.
    • This switches to hyperpolarization, coinciding with the onset of glutamatergic responses; this is also when new neurons have low LTP thresholds: A critical period for enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated neurons of the adult brain:
      • 1-1.5 month cell age depends on NR2B
    • Hyperpolarizing Inhibition Develops without Trophic support by GABA in Cultured Rat Midbrain Neurons
  • Spines from 4-week-old neurons are more likely to be associated with multiple-synapse boutons than older neurons.
• Looks cool: Adult neurogenesis, human after all (again): Classic, optimized, and future approaches

Inflammatory molecules shift BDNF’s targets towards those leading to the creation of microglia rather than neurons.

• Neocortical neurogenesis in humans is restricted to development
• The over-pruning hypothesis of autism
• Adult neurogenesis, human after all (again): Classic, optimized, and future approaches
  • My life is changed. Too much neurogenesis can cause overpruning, NOT underpruning. This is seen in autism and it is what rapamycin helps prevent:
• Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain - lovely figures.
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