https://yana-log.net/notes/ Recent content in 💜 Welcome on Hugo -- gohugo.io https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/10-Methoxyharmalan/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/10-Methoxyharmalan/ 2022-04-26: [[Drugs]] reference: 10-Methoxyharmalan (AKA ==6-==methoxyharmalan) # Deivative of [[β-Carboline]]: ![100][beta-carboline.png] obtained by cyclodehydration of [[Melatonin]]. Similar to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MeO-THH (Tetrahydroharman), which overall has a pretty low affinity for everything, but mainly 5-HT2C followed by 5-HT2A 10-Methoxyharmalan, a Potent Serotonin Antagonist Which Affects Conditioned Behavior (1961) More potent than harmaline. *The standard oxytocic response to 0.2 μg of serotonin was completely blocked by the addition of 0.5 μg of lysergic acid diethylamide, 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/11%CE%B2-HSD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/11%CE%B2-HSD/ links: [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: 4-21-2021 11β-HSD # Type 1 converts [[Cortisone]] into [[Cortisol]], while type 2 does the reverse. [[Vitamin D]] and [[Vitamin A]] reduce 11β-HSD. Just 2,000 IU per day decreased cortisol by 40%: R Part of drug metabolism, like [[Bupropion]] -> Threo-hydrobupropion. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B1-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B1-Hydroxylase/ links: [[Enzyme]] [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: 4-23-2021 17α-hydroxylase # Deficiency is leads to corticotrophic excess. Stimulated by [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone|ACTH]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone/ 2022-02-14 links: reference: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B2-HSD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/17%CE%B2-HSD/ links: [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2018/10/23/46-ways-to-increase-dht/ 4-22-2021 17β-HSD (17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase) # AKR1c# = 17β-HSD5 Used to convert: [[Androstanedione]] / [[3α-Androstanediol]] / [[3β-Androstanediol]] to [[DHT]]. [[Androsterone]] into [[3α-Androstendiol]], and [[Androstenedione]] into [[Testosterone]]. [[Estradiol]] into [[Estrone]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-Arachidonylglycerol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-Arachidonylglycerol/ 2023-10-04: 2-Arachidonylglycerol # An [[Endocannabinoid]]. CB1 agonist. The primary endogenous ligand of [[CB2]]. Its formation is calcium-dependent; mediated by [[Phospholipase C|PLC]] and DAGL (diacylglycerol lipase). There are transport proteins for it, including the [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp70]]s! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-Methoxyestradiol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-Methoxyestradiol/ 2023-10-05: 2-Methoxyestradiol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-PMPA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/2-PMPA/ 2023-10-03: 2-PMPA # Noname is doing a groupbuy of a prodrug for it, which he’s calling PBIO-21. It’s something like tris-POC-2-PMPA, tris-POM-2-PMPA or some other PMPA prodrug Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of 2-(Phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic Acid (2-PMPA) from its (5-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl (ODOL)-Based Prodrugs γ-PAB-2-PMPA is also potentially a good form [[Glutamate Carboxypeptidase|GCP]]-II inhibitor. Btw, this might make it really interesting with psychedelics. Might offset cognitive impairment. Inhibition of N-acetylated-alpha-Linked-Acidic Dipeptidase (NAALADase) by 2-PMPA Attenuates Cocaine-Induced Relapse in Rats: A NAAG-mGluR2/3-Mediated Mechanism Dose-dependently lowered extracellular DA and glutamate in the NAc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/21-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/21-Hydroxylase/ links: reference: 11-12-2021 21-Hydroxylase (CYP21A2) # Can also be 21α- or 21β-Hydroxylase. Confusing. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/24S-hydroxycholesterol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/24S-hydroxycholesterol/ 2022-12-20: 24S-hydroxycholesterol (‘Cerebrosterol’) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/35-T2-35-Diiodothyronine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/35-T2-35-Diiodothyronine/ links: reference: 5-1-2021 3,5-T2 (3,5-Diiodothyronine) # An active [[Thyroid]] hormone. Suppresses TSH release. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3-Hydroxykynurenine-3HK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3-Hydroxykynurenine-3HK/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3HK) # Not particularly amazing. It is a metabolite of [[Tryptophan]]. An [[NMDAR]] agonist? https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 11-12-2021 3α-Androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) # Binds to [[GABA-A]] as a positive allosteric modulator. Weak androgen and estrogen. Inhibitory androstane neurosteroid. High affinity for SHBG, similar to that of testosterone. Structural analog of DHT. Rewarding, anxiolytic, pro-sexual, anticonvulsant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-Androstendiol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-Androstendiol/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 11-12-2021 3α-Androstendiol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-HSD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B1-HSD/ links: [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: 4-22-2021 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) # AKR1C2 = 3α-HSD3 [[DHT]] <-> [[3α-Androstanediol]] [[5α-DHP]] -> [[Allopregnanolone]]. 5β-DHT -> [[3β-Androstanediol]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 11-12-2021 3β-Androstanediol # An estrogen. High-affinity full agonist of [[Estrogen Receptor]] beta. Doesn’t bind to AR. Has ~3% and 7% the affinity of estradiol for ERα and ERβ respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B2-HSD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/3%CE%B2-HSD/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 5-2-2021 3β-HSD (3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase) # Important enzyme in [[Steroidogenesis]]. The only enzyme in the adrenal pathway of corticosteroid synthesis that is not a member of the [[Cytochrome P450]] family. Converts: [[Pregnenolone]] into [[Progesterone]] [[17α-Hydroxypregnenolone]] into [[17α-Hydroxyprogesterone]] [[Androstenediol]] into [[Testosterone]] [[DHEA]] into [[Androstenedione]] [[Androstadienol]] to [[Androstadienone]]. [[5α-DHP]] into 3beta,5beta-tetrahydroprogesterone. Potently inhibited by various drugs which work as steroidogenesis inhibitors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/4-DMA-78-DHF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/4-DMA-78-DHF/ 2022-06-22: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4’-DMA-7,8-DHF (4’-Dimethylamino 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone) # Not the same thing as 7,8 DHF, which builds over time. This is acute and lasts the whole day. Weirdest name ever, but it’s actually sold on ND. Binds to [[TrkB]] 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone reduces sleep during dark phase and suppresses orexin A but not orexin B in mice Supplementation # Sublingual. 8mg daily or something like 20mg 1-2x/week as half life is long. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/4.1N/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/4.1N/ 2022-05-04: reference: Band 4.1-like protein 1 (4.1N)/Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1(EPB41L1) # Stabilizes neuroreceptors at the membrane and facilitates their insertion. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-AR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-AR/ links: [[Enzyme]] [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: 4-22-2021 5α-Reductase (5-AR) # Responsible for conversion of: (see if you can notice a pattern… there are only 2 exceptions) Cholestenone → 5α-Cholestanone [[Progesterone]] → [[5α-DHP]] 3α-Dihydroprogesterone → [[Allopregnanolone]] 3β-Dihydroprogesterone → Isopregnanolone Deoxycorticosterone → 5α-Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone [[Corticosterone]] → 5α-Dihydrocorticosterone [[Cortisol]] → 5α-Dihydrocortisol [[Aldosterone]] → 5α-Dihydroaldosterone [[Androstanedione]] → 5α-Androstanedione [[Testosterone]] → [[DHT]] Nandrolone → 5α-Dihydronandrolone Type I: More widely expressed, namely liver, skin, scalp, prostate, and brain. 7 pH optima. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HIAA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HIAA/ links: reference: 10-1-2021 5-HIAA (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid) # The main metabolite of [[Serotonin]] via [[MAO]], thus it can be a proxy of its activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1/ links: reference: 9-20-2021 5-HT1 # A subfamily of [[Serotonin]] receptors, consisting of 5 Gi/Go receptors. [[5-HT1A]], [[5-HT1B]], (5-HT1C was changed to 5-HT2C) [[5-HT1D]], [[5-HT1E]], [[5-HT1F]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1A/ links: [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: 5-16-2021 5-HT1A # Ligand-gated receptor. It is either a somatodendritic autoreceptor (which inhibits the release, not just picks it up), such as in the [[Dorsal Raphe Nucleus]], or it’s postsynaptic, in areas like the hippcampus and cortex. Influence of Serotonin on the Blood–Brain and the Blood–Spinal Cord Barriers *In patients of [[Alzheimer’s]] disease, the density of 5-HT1A in the [[Hippocampus]] is decreased together with loss of the pyramidal cells (Cross et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1B/ links: [[5-HT1]] reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT1B # Inhibits dopamine release in frontal cortex. Signals for pulmonary vasoconstriction. Delayed ejaculation, decreased pleasure, lack of orgasm. OCD. Antagonism can result in aggression/anxiety https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1D/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT1D # Activates [[Vasodilation]] via [[Nitric Oxide]] in some tissues, and [[Vasoconstriction]] in others. Antagonism is antidepressant https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1E/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT1E/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT1E # “Mostly in the brain, likely involved with memory formation.” https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2/ links: reference: 9-18-2021 5-HT2 # Subfamily of [[Serotonin]] [[Neuroreceptors]]. Consists of [[5-HT2A]], [[5-HT2B]] and [[5-HT2C]]. Hallucinations induced by its stimulation are via inhibiting the [[Lateral geniculate nucleus]], and the [[Thalamic Reticular Nucleus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2A-mGluR2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2A-mGluR2/ 2023-09-08: [[5-HT2A]]-[[mGluR2]] Heteromer # Many psychedelics, and perhaps only psychedelics, including LSD bind to [[mGluR2]]-[[5-HT2A]] heteromers in the frontal lobe (and not 5-HT2A monomers). Serotonin binding only agonizes 5-HT2A, but psychedelics agonize 5-HT2A and inhibit the mGluR2. [[mGluR2]]/[[mGluR3]] antagonism/KO mice prevents [[5-HT2A]] mediated psychedelic effects: Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists Physiological antagonism between 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in prefrontal cortex 5-HT2A blockade interferes with the induction of BDNF mRNA by stress. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2A/ links: reference: https://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/2011/12/psychedelic-tale-of-two.html Looks very informative: Central serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor dysfunction in depression and epilepsy: the missing link https://www.reprocell.com/blog/biopta/5ht2a-serotonin-receptor 4-27-2021 5-HT2A # Gq-coupled. Can be activated by [[Dopamine]]?? Mediates psychedelia, anxiety, inhibits [[Locus Coeruleus]] NE release, elicits glutamate release from the PFC, dopamine in the PFC, bladder contraction ? Quantitative analysis of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons expressing 5-HT(2A) receptors in human and monkey prefrontal cortex So yeah in layer II-V of the [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex]], it is coexpressed with almost all glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2B/ links: [[5-HT2]] reference: 9-19-2021 5-HT2B # [[Vasoconstriction]], inhibits [[Dopamine]] and other neurotransmitters, reduced pleasure, delayed ejaculation, worsens anxiety & [[OCD]]. Empathy? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT2C/ links: [[Serotonin]] [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: 4-30-2021 [[5-HT2]]C # A GPCR. Activation by serotonin inhibits dopamine and noradrenaline release in certain areas of the brain, like the frontal cortex. (wherever they may be.) Regulates dopamine release in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and more. Striatal Serotonin 2C receptors decrease nigrostriatal dopamine release by increasing GABA-A receptor tone in the substantia nigra [[SSRI]]s (at least some of them) end up downregulating it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT3/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT3 # Ionotropic! Causes nausea, ickiness, depression, anxiety, and poor memory. Ginger antagonizes it Found on (presynaptic) neurons where they have an inhibitory effect on acetylcholine release. [Serotonin 3 Receptor Blockade is Involved in Vortioxetine -Induced Prevention of Anxiety/Depression Relapse Phenotype] Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors Selective 5HT3 antagonists and sensory processing: a systematic review Odansetron reverses sensory gating deficits and improves visuoperceptual processing in animal models of psychosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT4/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT4 # Increases [[Estrogen]] receptors and irritable bowel syndrome (increases acetylcholine) 5-HT4 Receptor Agonist Effects on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain: Implications for Procognitive Action Prucalopride. Gintrux shared an anecdote where a 1mg pill caused insane diarrhea and subsequent nausea/draining of electrolytes or something Lots of receptors in the [[Gut]]. Somehow no adverse effects in this study though? Prucalopride: Decreased [[Default Mode Network]] activity, increased attention and executive function. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT5/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT5 # Increased ‘feeding’… anxiety, [[Depression]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT6/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 5-HT6 # Increases anxiety and memory deficits by decreasing [[Choline]]rgic function. So, antagonism is pro-social, enhances LTP and short term memory, and inhibits gabaergic neurotransmission. *5-Ht6 antagonism inhibits camp and disinhibits dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and acetylcholine selectively in the pfc, without compromising striatal dopamine. Guanfacine shunts striatal dopamine into the pfc, and takes weeks to work with a really shitty adjustment period of low norepinephrine and blood pressure. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT7/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HT7/ links: [[GPCR]] reference: 9-19-2021 5-HT7 # Gs-coupled. Expressed in the brain, the highest densities in the [[Thalamus]] and [[Hypothalamus]], and high densities on the hippocampus and cortex. Involved in thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning, memory, and sleep. Antagonism boosts reference memory and performance in demanding tasks (boosts cortical glutaminergic transmission) Increases [[Glucocorticoid]] receptors. Expressed in the GI tract, playing a role in smoth muscle contraction. Implication of 5-HT7 receptor in prefrontal circuit assembly and detrimental emotional effects of SSRIs during development 5-HTR7 over-expression in the developing PFC, results in depressive-like symptoms in adulthood long-term depressive-like and anxiogenic effects of SSRIs (postnatal administration of fluoxetine from P2 to P14) were not observed in 5-HTR7-KO mice Pharmacological Blockade of 5-HT7 Receptors as a Putative Fast Acting Antidepressant Strategy Negatively regulate the firing of [[Dorsal Raphe Nucleus]] serotonin neurons and become desensitized after long-term [[Fluoxetine]]> Pharmacological Blockade of Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Reverses Working Memory Deficits in Rats by Normalizing Cortical Glutamate Neurotransmission Mice lacking 5-HT7: impaired contextual fear conditioning but no significant deficits in motor and spatial learning or cued and operant conditioning might reverse cognitive deficits associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction by selectively normalizing glutamatergic neurotransmission. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HTP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-HTP/ 2022-04-20: reference: 5-HTP # Converted to [[Serotonin]] via [[AADC]] Supplementation: It’s cardiotoxic and depletes dopamine. https://libredd.it/r/Supplements/comments/vojw4j/comment/ieegqby/. https://www.reddit.com/r/StackAdvice/comments/sn2xo3/deleted_by_user/hw06spc/?context=3 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-MeO-DMT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5-MeO-DMT/ 2024-11-23: 5-MeO-DMT # Binding sites Binding affinity Ki (μM) [[5-HT1A]] 1.9 [[5-HT1B]] 74 [[5-HT1D]] 6.3 [[5-HT2A]] 2011 [[5-HT7]] 3.9 [[5-HT6]] 35.2 D1 79.5 5-HT1A affinity as opposed to 5-HT2A is where all the differences from DMT lie: 1000-fold greater affinity, whereas DMT is just 4-fold. LSD, psilocybin, mescaline are all very much ego killers. DMT? Completely different story. Lots of beings and forces in that realm are highly egoic. and 5-MeO is the opposite. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B1-DHP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B1-DHP/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 11-12-2021 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) # Converted from [[Progesterone]] via [[5-AR]]. ~33% potency of progesterone. Low-affinity [[GABA-A]] positive allosteric modulator. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B2-DHT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B2-DHT/ 2022-02-03 links: reference: Inhibition of Hypothalamic Aromatase Activity by 5Beta-Dihydrotestosterone 5β-DHT # Converted from testosterone via [[5β-Reductase]]. Has has little to no affinity to the androgen receptor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B2-Reductase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/5%CE%B2-Reductase/ 2022-02-01 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 5β-Reductase # Breaks [[DHT]] down into [[5β-DHT]], and, with 3α-HSD following, progesterone into pregnanolone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/6-APB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/6-APB/ 2023-10-12: Hamilton morris has an interview with Matt Baggot about his work on [[MDMA]] analogues like the APBs 6-ABP # David E. Nichols synthed it as a non-neurotoxic alternative to MDMA. There might not be any hangover at all. SNDRI (117, 150, 2698 nM Ki for NET, DAT, SERT respectively.) [[5-HT2B]] full agonist. Enter cardiotoxicity. Like it’s seriously strong there. High affinity for [[α2C]]. Benzo Fury(JACK) More sharp than MDMA Dose # ~100-150 mg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/6-OHDA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/6-OHDA/ 2022-06-15: reference: 6-OHDA (Oxidopamine) # Converts to and from dopamine-o-quinone, and into aminochrome. It is a dopamine antagonist and a toxin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/8-OH-DPAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/8-OH-DPAT/ 2022-02-19 links: [[Drugs]] reference: 8-OH-DPAT # [[5-HT1A]] and [[5-HT7]] agonist and [[SSRI]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/9-Me-BC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/9-Me-BC/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 10-20-2021 9-Me-BC (9-methyl-[[β-Carboline]]) # Regenerates [[Dopamine]] neurons and increases sensitivity to stimulants. Upregulates [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] transcription factors like [[CREB]]. Increases [[Neurotrophic Factors]] Reduces [[Lactate Dehydrogenase]], inflammation, etc. Do not mix with methyl donors? Controversy around it being toxic/carcinogenic. It is indeed photosensitive/‘phototoxic’. Take it in the winter because apparently skin DNA damage could be a thing?? It’s caustic to the teeth as well and burns to swallow. JC (and Uxküll I believe) says it’s been debunked It does at least transiently increase photosensitivity, but it’s also genoprotective and shouldn’t cause melanoma due to its anti-cancer effects Uxkull does 2mg daily for month. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A-hypothetical-pathogenesis-model-for-androgenic-alopecia-clarifying-the-dihydrotestosterone-paradox-and-rate-limiting-recovery-factor-English-2017/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A-hypothetical-pathogenesis-model-for-androgenic-alopecia-clarifying-the-dihydrotestosterone-paradox-and-rate-limiting-recovery-factor-English-2017/ 2021-11-19 links: [[Hair Loss]] [[DHT]] (English 2017) A hypothetical pathogenesis model for androgenic alopecia clarifying the dihydrotestosterone paradox and rate-limiting recovery factor # This guy has a literature review on botox for treating chronic galea tension, which does indeed improve hair count. General consensus: DHT binds to androgen receptors in dermal papilla cells and tissues surrounding the AGA-prone follicles. As it accumulates, the tissue becomes sensitive and miniaturizes. Treatment with [[Finasteride]] and so on is motly limited to stopping progression, 10% increase in density, and some thickening. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Age-related-hyperinsulinemia-leads-to-insulin-resistance-in-neurons-and-cell-cycle-induced-senescence-Chow-et-al.-2019/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Age-related-hyperinsulinemia-leads-to-insulin-resistance-in-neurons-and-cell-cycle-induced-senescence-Chow-et-al.-2019/ 2022-05-02: reference: @Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence (Chow et al. 2019) # [[Insulin Resistance]] reduces [[Hexokinase]]-2, impairing glycolysis. This hampers ubiquination and degredation of [[p35]], favoring its cleavage to p25, which hyperactivates [[CDK5]] and interferes with the [[GSK-3β|GSK-3β]]-induced degadation of [[β-Catenin]]. [[CDK5]] contributes to neuronal cell death while [[β-Catenin]] enters the neuronal nucleus and re-activates the cell cycle machinery. able to successfully divide, the neuron instead enters a senescent-like state. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androgen-induced-progression-of-arterial-calcification-in-apolipoprotein-E-null-mice-is-uncoupled-from-plaque-growth-and-lipid-levels-McRobb-et-al.-2008/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androgen-induced-progression-of-arterial-calcification-in-apolipoprotein-E-null-mice-is-uncoupled-from-plaque-growth-and-lipid-levels-McRobb-et-al.-2008/ 2021-11-23 links: [[DHT]] [[Testosterone]] @(McRobb et al., 2008) Androgen-induced progression of arterial calcification in apolipoprotein E-null mice is uncoupled from plaque growth and lipid levels # Testosterone injection increased calcification 3-4x in lesions of the innominate artery and aortic sinus. DHT increased calcification only in the innominate artery 2.4x. Androgen-inuced calicifcation of the innominate artery was observed with up-regulation of local AR expresion. Neither androgen influenced artery ERα or ERβ expression, but T-induced calcification in the aortic sinus was associated with downregulation of [[ERα]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autonomous-CaMKII-mediates-both-LTP-and-LTD-using-a-mechanism-for-differential-substrate-site-selection-Coultrap-et-al.-2014/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autonomous-CaMKII-mediates-both-LTP-and-LTD-using-a-mechanism-for-differential-substrate-site-selection-Coultrap-et-al.-2014/ 2022-05-07: reference: @Autonomous CaMKII mediates both LTP and LTD using a mechanism for differential substrate site selection (Coultrap et al. 2014) # Thr286 is one such site of CAMK autophosphorylation whereby it can become “autonomous”. Thr286 phosphorylation is induced by LTP stimuli, and required for NMDAR-dependent LTP induction R. R Subsequently, LTD stimuli can induce phosphorylation of Ser567. *Biochemical studies have shown that “autonomous” [[CAMK II]] is ∼5-fold further stimulated by Ca2+/[[Calmodulin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholesterol-in-Alzheimers-Disease-Unresolved-Questions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholesterol-in-Alzheimers-Disease-Unresolved-Questions/ 2022-12-10: ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19199871/) @Cholesterol in [[Alzheimer’s]] Disease: Unresolved Questions # So apparently there are two opposing models: The ‘high cholesterol model’ assumes the presence of cholesterol→ lipid rafts allows for [[APP]]-[[BACE1]] co-localization. Model B assumes [[APP]] is located in non-raft membrane regions, with lipid rafts keeping it separated from [[BACE1]]. Furthermore, the activation of plasminogen to plasmin is a raft-associated event, and a reduction would somehow increase the poroduction of amyloid for some reason. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Co-agonists-differentially-tune-GluN2B-NMDA-receptor-trafficking-at-hippocampal-synapses-Ferreira-et-al.-2017/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Co-agonists-differentially-tune-GluN2B-NMDA-receptor-trafficking-at-hippocampal-synapses-Ferreira-et-al.-2017/ 2022-04-29: reference: @Co-agonists differentially tune GluN2B-NMDA receptor trafficking at hippocampal synapses (Ferreira et al. 2017) # This ==‘synaptic shift’== of NMDA maturation is characterized by a higher ratio of NR2B:NR2A as stated in [[@Global view of transcriptome in the brains of aged NR2B transgenic mice (Li et al. 2013)]], and it is also characterized by a change of the NMDA co-agonist from [[Glycine]] to [[D-Serine]]. [[NR2B]]-containing NMDARs have 10x the affiniy for glycine than NR2A-containing. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate-and-estrone-sulfate-reduce-GABA-recurrent-inhibition-in-the-hippocampus-via-muscarinic-acetylcholine-receptors-Steffensten-et-al.-2006/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate-and-estrone-sulfate-reduce-GABA-recurrent-inhibition-in-the-hippocampus-via-muscarinic-acetylcholine-receptors-Steffensten-et-al.-2006/ 2021-11-19 links: [[DHEA]] [[Estrone]] [[GABA]] [[Hippocampus]] (Steffensten et al., 2006) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and estrone sulfate reduce GABA-recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors # Estrogen increases [[Basal Forebrain]] [[Choline Acetyltransferase]] activity (Luine, 1985), high-affinity [[Choline]] uptake (Gibbs, 2000), [[Acetylcholine]] release (Gibbs et al., 1997), and some estrogen effects on hippocampal excitatory synaptic function are blocked by [[M2 AChR]] antagonists. However, as mentioned earlier, a second possibility is that estrogen acts directly on cholinergic septohippocampal projection neurons to increase ACh release (Gibbs et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Diets-rich-in-saturated-and-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-metabolic-shifting-and-cardiac-health-Diniz-et-al.-2004/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Diets-rich-in-saturated-and-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-metabolic-shifting-and-cardiac-health-Diniz-et-al.-2004/ 2022-02-09 links: [[PUFA]] @Diets rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolic shifting and cardiac health (Diniz et al., 2004) # SFA rich = 1000mL:1240mL coconut oil (81.73% SFA 18.88% PUFA). PUFA-rich is 1240mL corn oil:1000mL coconut oil (62.92% PUFA 37.09% SFA). The control is pretty messed up in its own right, though. SOD = superoxide dimutase Higher LDH in SFA than PUFA is a little sussy… https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Docosahexaenoic-acid-and-arachidonic-acid-in-infant-development-Carlson-2002/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Docosahexaenoic-acid-and-arachidonic-acid-in-infant-development-Carlson-2002/ 2022-02-10 links: [[DHA]] @Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in infant development (Carlson, 2002) # We’ve got some references to peep… where to even start? Something to bear in mind is that these formula studies must give the infants ALA, but DHA is optional. Who knows what PUFA-free would look like in humans DHA constitutes ~30% of the thanolamine and serine phosphoglycerides in [[Gray Matter]] and ~45% of them in the retina of all mammals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Docosahexaenoic-acid-membrane-properties-of-a-unique-fatty-acid-Stillwell-Wassall-2003/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Docosahexaenoic-acid-membrane-properties-of-a-unique-fatty-acid-Stillwell-Wassall-2003/ 2022-03-29: reference: @Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid (Stillwell & Wassall, 2003) # The already high DHA levels in these membranes (synaptosomes, sperm, retinol rod outer segment) are not further augmented by diet and once incorporated, [[DHA]] is tenaciously retained at the expense of other fatty acids (Salem et al., 1986). - but in other tissues ([[Phospholipid]]s, mitochondria) it can be enriched 2-10-fold. very little DHA-induced al- terations in the fluidity of mitochondrial membranes were reported by Stillwell et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EEG-alpha-and-theta-oscillations-reflect-cognitive-and-memory-performance-a-review-and-analysis-Klimesch-1998/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EEG-alpha-and-theta-oscillations-reflect-cognitive-and-memory-performance-a-review-and-analysis-Klimesch-1998/ 2022-03-16: reference: @EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance a review and analysis (Klimesch, 1998) # TF = Transition frequency (the fine line between high theta and low alpha) varies from subject to subject. In some subjects, for example with neurodegenerative diseases, it can apparently be as low as 4 Hz with something like a peak alpha frequency of 7 Hz. (De)synchronization simply means increase or (de)crease in amplitude. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Extrasynaptic-NMDARs-oppose-synaptic-NMDARs-by-triggering-CREB-shut-off-and-cell-death-pathways-2002/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Extrasynaptic-NMDARs-oppose-synaptic-NMDARs-by-triggering-CREB-shut-off-and-cell-death-pathways-2002/ 2022-05-01: reference: @Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways (2002) # Their actions are opposite: while synaptic [[NMDAR]] activity induces that of [[CREB]], [[eNMDAR]] the pathway and therefore BDNF etc. Synaptic NMDA receptor activation was found to be neuroprotective. Stimulation of NMDA receptors by synaptic activity robustly activated CREB and CREB target gene expression, to about the same extent as L-type calcium channels. Blocking L-type calcium channels with nifedipine did not reduce CRE-reporter gene expression after action potential bursts, though it did inhibit the response triggered by KClinduced membrane depolarization Might be relevant, idk. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABAergic-deafferentation-hypothesis-of-brain-aging-and-Alzheimers-disease-pharmacologic-profile-of-the-benzodiazepine-antagonist-flumazenil-Marczynski-1995/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABAergic-deafferentation-hypothesis-of-brain-aging-and-Alzheimers-disease-pharmacologic-profile-of-the-benzodiazepine-antagonist-flumazenil-Marczynski-1995/ 2022-01-14 links: [[GABA]] [[Alzheimer’s]] See also: GABAergic deafferentation hypothesis of brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease revisited (Marczynski, 1998) Chronic administration of flumazenil increases life span and protects rats from age-related loss of cognitive functions: a benzodiazepine/GABAergic hypothesis of brain aging (Marczynski et al., 1994) Altered glial–neuronal crosstalk: Cornerstone in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy Perinatal upregulation of benzodiazepine receptor ontogenesis: “fearless” and more efficient goal-directed behavior of adult rat progenies The space where aging acts: focus on the GABAergic synapse @GABAergic deafferentation hypothesis of brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease; pharmacologic profile of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (Marczynski, 1995) # The gabaergic deafferentation hypothesis proposes that increasing gabaergic tone through lifespan promotes transcriptional drift and a general decline in gabaergic interneuron binding affinities and with it a decline in gabaergic interneurons which precedes excitotoxic glutamatergic deafferentation and reduced insulin sensitivity in the brain through increased amyloid beta production as [[Insulin Degrading Enzyme]] activities are greatly reduced. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Global-view-of-transcriptome-in-the-brains-of-aged-NR2B-transgenic-mice-Li-et-al.-2013/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Global-view-of-transcriptome-in-the-brains-of-aged-NR2B-transgenic-mice-Li-et-al.-2013/ 2022-04-12: reference: Genetic Enhancement of Memory and Long-Term Potentiation but Not CA1 Long-Term Depression in NR2B Transgenic Rats Young receptors make smart mice @Global view of transcriptome in the brains of aged NR2B transgenic mice (Li et al., 2013) # “Doogie mice” are those with enhanced [[LTP]], learning, etc. - in this sense it’s frequently due to NR2B transgenicity. Developing cortical synapses also dominated by a low [[AMPAR]]/[[NMDAR]] ratio, due to this higher ratio of [[NR2B]]:[[NR2A]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Instability-in-NAD+-metabolism-leads-to-impaired-cardiac-mitochondrial-function-and-communication-Lauritzen-et-al.-2021/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Instability-in-NAD+-metabolism-leads-to-impaired-cardiac-mitochondrial-function-and-communication-Lauritzen-et-al.-2021/ 2021-12-03 links: [[NAD+]] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7963035/figure/F3/?report=objectonly cool pix @Instability in NAD+ metabolism leads to impaired cardiac mitochondrial function and communication (Lauritzen et al., 2021) # [[PARP]] enzymes initiate mtDNA repair mechanisms, using NAD+ as an energy source. High levels of mice cardiomyocyte mtDNA damage cause a reduction in [[NAD+]] levels due to extreme DNA repair activity, impairing activation of [[SIRT3]]. Myocardial mtDNA damage combined with high doses of [[Nicotinamide Riboside]] causes inhibition of [[Sirtuin]] activity due to accumulation of [[Niacinamide]], in addition to irregular cadiac mitochondrial morphology. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intranasal-pregnenolone-increases-acetylcholine-in-frontal-cortex-hippocampus-and-amygdala-Preferentially-in-the-hemisphere-ipsilateral-to-the-injected-nostril-Fazari-et-al.-2019/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intranasal-pregnenolone-increases-acetylcholine-in-frontal-cortex-hippocampus-and-amygdala-Preferentially-in-the-hemisphere-ipsilateral-to-the-injected-nostril-Fazari-et-al.-2019/ 2022-04-15: reference: Neurosteroids and potential therapeutics: focus on pregnenolone Promnestic effects of intranasally applied pregnenolone in rats @Intranasal Pregnenolone increases acetylcholine in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala-Preferentially in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injected nostril (Fazari et al., 2019) # The second caveat is extremely interesting. Similarly, Previous studies have shown that the unilateral IN administration of l-[[DOPA]] increased extracellular dopamine only in the ipsilateral neostriatum of male Wistar rats, excluding the systemic transport of the drug from the nose to the central nervous system (De Souza Silva et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memantine-a-NMDA-receptor-antagonist-that-improves-memory-by-restoration-of-homeostasis-in-the-glutamatergic-system-too-little-activation-is-bad-too-much-is-even-worse-Parsons-et-al.-2007/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memantine-a-NMDA-receptor-antagonist-that-improves-memory-by-restoration-of-homeostasis-in-the-glutamatergic-system-too-little-activation-is-bad-too-much-is-even-worse-Parsons-et-al.-2007/ 2022-03-04: [[Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor]], [[Memantine]] reference: @Memantine a: NMDA receptor antagonist that improves memory by restoration of homeostasis in the glutamatergic system - too little activation is bad, too much is even worse (Parsons et al. 2007) # A great primer on [[Glutamate]]rgic/NMDA neurotoxicity. AMPA is characterized by very fast activation/inactivation (milliseconds) kinetics and is mostly postsynaptic and impermeable to Ca2+. Na+ flux to [[AMPAR]]s induces depolarization, which removes Mg2+ blockage of NMDA, by which Ca2+/Na+ enters. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropharmacology-of-Sleep-and-Wakefulness-Watson-et-al.-2011/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropharmacology-of-Sleep-and-Wakefulness-Watson-et-al.-2011/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Sleep]] see: (728pgs.) Brain Control of Wakefulness and Sleep (2005) @Neuropharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness (Watson et al., 2011) # Fig 1 (Rat brain) The parenthesized neurotransmitters are the most notable for signaling to other brain regions, while the quantified NTs are those that have been measured to be relevant for arousal-state control within the region. Abbreviations: XII – hypoglossal nucleus; BF – basal forebrain; DRN – dorsal raphé nucleus; LC – locus coeruleus; LDT – laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; LH – lateral hypothalamus; MPO – medial preoptic area; PPT – pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; PnC – pontine reticular formation, caudal part; PnO – pontine reticular formation, oral part; TMN – tuberomamillary nucleus; TNC – trigeminal nucleus complex; VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic area; VTA – ventral tegmental area; Hcrt – hypocretin (Orexin), Noc – nociceptin; Ser – serine GABA # Subtype differences (in location, and in effects? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurosteroids-modulate-compulsive-and-persistent-behavior-in-rodents-Implications-for-obsessivecompulsive-disorder-Umathe-et-al.-2009/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurosteroids-modulate-compulsive-and-persistent-behavior-in-rodents-Implications-for-obsessivecompulsive-disorder-Umathe-et-al.-2009/ 2022-02-15 links: @Neurosteroids modulate compulsive and persistent behavior in rodents Implications for obsessive–compulsive disorder (Umathe et al., 2009) # This study uses marble-burying as a proxy for OCD in mice. Sure Spontaneous alternation (SAB) is the tendency to alternate in their pursuit of different stimuli despite reinforcement. It’s basically a proxy of exploratory behavior. It requires optimal spatial working memory. It reduces with ageing (begins to reduce in mice 9 and 12 months) and with lesions in regions like the hippocampus. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinic-Acetylcholine-Receptors-Control-Encoding-and-Retrieval-of-Associative-Recognition-Memory-through-Plasticity-in-the-Medial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinic-Acetylcholine-Receptors-Control-Encoding-and-Retrieval-of-Associative-Recognition-Memory-through-Plasticity-in-the-Medial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ 2023-09-04: [[nAChR]] @Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Control Encoding and Retrieval of Associative Recognition Memory through Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex # [[α7 nAChR]] and [[α4β2 nAChR|α4β2]] are responsible for encoding and retrieval of associative recognition memory, respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nootropic-Drugs-and-Brain-Cholinergic-Mechanisms-Pepeu-and-Spignoli-1989/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nootropic-Drugs-and-Brain-Cholinergic-Mechanisms-Pepeu-and-Spignoli-1989/ 2021-12-20 links: @Nootropic Drugs and Brain Cholinergic Mechanisms (Pepeu and Spignoli 1989) # Scopolamine is an anticholinergic that induces cognitive deficits. It causes a large increase in ACh release, caused by blocking presynaptic inhibitory muscarinic receptors - without synthesis to match. Prevented by piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam, [[Pyroglutamic Acid]], [[Phosphatidylserine]], and others. Specifically, the decrease in ACh in the cortex and hippocampus, but nothe striatum, was prevented by oxiracetam @ 50/100 mg/kg + pyroglutamic acid @ 500/1000 mg/kg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/On-the-importance-of-fatty-acid-composition-of-membranes-for-aging-Hulbert-2004/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/On-the-importance-of-fatty-acid-composition-of-membranes-for-aging-Hulbert-2004/ 2022-02-08 links: [[@How might you compare mitochondria from different tissues and different species? (Hulbert et al. 2006)]] @On the importance of fatty acid composition of membranes for aging (Hulbert, 2004) # This literature looks pretty interesting. Lots of similar papers. [[Membrane]] pacemaker theory of aging emphasizes variation in [[Fatty Acid]] composition as an important influence on [[Lipid Peroxidation]] and consequently [[Longevity]]/lifespan. Acyl composition of membrane bilayers. Lifespan extension by calorie-restriction can also be explained by changes in membrane fatty acid composition which result in membranes more resistant to peroxidation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Redefining-differential-roles-of-MAO-A-in-dopamine-degradation-and-MAO-B-in-tonic-GABA-synthesis-Cho-et-al.-2021-Jul/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Redefining-differential-roles-of-MAO-A-in-dopamine-degradation-and-MAO-B-in-tonic-GABA-synthesis-Cho-et-al.-2021-Jul/ 2022-04-24: reference: @Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesis (Cho et al. 2021 Jul) # Novel research on MAO-B not, in fact, degrading dopamine at all, but instead: Striatal astrocytic GABAergic inhibition! WTF does this mean for [[Amphetamine]]s? *It has been demonstrated that [[MAO-B]]-deficient mice show no difference in striatal DA levels compared with wild-type mice. Acute treatment with [[Selegiline]].. has been reported to be ineffective in altering the striatal efflux of DA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Regulation-of-Arcuate-Nucleus-Synaptology-by-Estrogen-Leedom-et-al.-1994/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Regulation-of-Arcuate-Nucleus-Synaptology-by-Estrogen-Leedom-et-al.-1994/ 2022-01-12 links: [[Estrogen]] [[Arcuate Nucleus]] @Regulation of Arcuate Nucleus Synaptology by Estrogen (Leedom et al., 1994) # The exposure of the male [[Hypothalamus]] to high levels of estrogen following a perinatal surge in [[Testosterone]] leads to the development ofa pattern of synaptogenesis which does not support an estrogen-induced gonadotrophin surge in the adult. [[Estrogen]] stimulates endocytosis of areas of postsynaptic membrane that are dense with small intramembranous protein particles, resulting in a reduction in the number of small intramembranous particles. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Signaling-in-Striatal-Neurons-The-Phosphoproteins-of-Reward-Addiction-and-Dyskinesia-Girault-2012/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Signaling-in-Striatal-Neurons-The-Phosphoproteins-of-Reward-Addiction-and-Dyskinesia-Girault-2012/ 2022-04-20: reference: @Signaling in Striatal Neurons The Phosphoproteins of Reward, Addiction, and Dyskinesia (Girault, 2012) # DA neurons in the [[Substantia Nigra]] and the [[Ventral Tegmental Area]] are proposed to code for errors in reward prediction Fire in response to unexpected rewards, or to a conditioned stimulus that predicts the reward (Pavlov’s bell) but not the reward itself. That last point is big, that dopamine is not released during the primary reward in conditioned learning. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-effect-of-gamma-enhancing-neurofeedback-on-the-control-of-feature-bindings-and-intelligence-measures-Keizer-et-al.-2010/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-effect-of-gamma-enhancing-neurofeedback-on-the-control-of-feature-bindings-and-intelligence-measures-Keizer-et-al.-2010/ 2022-03-22: [[Gamma]] reference: @The effect of gamma enhancing neurofeedback on the control of feature bindings and intelligence measures (Keizer et al., 2010) # *Several authors have assumed and provided preliminary evidence that fluid intelligence in humans relies on gamma band synchronization: Differences in induced gamma and upper alpha oscillations in the human brain related to verbal/performance and emotional intelligence (2005) Intelligence related differences in induced brain activity during the performance of memory tasks Interesting author. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-Effect-of-Palmitic-Acid-on-Spatial-Learning-and-Extinction-in-Adult-Male-Rat-2007/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-Effect-of-Palmitic-Acid-on-Spatial-Learning-and-Extinction-in-Adult-Male-Rat-2007/ 2022-04-28: reference: @The Effect of Palmitic Acid on Spatial Learning and Extinction in Adult Male Rat (Hosseinzadeh et al. 2007) # The figures are a bit confusing to read, but learning was indeed enhanced. The english is also a bit broken xd. The [[Postsynaptic Density]] represents a major palmitoylated protein in the brain. The lipid modification is critical for [[PSD-95]] clustering of [[AMPAR]]s at excitatory synapses. Cycling(?) of [[Palmitic Acid|palmitate]] on PSD-95 is augmented by calcium influx (via NMDAR) and can contribute to aspects of synaptic plasticity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-Role-of-the-Tripartite-Glutamatergic-Synapse-in-the-Pathophysiology-of-Alzheimers-Disease-Rudy-et-al/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/The-Role-of-the-Tripartite-Glutamatergic-Synapse-in-the-Pathophysiology-of-Alzheimers-Disease-Rudy-et-al/ 2022-05-20: reference: [@The Role of the Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapse in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (Rudy et al)] # The best correlate of memory deficits in [[Alzheimer’s]] patients, however, is not Aβ plaque burden or neurofibrillary tangles, but synapse loss. [[Excitotoxicity]] occurs when uncontrolled glutamate release surpasses the capacity of astrocytic clearance mechanisms (EAAT1 and -2), leading to an overabundance of extracellular glutamate and excessive activation of eNMDAR. Basically, Aβ accumulation may initially only activate sNMDAR, but eventually spillover (from sNMDAR or astrocytes) andor inhibition of reuptake activates eNMDAR and the synapse shifts towards LTD. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2A-D2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2A-D2/ 2023-03-18: A2A-D2 Heteromer # Activating-inhibiting [[Adenylyl Cyclase]] makes for a real fun time. Net effect? I think it’s actually positive, which is interesting to think about how the receptors may have different weights even with the same [[G-protein]]. I think it’s Gαq-coupled. Justl like [[D21]] is… Activation of the [[A2A]] is necessary for them to downregulate, thus antagonism from [[Istradefylline]], etc. prevents this. Modulation of A2a receptor antagonist on D2 receptor internalization and ERK phosphorylation Found in indirect [[Medium Spiny Neuron]]s, in which apparently adenosine is a NAM. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2A/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Adenosine Receptor]] reference: Modulation of adenosine A2A receptor function by interacting proteins. New targets for Huntington’s disease (2012) - a 133-page dissertation. Adenosine A2A # Gs-protein coupled. As opposed to [[Adenosine A1]], it is found in sleep-promoting neurons. It antagonizes the [[Histamine]]rgic system. Agonize with D-Limonene An adenosine A2a agonist increases sleep and induces Fos in ventrolateral preoptic neurons A2A antagonist blocks the sleep induced by [[PGD2]] (which activates sleep-promoting neurons in ventrolateral preoptic area) Adenosine A2A receptors enhance GABA transport into nerve terminals by restraining PKC inhibition of GAT-1 Reduces [[Histamine]] and increases [[GABA]], and promotes sleep. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/A2B/ 2023-11-24: A2B # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AAAH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AAAH/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 4-24-2021 AAAH # Tetramers coordinated by an [[Iron]], which must be in ferrous (II) to carry out catalysis. However, they may be isolated to contain (high-spin!?) ferric iron. Its reduction is mediated by [[Tetrahydrobiopterin]] whereby it becomes qBH2 or something. A major subfamily is the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase: (really just uses [[Tetrahydrobiopterin]]) [[Phenylalanine Hydroxylase]] [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] Located mainly in the cell bodies of neurons. In the cytoplasm. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AADC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AADC/ 5-5-2021 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) # Lyase enzyme. Uses [[P5P]] as a cofactor. Converts: L-[[Phenylalanine]] to [[Phenethylamine]] L-[[Tyrosine]] to [[Tyramine]] L-[[DOPA]] to [[Dopamine]] (DOPA decarboxylase) L-[[Histidine]] to [[Histamine]], where it is expressed as [[Histidine Decarboxylase]] L-[[Tryptophan]] to [[Tryptamine]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ABP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ABP/ 2022-05-05: reference: ABP (AMPA-binding protein) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ABT-089/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ABT-089/ 2023-10-10: ABT-089 (Pozanicline) # [[α4β2 nAChR|α4β2]] partial agonist. 16.7 nM for [[α4β2α5 nAChR]] vs 16.0 nM for [[α4β2 nAChR]] in rats. Weak α6β2β3 partial agonist, and even weaker α7 partial agonist / [[α3β4 nAChR]] antagonist. it’s unclear if a ligand with affinity towards a4b2 and not a6b2-types has been made yet α4α5β2 a4b2 in adrenal glands should stimulate catecholamines Some studies on ADHD were shown to be ineffective. Stopped at phase 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ACD856/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ACD856/ 2023-12-19: ACD856 # [[Trk Receptor]] pan PAM. Especially [[TrkC]]. ACD855 (Ponazuril) is also a thing, which is biased more towards TrkB. Was reported to be anti-nootropic apparently? People got their hands on it?? ACD856: A novel positive allosteric modulator of Trk-signaling in clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease ACD856 binds directly to the TrkA receptor to increase the number of catalytic cycles per timepoint. This mechanism of action is a probably a likely cause for the observed in vivo effects with respect to improved cognitive performance. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyazolamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyazolamide/ 2022-04-21: [[Drugs]] reference: Acetyazolamide # A diuretic, but it causes retention of [[CO2]] via inhibiting [[Carbonic Anhydrase]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase/ 2024-02-28: [[Acetyl-CoA]] Carboxylase # [[Palmitoleic Acid|Palmitoyl]]-CoA is the primary endogenous inhibitor (as a signal of high levels of FFA in the fasting state). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyl-CoA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetyl-CoA/ links: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630497/ 6-3-2021 Acetyl-CoA # Created either via [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|Beta-oxidation]] or [[Pyruvate Dehydrogenase]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholine-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholine-Receptor/ links: [[Acetylcholine]] [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: 8-24-2021 Acetylcholine Receptor # There are two types: nAChR (ionotropic) and mAChR (metabotropic). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholine/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJECqcYJhmo (epic channel) https://web.archive.org/web/20140627061754/http://blog.naturalstacks.com/assembling-acetylcholine-puzzle-part-1/ The role of acetylcholine in negative encoding bias: Too much of a good thing? 4-16-2021 Acetylcholine # We know more about this than any other neurotransmitter, and was the first to be discovered. All PNS motor neurons release it besides post-ganglionic sympathetic, aside from sweat glands: all somatic motor neurons, all parasympathetic neurons (pre- and post-anglionic) and all pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons (besides sweat glands). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholinesterase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acetylcholinesterase/ links: reference: 10-18-2021 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) # Don’t forget about the other cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (synthetic). Dual cholinesterase inhibitors work on both of these. Non-fearful rats have a ton of this stuff, and AChE-KO mice have increased [[Depression]] an anxiety-like behavior. Inhibitors # So I think they differ a lot - especially with herbals, which usually produce AChEis as a toxic defense mechanism. They could have different binding affinities for certain regions, which is obviously pretty relevant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acid-Sphingomyelinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acid-Sphingomyelinase/ 2022-08-07: lon reference: Acid Sphingomyelinase (Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1)) # [[Lysosome|Lysosomal]] enzyme that breaks down [[Sphingomyelin]] -> [[Ceramide]] and phosphorlycholine. Many [[SSRI]]s and similar sounding chemicals I’ve never heard of before, along with [[Melatonin]], [[Cyproheptadine]], are FIASMAs (functional inhibitors of [[Acid Sphingomyelinase]]). This is likely related to their neurosteroid activity. Melatonin Acts as an Antidepressant by Inhibition of the Acid Sphingomyelinase/Ceramide System https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acne/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acne/ links: [[Estrogen]] [[Gut]] [[Skin]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/georgi-dinkov-haidut-on-acne.38753/#post-605880 4-11-2021 Acne # An issue which starts in the gut, then in hormones, then finally in the skin. In skin affected by rosacea, blood flow circulation was 3-4x higher than normal. This may be due to an inability to extract oxygen from the blood, or to use it to produce energy; which would indicate a deficiency in [[Citric Acid Cycle]]. http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/rosacea-inflammation-aging.shtml Estrogens potentiate corticosteroid effects on the skin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aconitase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aconitase/ 2022-06-29: reference: Itaconate or how I learned to stop avoiding the study of immunometabolism (idk where else to put this). Itaconate is made by diverting aconitate away from TCA during inflammatory macrophage activation Aconitase # Part of TCA. [[Citric Acid|Citrate]] -> cis-aconitate-> Isocitrate. Aconitase activity is severely depleted in the brains of patients with certain severe neurological disorders such as [[Huntington’s disease]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acrolein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acrolein/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Acrolein # ‘The simplest unsaturated [[Aldehyde]]… The smell of burnt fat when cooking is caused by [[Glycerol]] breaking down into acrolein’ Acrolein, a product of lipid peroxidation, inhibits glucose and glutamate uptake in primary neuronal cultures (Acrolein inhibits NADH-linked mitochondrial enzyme activity: implications for Alzheimer’s disease) Mitochondria membranes contain a significant amount of [[Arachidonic Acid]] and [[Linoleic Acid]]s, precursors of lipid peroxidation products, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 2-propen-1-al ([[Acrolein]]), that are extremely reactive. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Actin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Actin/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Actin # Synaptic Actin Dysregulation, a Convergent Mechanism of Mental Disorders? Human risk alleles for these disorders (ASD, schizophrenia, intellectual disability) in genes, such as [[SHANK3]], GIT1, [[DISC1]], SRGAP3, OPHN1, [[LIMK]]1, [[NRG1]], CYFIP1, SYNGAP1, KALRN, NCKAP1, and CNKSR2. Prefrontal [[Biochemistry/Arp|Arp2/3]] expression decreased in indivbiduals with schizophrenia. Hippocampal LTP is accompanied by enhanced F-actin content within the dendritic spine that is essential for late LTP maintenance in vivo This increase in F-actin involves inhibition of actin’s depolymerization. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Actinin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Actinin/ 2023-04-14: Actinin # ACTN3 is highly correlated with skeletal [[Muscle]] growth potential, and speed, and elite athletic performance: rs1815739_C: I have TC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Action-Potential/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Action-Potential/ links: reference: https://channelpedia.epfl.ch/wiki/ionchannels/188 6-13-2021 Action Potential # An action potential occurs when a membrane potential rapidly rises and falls in a specific cell location; such as the traveling of Na+/K+ across an axon. [[GABA]] [[Interneuron]]s in the cortex/hippocampus have much narrower spikes than say, glutamateric [[Pyramidal Neuron]]s. Narrow-spiking neurons are often capable of firing at high frequencies with little decceleration over time. R The voltages differ. [[Pyramidal Neuron]]s have ~-60 to ~-85 mV rest with a typical threshold of ~-53 mV, where it accelerates and reaches its max velocity near 0 mV. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ACV/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ACV/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 ACV # 4tbsp at night to clean the [[Gut]] https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/thyroid-or-coffee-caffeine-cause-gynecomastia.17787/post-241173 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acyl-CoA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Acyl-CoA/ 2022-03-05: reference: Acyl-CoA # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM/ 2022-11-19: ADAM (A disintegrin and [[Metalloproteinase]]) # [[ADAM12]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM10/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM10/ 2022-12-10: ADAM10 # It is the ‘constitutive’ α-secretase, which I think means ‘main’, but I’ve also heard the words that is indeed ‘constitutively active’. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM12/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM12/ 2022-06-28: reference: ADAM12 (a disintegrin and [[Metalloproteinase]]) # (It’s bad) ADAM12 is expressed by astrocytes during experimental demyelination Almost exclusively expressed in [[Oligodendrocyte]]s, but if they are lost, astrocytes are the main source. Exposure to inflammation (LPS/TNF/H2O2 etc.) regulates its expression. Biography: From putative brain tumor marker to high cognitive abilities: emerging roles of a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 12 in the brain A genome-wide association study for extremely high intelligence Interacts with alpha-actinin-2, IGFBP-3, and PI3K regulatory subunit 1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM17/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADAM17/ 2022-12-10: ADAM17 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adamantane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adamantane/ 2022-01-13 links: reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/uters3/the_pharmacology_of_adamantanes_full_english/ Adamantane # The daddy of [[Memantine]] and [[Bromantane]]. Anticholinergic. Supplementation # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adamax/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adamax/ 2022-05-04: reference: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenine/ 2022-02-13 links: reference: Adenine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine-A1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine-A1/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Adenosine Receptor]] reference: Adenosine A1 # Apparently antagonism essentially amounts to: [[Caffeine]] tolerance/addiction/withdrawal, some locomotive effects, and some euphoric/andrenergic effects, The most abundant [[Adenosine Receptor]]. Gi-coupled. A1AR reduces [[Dopamine]] and [[GABA]]. Adenosine suppresses the response of neurons to gaba in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal dorsal horn The suppression of adenosine on GABA currents is mediated by A1A receptor and through a Ca(2+)-independent [[Protein Kinase C]] transduction pathway. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine-Receptor/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Adenosine Receptor # A purinergic G protein-coupled [[Neuroreceptors]]. In an autocrine-like fashion, adenosine receptors can be found presynaptically, adjacent to nucleoside transporters. Theare are four types: [[Adenosine A1]] (Gi) It would make sense if it were the case that A2A outnumbered A1 such that it takes until the end of the day for adenosine to bind to A1. [[A2A]] (Gs) [[A2A-D2]] A2B (Gs) The more obscure one, but nothing weird about it A3 (Gi) Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling pretty cool review. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenosine/ links: [[Purine]] reference: 4-20-2021 Adenosine # Ribo[[Nucleoside]]. Promotes [[NREM]] sleep. With regards to the [[Circadian Rhythm]], I believe adenosine first binds to [[A2A]] and then no more remains, it binds to [[Adenosine A1]] to promote sleep. Is an indirect neurotransmitter. Adenosine in sleep and wakefulness (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2016) Adenosine builds up in the [[Basal Forebrain]]: a cholinergic structure and the hypothetical source of the neural homeostatic signal. When active/inactive it contributes to wakefulness and [[REM]] and sleepiness/NREM. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenylyl-Cyclase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adenylyl-Cyclase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 9-18-2021 Adenylyl (Adenylate) Cyclase # Catalyzes conversion of [[ATP]] to [[cAMP]] + pyrophosphate: The closest thing you’ll get to reversibility is [[PDE]], catalyzing cAMP back into AMP. Activated simply by the binding of [[G-protein|Gα]]-[[GTP]]. AC is deactivated when the GTP is hydrolyzed from the α subunit’s intrisic GTPase. I, III, and VIII: also stimulated by Ca-[[Calmodulin]].! V and VI: inhibited by [[Ca2+]] in a calmodulin-independent manner. II, IV and IX: stimulated by [[G-protein|Gα]]-GTP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADHD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADHD/ links: [[Attention]] reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyZtYzFq4WY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bQC5tuOA74 Subcortical brain volume differences of participants with ADHD across the lifespan: an ENIGMA collaboration (Cramond, 1995) The Coincidence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Creativity From The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented 5-5-2021 ADHD # Higher than normal [[NGF]] is found in people with ADHD, and with an overactive bladder, lol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17924444/ Cortical midline+medial prefrontal cortex activity underlies narrative-generating mind wandering (ManytoOne -> Farb et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adipocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adipocyte/ 2022-05-16: reference: Adipocyte # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adiponectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adiponectin/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Adipose]] reference: 9-30-2021 Adiponectin # Levels rise during caloric restriction Decreased by [[Prolactin]] and [[Growth Hormone]]. Prolactin and growth hormone regulate adiponectin secretion and receptor expression in adipose tissue Arctigenin is an AdipoR1 agonist that enhances SOD, Glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, Thioredoxin, and [[UCP2]]. Adiponectin stimulates autophagy and reduces oxidative stress to enhance insulin sensitivity during high-fat diet feeding in mice Globular adiponectin acts as a melanogenic signal in human epidermal melanocytes Demonstrated via AMPK inhibition abolishing this suppressive effect, i. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adipose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adipose/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2018/06/15/uncoupling-secret-to-fat-loss-and-health/ 5-14-2021 Body Fat # Adipose tissue fatty acids have a half-life of around 2-4 years. This seems ironic at first, but increasing [[Fatty Acid Oxidation]] won’t help you lose body fat. You’ll just burn less carbs. RPF. Improving [[Glucuronidation]] is probably a good attack surface for losing body fat. FAO inhibitors do usually improve liver function though, maybe due to ROS or endorphins or whatever. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation Suggests obese adipose tissue is necrotic and M1 phenotype with lower levels of [[Adiponectin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ADP/ links: reference: 6-3-2021 ADP # Adenosine diphosphate, [[ATP]]’s younger brother. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenal-Cortex/ links: reference: 11-12-2021 Adrenal Cortex # Outer region of the [[Adrenal Gland]]. Secretes corticosteroids. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenal-Gland/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenal-Gland/ links: reference: How to test adrenal fatigue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujT6gxFMbxY 4-20-2021 Adrenal Gland # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenaline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenaline/ 4-11-2021 links: [[Hormones]] reference: Adrenaline # As people age, most tissues become less sensitive to adrenaline and CNS stimulation, and so the body relies increasingly on cortisol to maintain blood glucose. Causes the liver to release glycogen. They increase towards mid-morning and peak in the afternoon, decreasing by bedtime - an inverted ‘U’. Furthermore, adrenaline levels in 1st and 2nd morning urine samples do not correlate. So, my levels may not be so terribly low, and the ratio is logical as well: noradrenaline (which is also quite low) is being reserved to be converted into adrenaline later. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenergic-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenergic-Receptor/ 2022-04-09: reference: Adrenergic Receptor # [[Noradrenaline]] binds to them, idk when it gets methylated to [[Adrenaline]] [[α1]]: Gq Smooth muscle contraction of blood vessels, ureter, ductus deferens, and internal urethral sphincter. Liver: glycogenolysis Adipose tissue: Gluconeogenesis Sweat gland secretion α1A [[α1B]] α1C α1D [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]]: Gi [[α2A]] α2Β β1: Gs. Anxiolytic. Expressed in the heart. β2: Gs and Gi. Relaxation of the bladder. Lipolysis/thermogenesis in [[Brown Adipose]]. Found in muscle tissue moreso than the other β receptors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenocortocotropic-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenocortocotropic-Hormone/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) # Produced in the anterior [[Pituitary Gland]] from POMC. Receptors are mostly found on certain cells of the [[Adrenal Cortex]]. Stimulates the [[Adrenal Cortex]] to secrete [[Cortisol]] or [[Corticosterone]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenodoxin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adrenodoxin/ 2022-02-28: reference: Adrenodoxin (Adrenal ferredoxin) # Reduces mitochondrial [[Cytochrome P450]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adropin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Adropin/ 2023-10-06: Adropin # Secreted by the liver (hepatokine). Upregulated by [[ERα]]. Inhibits PKA, JNK. Activates AKT and VEGF. Serum Adropin as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease serum adropin concentrations were negatively correlated with intrahepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, and NAFLD activity score Adropin as A Fat-Burning Hormone with Multiple Functions—Review of a Decade of Research Improves insulin sensitivity/glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle glucose utilization, ERα-Dependent Regulation of Adropin Predicts Sex Differences in Liver Homeostasis during High-Fat Diet Under HFD conditions, the hepatic induction of adropin negatively correlates with the expression of lipogenic genes and with fatty liver in female mice, an effect that depends upon hepatic ERα Organ with higest expression = the brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AGE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AGE/ 2023-01-06: AGE (Advanced Glycation End Products) # Case sensitive pls. Oh well. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agmatine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agmatine/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/mwc4yz/agmatine_sulfate_miracle_substance_with_endless/ 4-13-2021 Agmatine # An ‘aminoguanidine’. Naturally produced and involved in quite a few pathways in brain and body. Derived from [[Arginine]] decarboxylation. [[MAO]] reuptake inhibitor (the opposite of an MAOI) Lowers COX-2, potentiates CB1. [[5-HT1A]] agonist, [[nAChR]] antagonist [[H3]] agonist? Increases [[eNOS]], but decreases [[iNOS]] and nNOS. I think this is by means of NMDA inhibition. Oxidative stress-induced [[nNOS]] deactivation: Agmatine enhances the NADPH oxidase activity of neuronal NO synthase and leads to oxidative inactivation of the enzyme I mean, I wonder if it’s a net negative in terms of NOS activity? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agomelatine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agomelatine/ 2022-09-03: [[Drugs]] reference: Agomelatine # Atypical antidepressant. [[Melatonin Receptor]] 1/2 agonist. [[5-HT2C]] and [[5-HT2B]] antagonist. It can give visuals. Possibly liver toxic. So the risk is reduced with sublingual. Decreases [[Tryptophan Hydroxylase]] expression and improves kynurenine aminotransferase The Impact of Chronic Mild Stress and Agomelatine Treatment on the Expression Level and Methylation Status of Genes Involved in Tryptophan Catabolic Pathway in PBMCs and Brain Structures Downregulates Kmo (Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) Scaffold hopping of agomelatine leads to enhanced antidepressant effects by modulation of gut microbiota and host immune responses It’s smart to take it with melatooonin, since CYP1A inhibition cancels its toxicity Dosing # ~15mg buccal/subL (25x as effective compared to oral; also mitigates liver damage to negligible levels apparently). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agouti-related-protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Agouti-related-protein/ 2022-08-17: reference: Agouti-related protein/peptide (AgRP) # Stimulated by [[Cortisol]]. Stimulates appetite, decreases metabolism and energy expenditure. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AhR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AhR/ 2023-11-05: AhR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor) # Transcription factor. After ligand binding, such as TCDD, it translocates to the nucleus and dimerizes with ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator) TCDD is a potent agonist of it. It was a ‘contaminant’ in Agent Orange, but still a significant amount. It’s very toxic and carcinogenic. Obesogenic and lowers bile acid secretion. Increases [[HMG-CoA Reductase]], but blocks [[CYP7A1]]/27A1, and activates [[ASBT]]. So more cholesterol, less bile. Because fuck you. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALA/ 2022-02-09 links: [[Omega-3]] reference: ALA (18:3) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alanine-Aminotransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alanine-Aminotransferase/ 2022-04-18: reference: Alanine Aminotransferase # Catalyzes ([[Alanine]] + [[α-Ketoglutarate]] $\ce{<=>}$ [[Pyruvate]] + [[Glutamate]]). . I think this happens in the kidneys? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alanine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alanine/ 2021-11-18 links: reference: Alanine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Albumin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Albumin/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin https://lookism.net/threads/natural-human-diet-and-root-cause-of-disease.560910/ 4-28-2021 Albumin # A family of globular proteins. They are transport proteins which bind to various ligands and carry them around: water, cat[[Ions]] (thus [[Sodium]] for instance), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, T4, and pharmeceuticals. Serum albumin correlates significantly with [[Dietary Protein]] intake and content of hair root bulbs. Most common/abundant protein in the blood responsible for maintaining plasma osmotic pressure. Insufficient osmotic pressure cuts down the supply of nutrients to cells and organs. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALCAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALCAR/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 10-31-2021 ALCAR (Acetyl-L-[[Carnitine]]) # Upregulates [[D1]] without acute dopamine increase or D2 upregulation. Possibly due to the fact it increases BDNF->ERK. ALCAR upregulating D1 increases PKA→CREB, which seems meh at first but apparently ALCAR does NOT activate [[ΔFosB]] or [[CDK5]]! Thus, it’s just CREB->BDNF, TH, etc., and all the good stuff! How the hell? Repeated acetyl-l-carnitine administration increases phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 levels and antagonizes cocaine-induced increase in Cdk5 and phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 levels in rat striatum - ’nuff said in title. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alcohol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alcohol/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: https://twitter.com/ChrisMasterjohn/status/1731864228930179224 Alcohol # Class of hydrocarbons 1- prefix indicates the H was replaced by -OH at the outermost carbon atom. 2- is the middle. No such thing as 3-propanol - probably due to stereoisometry? It also doesn’t seem trivial to me that some representations of 1-propanol have it on the top Hs and not the side? (The pattern here is the number of carbon-carbon bonds.) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldehyde/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldehyde/ 2022-02-22 links: [[Functional Group]] reference: Aldehyde # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldosterone-Synthase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldosterone-Synthase/ links: [[Enzyme]] [[Steroidogenesis]] reference: 11-12-2021 Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) # Expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the [[Adrenal Cortex]] Converts [[11-deoxycorticosterone]] to [[Corticosterone]], to [[18-hydroxycorticosterone]], into [[Aldosterone]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldosterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aldosterone/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Aldosterone # A stress hormone, mineralcorticoid, released by the [[Adrenal Cortex]]. Correlated with [[Hair Loss]] Stimulates production of [[VEGF]], which causes capillaries to become leaky apparently. Aldosterone receptor antagonists are known as MRAs (mineralcorticoid receptor antag) Water: swelling, tension, pain, fatigue, aging (Peat) Aldosterone is released when there is inadequate sodium in the diet. At the kidney, it increases sodium retention, at the expense of increasing the loss of potassium, magnesium, ammonium, and possibly calcium. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALFF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALFF/ 2022-05-07: reference: ((Fractional) Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations (f/)ALFF) # (Fractional) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF/ALFF) is a metric believed to index spontaneous brain tissue excitability/activity. For 5 discrete frequency bands within sets of brain regions implicated in Deja-vu and those comprising the default mode network (DMN). Analyses revealed significantly lower values of fALFF/ALFF for specific frequency bands in the DV relative to the NDV group, particularly within mesiotemporal structures, bilateral putamina, right caudatum, bilateral superior frontal cortices, left lateral parietal cortex, dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex… We suggest that the erroneous feeling of familiarity arises from a temporary disruption of cortico-subcortical circuitry together with the upregulation of cortical excitability. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alirinetide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alirinetide/ 2023-11-22: Alirinetide # 6 amino acid peptide (H-Phe-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Ala-Arg-OH) GM604 regulates developmental neurogenesis pathways and the expression of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis We identified 2867 protein-coding genes with expression significantly altered by GM6 GM6 further down-regulated the expression of genes associated with mitochondria, inflammatory responses, mRNA processing and chromatin organization. GM6-increased genes were located near GC-rich motifs interacting with C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, whereas GM6-decreased genes were located near AT-rich motifs associated with helix-turn-helix homeodomain factors STAT3, HOXD11 , HES7, GLI1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allithiamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allithiamine/ 2022-12-01: Allithiamine # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/psa-change-in-energin-formulation-thiamine-replaced-by-prosultiamine.48135/ Even a “small” dose of about 10mg seems to help a lot with lactic acid building after exercise, while even 500mg thiamine Hcl have only a minor effect on that. The nootropic effects also seem to be stronger - i.e. memory is improved even after 10mg and I suddenly start remembering things from decades ago and reading a text can be done very fast and still get the gist of it despite just glancing at the words and not carefully reading them. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allopregnanolone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allopregnanolone/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Allopregnanolone (3α-tetrahydroprogesterone) # Endozepine. Made from [[5α-DHP]] via [[3α-HSD]]. Used for treatment of postpartum depression, since it nosedives after giving birth. Tolerance to allopregnanolone with focus on the GABA-A receptor [[GABA-A]] agonist. Chronic administration/stimulation can cause tolerance causing GABA-A endocytosis (decrease in its α4 subunit and its expression in thalamus) Tetrahydro-deoxy[[Corticosterone]] and AlloP during stress are correlated to cortisol and eachother, and are stimulated by [[Corticotrophin-releasing hormone]] and [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allosteric-Regulation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Allosteric-Regulation/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulation#Pharmacology 4-13-2021 Allosteric Regulation # Allosteric modulators function by binding to receptors and changing their response to stimulus. Those of the positive variety can do the following: Increases the probability that an agonist will bind to a receptor (affinity) Increasing the agonist’s ability to activate the receptor (efficacy) Or both. Facilitates receptor activation by binding to a receptor subunit distant from the agonist binding site. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alpha-waves/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alpha-waves/ links: [[Neural Oscillations]] reference: 10-31-2021 Alpha waves (8-13 Hz) # Physically and mentally relaxed, yet ready. Flow state. Low [[Beta waves]]/ high alpha is found in daydreaming, OCD type stuff. The dominant frequency in scalp EEGs. Meditation experience is implicated with increased [[Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory|Parietofrontal]] alpha coherence. Alpha blocking is a phenomenon where the active brain, normally presenting beta wave activity, cannot as easily switch to alpha wave activity often involved in memory recall. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alpha-GPC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alpha-GPC/ links: reference: 10-18-2021 Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) # Precursor of [[Acetylcholine]]. 40% of it by weight is [[Choline]]; it is converted through hydrolysis in the gut mucosa. Rapidly delivers [[Choline]] across the BBB. Association of L-α Glycerylphosphorylcholine With Subsequent Stroke Risk After 10 Years (2021) 12 million individuals over 50 years. Those prescribed Alpha-GPC in 2006-2008 were assessed for strokes in 2009-2018. The risk factor was calculated to be 46%. 19x Increase in Growth Hormone 60min After Ingestion of 1g of Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in Young Male Subjects WTF? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALPS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ALPS/ 2022-12-08: ALPS (Amphipathic lipid packing sensor motifs) # Identified in 2005. Curving of the plasma [[Membrane]] causes lipid packing defects on the side with increased surface area, which is what gets recognized by the ALPS, whereby hydrophobic residues insert between the lipids. [The Many Faces of Amphipathic Helices]: [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp12]] is one example; The adsorption of the large AH region of the heat shock protein Hsp12 has a protective effect on the plasma membrane by adjusting its physical properties: Amphipathic helices and membrane curvature (Yellow arrow = increase in hydrophobicity; blue-red arrow = increase in electrostatic interactions/polarity) ALPS (amphipathic lipid packing sensor) motif. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Altitude/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Altitude/ 2021-11-23 links: [[!Ecology]] [[CO2]] reference: Altitude # Humans at altitude: physiology and pathophysiology: a lot of calculations. The summit of Mount Everest is 8848m. Acute exposure to >5500m (18,000ft) may lead to loss of consciousness. Atmospheric O2 stays at 20.9%, but it’s the atmospheric partial pressure ($P_{O_2}$) which reduces, proportionately with barometric pressure ($P_B$). i.e, at 8400m, atmospheric $P_B$ = 36.3 kPa, and $P_{O_2}$ = 7.6 kPa. INTERACTION OF CO2 AND HYPOXIC STIMULI ON VENTILATION AT HIGH ALTITUDE (1962) The hyperventilation provoked by chronic hypoxia gives rise to a respiratory alkalosis which is largely compensated by the end of the first week: the volume of ventilation progressively increases. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aluminum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aluminum/ 2021-12-14 links: reference: Aluminum # Much of the damage is a result of [[Lipid Peroxidation]] from displacing [[Iron]], as Aluminum exists as $\ce{Al^{+3}}$ and has a similra atomic radius. As such, it has an affinity for [[Ferritin]] and everything. Aluminum induces neurodegeneration and its toxicity arises from increased iron accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production It associates with [[Phosphate]] in the bones and phosphorylated proteins, including those in microtubules - enter [[Tau|NFT]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alzheimers/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Alzheimers/ links: reference: Network abnormalities and interneuron dysfunction in Alzheimer disease looks wild. Talks about [[Gamma]] Inconsistencies and Controversies Surrounding the Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease 9-19-2021 Alzheimer’s # Can have excess [[DHEA]] Retinoic acid as a therapeutic option in Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on cholinergic restoration Over 70% of energy prouced in [[Neuron]]s is utilized for restoration of their membrane potentials, after depolarization (i.e. Mg2+ displacement -> Ca2+ influx) takes place with a frequency of 10-50 Hz. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amantadine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amantadine/ 2022-09-16: Amantadine # Striatal Kir2 K+ channel inhibition mediates the antidyskinetic effects of amantadine Amantadine is currently the only drug proven to alleviate LID (levo[[DOPA]]-induced dyskinesia) [[Amantadine]] preferentially blocks inward-rectifying K+ channel type 2 (Kir2) channels in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) — not NMDA receptors. In so doing, amantadine enhances dendritic integration of excitatory synaptic potentials in SPNs and enhances — not antagonizes — the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) at excitatory, axospinous synapses. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amentoflavone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amentoflavone/ 2023-09-07: Amentoflavone # https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/c5vkb9/lions_mane_as_a_kappa_opioid_agonist/es5isrb/?context=3 Lokzo posting hella studies [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] antagonist, [[PDE5]] antagonist, [[PTP1B]] inhibitor. Properties of amentoflavone, a potent caffeine-like Ca2+ releaser in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Apparently, [[Caffeine]] binds to [[Troponin]]-C to signal [[Muscle]] contraction, increasing Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulu,. Amentoflavone does this with 20x the potency! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amine/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 Amine # Compounds that contain a nitrogen with a lone pair (pair of valence electrons not shared with another atom). Thus it’s derivative of [[Ammonia]], where instead of hydrogen (1, 2, or all 3) there are hydrocarbons in their places, which can connect to anything at that point. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amino-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amino-Acid/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 Amino Acids # Follows the following structure: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis?useskin=vector Ankifying this is easier said than done, god damn Most AAs are synthesized by α-[[Keto Acid]]s transamintated by other amino acids. Notably pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, and α-ketoglutarate. Notably: glutamate, glutamine, proline, arginine. Then there’s the oxaloacetate/aspartate family, which also includes lysine, asparagine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine. Proteinogenic amino acids # These are the main 20 proteinogenic amino acids in ionic form (not shown is selenocysteine (U)) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amisulpride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amisulpride/ 2022-06-30: reference: Amisulpride # [[D2]] and [[D3]] antagonist, and potent [[5-HT7]] antagonist and [[5-HT2B]] antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amitriptyline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amitriptyline/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 10-5-2021 Amitriptyline # A tricyclic antidepressant and a strong anti-[[Choline]]rgic. Fucks your sleep. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ammonia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ammonia/ links: reference: 4-30-2021 Ammonia # Alters the function of the BBB. Binds to [[NMDAR]]s and can induce anxiety, restlessness, ADHD, brain fog, fatigue, “wired but tired”. Produced by fatigue or [[Liver]] inefficiency (and other things) creates torpor and promotes [[Excitotoxicity]]. Hyperammonemia causes swelling of astrocytes Contributes to high extracellular [[GABA]]ergic tone. Increases [[GAT]]-3 membrane expression. Hyperammonemia increases GABAergic tone in the cerebellum but decreases it in the rat cortex Neuroinflammation increases GABAergic tone and impairs cognitive and motor function in hyperammonemia by increasing GAT-3 membrane expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ammonium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ammonium/ 2022-01-14 links: reference: Ammonium # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMP/ links: reference: 8-22-2021 Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ampakine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ampakine/ 2022-05-12: [[Nootropics]] reference: Ampakines # Ampakines either enhance binding (high impact), or slows receptor sensensitization, enhances current, etc. (low impact). The latter prevents desensitization. High impact ampakines induce [[BDNF]] without glutamate, which essentially means they’re agonists. Cogmetics says a short half-life (and potent) ampakine would be best. AMPA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators Attenuate Opioid Tolerance and Dependence CX-1739 # Related to CX717: but has 3-5x the potency. A bona fide ampakine, many of which are developed by RespireRx which has other CX- compounds. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMPAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMPAR/ links: [[Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor]] reference: AMPA receptors and their minions: auxiliary proteins in AMPA receptor trafficking probably everything I need to know. 4-13-2021 AMPA Receptor # Subunits are denoted as GluRx, GRIAx or GluAx. The receptor heterotetramer is usually two pairs; a dimer of dimers. AMPA is characterized by very fast activation/inactivation (milliseconds) kinetics and is mostly postsynaptic. Na+ flux to [[AMPAR]]s induces depolarization. Moderate AMPA receptor clustering on the nanoscale can efficiently potentiate synaptic current 50% increase in the synaptic AMPAR current could be provided by expanding the existing AMPAR pool at the expense of 100–200% new AMPARs added at the same packing density. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amphetamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amphetamine/ 4-29-2021 links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2018/07/amphetamine-diverts-brains-path-to-maturity https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/know-your-amphetamines Amphetamine (Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine) # Levo is more physical/peripheral, dextro is mental. Amphetamine induces dopamine efflux through a dopamine transporter channel Regulation of Amphetamine-stimulated Dopamine Efflux by Protein Kinase Cβ Increases surface expression of [[DAT]] and reverses their action to promote efflux of DA. Amphetamines, unlike [[Methylphenidate]] or ritalin, also reverse the action of [[VMAT2]], causing efflux/“open-to-out”. A kinetic account for amphetamine-induced monoamine release Amphetamine binds to DAT and is released in an inward conformation, and dopamine turns it right back around. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMPK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AMPK/ 2022-04-19: reference: AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) # ATP, ADP, and AMP all bind competitively to the same site. AMPK essentially detects the ratio of 1&2:3phosphate. ATP allows, and ADP/AMP blocks phosphatases (PP2A, PP2C, pPM1E). AMP is also an allosteric modulator. Phosphorylated (this means activation) by things like [[CAMKK]]2, LKB1, TAK1. [[Insulin]] inhibits it by subsequent [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]] and [[GSK-3β]] phosphorylation - both needed. Can also be inhibited by [[Leptin]], PKA, and PKC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amygdala/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amygdala/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-7-2021 Amygdala # The right amygdala induces negative emotions (mainly fear, sadness) while the left amygdala induces both pleasant and unpleasant emotions (fear, anxiety, sadness). Functional connectivity of the human amygdala in health and in depression In depression, there’s a negative correlation functional connectivity between basal amygdala and medial [[Orbitofrontal Cortex]], and dorsolateral amygdala and lateral OFC. The role of Neuropeptide Y in fear conditioning and extinction Highly concentrated in the limbic system. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylase/ 2022-08-31: reference: α-Amylase # Hydrolyzes [[Starch]] α-1,4 bonds. Present in saliva and produced by the [[Pancreas]]. [[Calcium]]-stabilized metalloenzymes. Neuronal α‐amylase is important for neuronal activity and glycogenolysis and reduces in presence of amyloid beta pathology We hypothesize that α‐amylase has a glycogen degrading function within synapses, potentially important in memory formation https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amyloid-%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amyloid-%CE%B2/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Amyloid β # Not only found in [[Alzheimer’s]], but many other neurodegenerative diseases: But perhaps not: Longitudinal assessment of tau and amyloid beta in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson disease Brain Accumulation of Amyloid-beta in Non-Alzheimer Neurodegeneration. Amyloid-beta accumulation is frequently seen in Alzheimer’s, Pick’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple systems atrophy, but not in ALS. Itself the component of amyloid plaques, which are associated with an abundance of microglia but also astrocytes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylopectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylopectin/ 2022-08-31: reference: Amylopectin # Actually has superior energy density [[Glycogen]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Amylose/ 2022-08-31: reference: Amylose # Gelatinizes under higher temperatures than amylopectin, but solubilizes under lower temperature. [[Glucose]] polysaccharide. Assumes either a linear or helical conformation: ![[Amylose-A.gif|180]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anandamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anandamide/ 022-03-04: reference: Anandamide (Arachidonoyelthanolamine) # Yes, Ananda. (Sanskrit ‘bliss’) Hence the name, it is synthesized from N-[[Arachidonic Acid|arachidonoyl]]-[[Phosphatidylethanolamine]]. Similar pharmacology to [[THC]] at [[CB1]] and CB2. I think it has dedicated receptors. [[α7 nAChR]] inhibitor Prefers cholesterol and ceramide to other membrane lipids. The “Dark Side” of Endocannabinoids: A Neurotoxic Role for Anandamide VR1 vanilloid receptors mediates in part cerebral edema, cell loss, and impairment in long-term cognitive functions. Central administration upregulates profinallmatory/microglial responses. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androgen-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androgen-Receptor/ links: reference: 11-1-2021 Androgen Receptor (NR3C4) # Crucial for allowing androgens to be taken up from the serum to exert their effects. Not a whole lot of ways to increase density outside of using potent androgens https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstadienone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstadienone/ links: reference: 10-29-2021 Androstadienone # As a pheromone, I think it can cause depression self-effects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstanedione/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstanedione/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 11-12-2021 Androstanedione (5α-androstanedione) # Formed from [[Androstenedione]] via [[5-AR]]. Converts to [[DHT]] via [[17β-HSD]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstenedione/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstenedione/ links: reference: 4-29-2021 Androstenedione # The most easily [[Aromatase|Aromatized]] [[Steroid]] in the body. [[Steroidogenesis]] Intermediate in the synthesis of [[Estrone]] via [[Aromatase]], or [[Testosterone]] via [[17β-HSD]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstenetrione/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androstenetrione/ 2021-11-21 links: [[Steroid]] reference: Androstenetrione # Potent irreversible [[Aromatase]] inhibitor. Pheromone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androsterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Androsterone/ links: [[Steroid]] [[Hormones]] [[Neurosteroid]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone 4-25-2021 Androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) (1-DHEA) # Made by both testicles and adrenals. https://men-elite.com/2018/11/09/androsterone-review-my-unbiased-unpayed-for-review-of-androsterone/ Increases [[Insulin Resistance|Insulin Sensitivity]]. Increases [[BDNF]]; neuroprotective. Vasorelaxant and anti-convulsant. Anti-[[Adrenaline]], [[Cortisol]], [[Prolactin]], pro-[[Dopamine]]. Amongst other positives: increases temperature, energy and altertness (despite the GABAergic effects) https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/androsterone-liquid-androsterone-for-lab-r-d.12614/ Androgen with a potency 1/7 that of testosterone. Precursor to [[DHT]] via the androgen backdoor pathway. [[GABA-A]] PAM. Stronger agonist than progesterone. Pro-hormone for [[DHT]] and [[Androstadienone]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anesthesia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anesthesia/ 2022-09-12: Anesthesia # https://looksmax.org/threads/this-is-why-surgery-will-destroy-your-brain-if-you-dont-follow-this-anesthesia-guide.569384/ Pauling = A Molecular Theory of General Anesthesia Travis The reordering of the water affects the movements of ions through it. This, according to Pauling, is why electrical waves decrease in amplitude under anesthesia. General anesthetics decrease brain current by increasing impedence to electrical flow in the brain’s water, a more ordered array of water that resists ionic mobility. [Prospective association of general anesthesia with risk of cognitive decline in a Chinese elderly community population] Atrophy of the right [[Amygdala]]! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiogenesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiogenesis/ 2022-09-03: reference: Angiogenesis # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiotensin-converting-enzyme/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiotensin-converting-enzyme/ 2023-06-20: Angiotensin-converting enzyme # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiotensin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Angiotensin/ 2022-05-18: reference: Angiotensin # [[Peptide Hormone]]. Obviously causes [[Vasoconstriction]], and stimulates [[Aldosterone]] release. [[Renin]] converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I (proangiotensin), and [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme]] catalyzes conversion to Angiotensin II, the active hormone. [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme]] also degrades [[Substance P]] and [[Amyloid β]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aniracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aniracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: 4-13-2021 Aniracetam # Activates [[5-HT2A]], [[D2]]/[[D3]]. The aniracetam metabolite 2-pyrrolidinone induces a long-term enhancement in AMPA receptor responses via a CaMKII pathway Enhances GluR1, GluR2, GluR3 Supplementation # Barely any oral bioavailability. When I tried the samples I didn’t take this into consideration. Dose: 1-3x 125-500mg. Doesn’t require buildup, can take everyday. Timing: 1-2.5 hour half life (peak @1) Fat-soluble. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-18-2021 Anterior Cingulate Cortex # Function # Maintains attention to a stimulus, detecting conflicting information coming from distractions. Key component of the [[Executive Network]] and the [[Salience Network]]. Encodes difficulty & uncertainty associated with prospective actions in the current state. So it seems balance is in order here… overactivity is implicated in [[OCD]], [[ADHD]] and Tourette’s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anterior-Temporal-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anterior-Temporal-Lobe/ 2023-07-19: Anterior [[Temporal Lobe]] # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anthocyanidin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anthocyanidin/ 2023-05-21: Anthocyanidin # (Not [[Anthocyanin]]s, which are pigments found in a lot of berries and purple sweet potatoes) Anthocyanins are readily excreted, and in vivo enhancement of [[Antioxidant]] capacity of blood may just be from increased [[Uric Acid]] by metabolizing flavonoids! (I think Nemo said this) Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds: An updated review of their health benefits and potential uses in the food industry #Read Grapes are among the richest sources of polyphenols. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anthocyanin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Anthocyanin/ 2023-05-09: Anthocyanin # Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Antioxidant/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Antioxidant/ links: reference: 4-12-2021 Antioxidants # Oxidants # https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDmDVOH9U-U&list=PLcSx_MmjlCbBP_CkT4aV2XEMYM8ZsUIHQ&index=1 Many antioxidants, such as in berries, can be inflammatory. Oxidants are important for: Immune cells, for killing pathogens, autophagy Oxidizing iodide to iodine to make thyroid hormone. Energy metabolism; signal energy overload [[Cholesterol]], [[Vitamin E]], [[Vitamin D]], and [[Progesterone]] are considered to be structural antioxidants. “One of the basic functions of cholesterol seems to be the stabilization of mitochondria, preventing their destruction by stress. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Antipsychotic/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Antipsychotic/ 2022-02-18 links: [[Drugs]] reference: Antipsychotic # They mainly block [[Dopamine]] receptors, but atypicals act on 5-HT receptors as well. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AP-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/AP-1/ 2023-05-17: Activator protein 1 (AP-1) # Heterodimer of proteins belonging to these four families: [[c-Fos]] (c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2), c-[[Jun]] (c-Jun, JunB, [[JunD]]), ATF (), and JDP (JDP2, [[JunD]]M2). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apigenin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apigenin/ links: reference: 6-8-2021 Apigenin # A phyto-progestogen, like naringenin. Selectively agonizes [[ERβ]] - binding affinity 6. [[Antioxidant]], anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, inhibits [[Aromatase]], and stimulates [[Hair]] growth, via downregulation of [[TGF-β]] Inhibits [[Thyroid Peroxidase]] A source is chamomile. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein-B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein-B/ 2022-12-16: Apolipoprotein B # Lipid peroxidation and oxidant stress regulate hepatic apolipoprotein B degradation and VLDL production Apparently it has a cumulative effect, so even if you’re young, you want it on the lower end for as long as possible. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein-E/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein-E/ 2022-02-08 links: [[Apolipoprotein]] reference: https://wiki.apoe4.info/wiki/Main_Page#Thiamine Apolipoprotein E # Higher affinity with [[LDL Receptor]] with 2<3<4. Blocks insulin receptor? Produced by [[Astrocyte]]s. The principal [[Cholesterol]] carrier/lipoprotein in the brain, required for transport of it between astrocytes and neurons via ApoE receptors like LRP. That being said, they’re all around the body, not just the brain. The liver, for instance. Increased DHA uptake with 2/3/4: Association of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation With Alzheimer Disease Stage in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers: A Review Association of Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid With Cerebral Amyloidosis The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease After 18 months of DHA supplementation, participants at the lowest Aβ42 tertile had significantly lower CSF DHA levels, and lower CSF-to-plasma DHA ratios. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apolipoprotein/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Apolipoprotein # Apolipoproteins are protein that forms lipoproteins via binding lipids, transporting them in blood, lymph, and CSF. The apolipoproteins serve as enzyme activators, ligands for cell receptors, and provide structural stability. Classes # Apolipoprotein A: (NOT to be confused with [[Lipoprotein(a)]]) ApoA-1: Major component of [[HDL]]. Activtes [[Lecithin]] and cholesterol acyltransferase. Chylomicron ApoA-2: HDL, chyomicron ApoA-4: Secreted with [[Chylomicron]]s but transfers to HDL ApoA-5 Apolipoprotein B: Integral. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apoptosis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Apoptosis/ 2022-04-13: reference: Apoptosis # whew lad. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/APP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/APP/ 2022-05-30: reference: APP # There is amyloidogenic processing, and nonamyloidogenic. The former is regulated by [[BACE1]], the latter is α-secretase, which cleaves the dangerous stub (Forming the α-CTF (C-terminal fragment), or the APP intracellular domain (AICD)). Notice the fully intramembrane α-secretase. Real? Can’t be. Look at the cleavage site. Truncated and modified amyloid-beta species Note how there’s a possible BACE1->ADAM10 route. More fun is how there are other secretases like η and γ. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ARA-290/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ARA-290/ 2022-07-04: reference: ARA-290 # Nonerythropoietic [[Erythropoietin]] derivative. Testing the antidepressant properties of the peptide ARA290 in a human neuropsychological model of drug action Pax said it was placebo. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arachidonic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arachidonic-Acid/ 2022-01-12 links: [[Omega-6]] reference: Arachidonic Acid (20:4) # Potentiation of NMDA receptor currents by arachidonic acid Arachidonic acid may act by binding to a site on the NMDA receptor, or by modifying the receptor’s lipid environment. Our results suggest that arachidonic acid released by activation of NMDA (or other) receptors will potentiate NMDA receptor currents, and thus amplify increases in intracellular calcium concentration caused by glutamate. This may explain why inhibition of phospholipase A2 blocks the induction of long-term potentiation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arc/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arc/ 2022-05-04: reference: Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) # Important for durable [[Neuroplasticity]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arcuate-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arcuate-Nucleus/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Arcuate Nucleus (Infundibular Nucleus) # There’s actually two of them: in the [[Hypothalamus]] and the [[Medulla]]. The only neurons known to release melanocortins. Appetite Signaling # https://www.cellbiol.net/ste/alpobesity2.php [Participation of the central melanocortin system in metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis] It is the [[Vagus Nerve]] that carries leptin, ghrelin, PYY, and cholecystokinin. Leptin receptors work via the [[JAK]]2-[[STAT3]] pathway: The first-order neurons receive: Peptide YY: from the colon and ileum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arginine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arginine/ links: reference: 8-20-2021 Arginine # Along with citirullne, is a precursor to [[Nitric Oxide]]. RPF https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aripiprazole/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aripiprazole/ 2022-08-23: [[Drugs]] reference: Aripiprazole # Atypical antipsychotic. [[5-HT1A]] (Ki 1.7-5.6) ( IA 68% - partial agonist) [[5-HT2A]] (Ki 3.4-35) (IA 12.7 - antagonist) [[5-HT2B]] (Ki 0.11-0.36 - inverse agonist) [[5-HT2C]] (Ki 15–180) (IA 82% - partial agonist) [[5-HT7]] (Ki 9.6-39) (Antagonist) [[D2]] (Ki 3.3) (IA ~25% - partial agonist) D2L (Ki 0.7-1.2) (Partial agonist) D2S (Ki 1.2) (Partial agonist) Apparently has antagonist activity on postsynaptic D2, but this partial agonism at presynaptic D2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aromatase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aromatase/ links: [[Enzyme]] [[Cytochrome P450]] reference: 4-22-2021 Aromatase (CYP19A1) # Crucial for the biosynthesis of [[Estrogen]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arp/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arp/ 2022-08-25: reference: Arp2-3 ([[Actin]]-related protein 2/3) # Mediates branched nucleation of actin filaments; pretty crucial for [[Axon Guidance]]: VCA = C-terminus catalytic domain. C = connector, A = accidic, V = WASP homology… something like that. The Arp2/3 Complex Is Essential for Distinct Stages of Spine Synapse Maturation, Including Synapse Unsilencing Although the Arp2/3 complex is not required for key spine maturation steps, such as presynaptic contact and recruitment of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) scaffolding proteins or NMDA receptors, it is necessary for the recruitment of AMPA receptors - synapse unsilencing. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arrestin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Arrestin/ 2022-06-01: reference: Arrestin # Es gibt Arrestin-1 (retinal stuff), arrestin-2 aka (β-arrestin), arrestin-3 aka (β-arrestin 2) and arrestin-4 (cone stuff). Participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of [[GPCR]]s, dampening signals. Activates [[JNK]], [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]], [[Raf]], Src, [[Bcl]]-2, PDZ-RhoGEF, β-catenin, and so on and so on. β-arrestin → RAF → MEK → ERK1/2 → transcription. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASBT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASBT/ 2023-11-05: ASBT (SLC10A2) (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter) # AKA ISBT (ileal). Specifically, OSTα/β brings it across the basolateral area membrane, which then goes to the portal vein proper. OST alpha-OST beta: a key membrane transporter of bile acids and conjugated steroids The whole FIAB canon of nuclear receptors promtes it: RXR, PPARα, RAR, SREBP, SHP, as well as FGF19→JNK→c-jun/c-fos, etc.: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-progress-in-regulation-mechanism-of-ASBT_fig1_346059020 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ashwagandha/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ashwagandha/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-13-2021 Ashwaganda # An adaptogenic herb; it can improve cortisol, whether yours is low or high. a: Changes in dopamine; b: serotonin; c: GABA A guy claimed it made him adhedonic, possibly serotonin syndrome https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/too-much-ashwagandha-now-serotonin-syndrome-please-help.25017/ Moderate but significant enhancement in functional sensitivity of [[5-HT2]], and a reciprocal subsensitivity of [[5-HT1A]]. Adaptive supersensitivity of postsynaptic [[5-HT2]]. R This 5-HT1A desensitization is enough to have given people like Lokzo PSSD. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASP2905/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASP2905/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 11-10-2021 ASP2905 (EM902) # AKA… N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N’-phenyl-N"-(pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine. Lol. Inhibitor of [[KCNH3]] A: 10mg/kg ASP2905; B: amphetamine 3mg/kg; C: methylphenidate 3mg/kg. ASP2905, a specific inhibitor of the potassium channel Kv12.2 encoded by the Kcnh3 gene, is psychoactive in mice Inhibited meth-induced hyperlocomotion, but did not affect spontaneous locomotion. Treats certain symptoms of [[Schizophrenia]] The KCNH3 inhibitor ASP2905 shows potential in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (Takahashi, 2018) [[KCNH3]] overexpression in mice is associated with cognitive deficits, and knockout mice exhibit enhanced performance in attention. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASP4345/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ASP4345/ 2023-10-11: ASP4345 # [[D1]] PAM for which there was a groupbuy. See also Mevidalen (LY-3154207) and its analogue DETQ (which is inferior I think?). There are some studies and they went through phase 2 for [[Parkinson’s]]/Lewy body dementia. [An Allosteric Potentiator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor Increases Locomotor Activity in Human D1 Knock-In Mice without Causing Stereotypy or Tachyphylaxis] Improves cognition in [[Schizophrenia]]. Does it cause dependence? Theoretically very yummy if sustainable. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aspartic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aspartic-Acid/ links: reference: 5-17-2021 Aspartic Acid # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aspirin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Aspirin/ links: reference: https://www.stlukes-stl.com/health-content/medicine/33/000196.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS9ygUEQ3E8 Aspirin Comparable To DNP As Mitochondrial Uncoupler (RPF) Amelioration of Sleep Apnea by Salicylate-induced Hyperventilation Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Affect Normal Sleep Patterns in Humans 4-11-2021 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) # As an NSAID, it is a anti-[[Histamine]], but this may deplete [[DAO]], as well as iron, B9, C, and sodium. Lowers fibrosis. Inhibitor of [[Phospholipase A2]]. Exerts inhibitor effects on the induction of cirrhosis caused by choline-deficient diet. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Astaxanthin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Astaxanthin/ 2022-02-02 links: [[Skin]] reference: Astaxanthin # -xanthine: ξανθός (yellow), alkaloid related to caffeine/[[Uric Acid]]. Makes the skin red and greatly protects against sunburn as it’s a potent [[Antioxidant]]. [[5-AR]] inhibitor, and a potent one at that. https://www.hairloss-research.org/astaxanthin-supplement-lowers-dht/. This is mostly in vivo IIRC, with not a lot of bloodwork out there, but there’s report after report on Nootopics of it making their dick numb and stuff. Brootal. Read the backlog in reverse and it looks pretty based, though. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Astrocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Astrocyte/ 2022-01-12 links: reference: Neuron-to-astrocyte signaling is central to the dynamic control of brain microcirculation Sorting Out Astrocyte Physiology from Pharmacology Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave Astrocyte # The name comes from their starry $\star$ shape… which might be a fake meme. ‘Water-soluble agents’ would include K+, which astrocytes have a high resting conductance for. It takes them up to dissipate them. Type of [[Glia]] - making up 20-40% of them, are the most numerous cell type in the brain, and the major source of [[Cholesterol]] in the [[CNS]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATF2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATF2/ 2023-12-21: ATF2 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Atomoxetine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Atomoxetine/ 2022-08-10: reference: Atomoxetine (Strattera) # [[NET]] inhibitor. The thing about this is that NET is responsible for [[Dopamine]] reuptake in the [[Prefrontal Cortex]] (where DAT expression is minimal) rather than striatum/NAcc like traditional stims. NMDA antagonist (to some extent). Possible μ antagonist? Yeah, I think it has some off-target effects. Liver toxic. How fun. See [[Reboxetine]] instead. Compare to [[Guanfacine]]. Altered gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of young rats induced by the ADHD drug atomoxetine (Lempp et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP-Hydrolysis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP-Hydrolysis/ links: reference: 8-22-2021 ATP Hydrolysis # A catabolic reaction by which the phosphoanhydride bonds in [[ATP]] are split by producing work in the form of mechanical energy, such as in [[Muscle]], producing [[ADP]] + 1 Pi. ADP can be further hydrolyzed into [[AMP]]. See a pattern? This is how the stored energy in ATP is actually consumed and used. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP-Synthase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP-Synthase/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: ATP Synthase # [[ADP]] + $\ce{P_i}$ + $\ce{2H+}$out $\ce{<=>}$ [[ATP]] + $\ce{H2O}$ + $\ce{2H+}$in. - Performed in the mitochondria via the [[Electron Transport Chain]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 ATP # In the cell, it basically swims around in the cytosol. The Energy Homeostasis Principle: Neuronal Energy Regulation Drives Local Network Dynamics Generating Behavior Hydrolysis # ATP + H2O -> [[ADP]] + Pi. ΔG = -7.3 kcal/mol. (This energy is released, not consumed) The bonds between phosphate groups of ATP are broken with hydrolysis. When the terminal phosphate bond is broken is broken by addition of a water molecule, one organic phosphate molecule leaves the ATP, which then becomes ADP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP7B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ATP7B/ 2022-12-03: ATP7B # A mutation causes Wilson’s disease. Menkes syndrome, from that Chinese guy video, is from ATP7A disorder. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Attention/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Attention/ 2022-03-04: [[Default Mode Network]] reference: Attention # Attention is the ability to laser focus on a single point, while alertness is the ability to be perceptive to all potential stimuli. For [[Dopamine]] to increase attention, [[GABA]] must suppress attention to everything else, and [[Acetylcholine]] has you keep paying attention to it - increases the signal-to-noise ratio, so to say. DA for executive, ACh for system-alerting, and noradrenaline for orienting. A Neural Model of Mind Wandering (, 2016) # It is not entirely task-negative, but this network is reliably activated when no task is at hand. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autism/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autism/ 5-13-2021 links: reference: (Fitzgerald, 2007) Genius Genes: How Asperger’s syndrome Changed the World. A book. A case study of 21 famous, creative intellectual figures, arguing they exhibited autistic mindsets. Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism Aluminium in brain tissue in autism file:///home/Documents/Reading/Bio/Neuro/NEUROSCIENCE/NEUROPATHOLOGY/The Neurochemical Basis of Autism. From Molecules to Minicolumns. Gene J. Blatt 2009.pdf https://opentheory.net/2023/05/autism-as-a-disorder-of-dimensionality/ Autism # Lower circulating endocannabinoid levels in children with autism spectrum disorder Effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: based on parental report Much less prevalent in females. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autonomic-Nervous-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autonomic-Nervous-System/ links: [[Peripheral Nervous System]] reference: 5-1-2021 Autonomic Nervous System # The three divisions are the: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. Targets cardiac/smooth muscles, and glands (both endocrine and exocrine). Contraction or relaxation. Involuntary. Type B and C fibers. Uses acetylcholine (parasympathetic, or sweat glands (sympathetic)) and noradrenaline (sympathetic). Preganglionic & Post-ganglionic. [[Parasympathetic Nervous System]] # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autophagosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Autophagosome/ 2022-06-21: reference: Autophagosome # Created via phagophore. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Axon-Guidance/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Axon-Guidance/ 2022-03-11: [[Neurogenesis]] reference: Axon Guidance # The process begins when growth fators bind to receptor tyrosine kinases to cause polymerization of actin filaments. Axon guidance is a process of neuronal development facilitated by the growth cone. In the immediate extracellular environment, there are various repellent and attractant cues, which can be anything from BDNF to ? The filopodia (the F-actin therein known as microspikes) and adhesion receptors (cadherin, found on both the growth cone and ECM, binding to itself. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Azelaic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Azelaic-Acid/ 2023-04-07: Azelaic Acid # Inhibits [[Tyrosinase]]. Antioxidant. Antibacterial. [[5-AR]] inhibitor: Inhibiton of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid Used for acne, rosacea, melasma, and hyperpigmentation. Anti-keratinizing agent: Mechanism of azelaic acid action in acne Slows down the prodction of protein? Keratin at least etc. This is a good thing apparently in that it prevents formation of overly tough skin. Naturally found on the skin as it’s made by a certain yeast. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B1/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 4-12-2021 B1 (Thiamine) # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/borderline-hypothyroid-histamine-intolerance-leaky-gut-hydrogen-sulfide-sibo-need-help.39296/post-618445 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DxvSUEVT_4 # Synergizes well with [[Magnesium]]: it is required to convert B1 to its active form. As thiamine is a cofactor for magnesium, high doses of magnesium can lower thiamine, and vice versa. Increases production of [[NADPH]]. Can cause issues with [[Red Light|sun]]. Helps with [[Glucose Oxidation]]; can lower [[Blood Glucose]] In rats with deficiency, a decrease of [[Glutamate]] uptake in the prefrontal cortex was observed and was accompanied by a deficit in Morris water maze learning. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B12/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B12/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/peats-surprising-response-to-my-email-a-ray-peat-vegan-is-possible.8939/ Made from bacteria - not plants or animals, so, livestock is injected with it in order to get it in meat. 4-12-2021 B12 (Coblamin) # B12 deficiency leads to a higher risk of dementia, [[Alzheimer’s]], [[Copper]] deficiency, and cardiovascular disease. Impeded B12 absorption can be a symptom of SIBO R Likewise, having high B12 levels on blood tests can be a sign of SIBO, as certain bacteria produce it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B2/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://chrismasterjohnphd.substack.com/p/058-why-you-should-manage-your-riboflavin 4-12-2021 B2 (Riboflavin) # [[Calcium]] can decrease absorption Antagonizes TLR4, the [[Endotoxin]] receptor Good for joints? Cofactor for converting [[Vitamin D]] into its active form. RPF Oily hair is associated with low levels I think it can inhibit DHT. Gigadose to reset [[Gut]]; it helps metabolize things like [[TMAO|TMA]] Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Is Endotoxin (LPS / TLR4) Antagonist Riboflavin As The Next Generation Prebiotic Supplement Vitamin B2 Remarkably Effective Against Endotoxin, Sepsis, And Other Bacterial Infections Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Positively Modulates The Microbiome Converts [[Pyridoxine]] to its active form in the liver - or something like that Cofactor # [[MAO-A]] Supplementation # All I know is I think 10mg is quite high. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B3/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 8-18-2021 Vitamin B3 # Removes [[Methyl Group]]s. Consists of: [[Niacin]] (NA), [[Niacinamide]] (NAM), [[Nicotinamide Riboside]], (NR) and [[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide]] (NMN) There’s also NA mononucleotide (NAMN) and NA adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) You can take note of all these forms, but at the end of the day their active forms are [[NAD]] and [[NADP]]! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5UMfCW_23w In excess, they consume [[Methyl Group]]s to be excreted in urine. The absence of methylated niacin metabolites is considered a sign of deficiency. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B5/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 8-18-2021 B5 (Pantothenic Acid) # Kind of novel. Connected with [[Biotin]]. B5 pushes fat metabolism and reduces sebum production, while biotin pushes sugar metabolism and increases sebum production. RPF 5 or 10mg b5 per 0.03 mg of biotin? This is a 150 or 300:1 ratio; Energin is 50:1. It may cause acne otherwise. Increasing dietary supply of pantothenic acid did not inhibit biotin absorption. R Deficiency is apparently implicated in dermatis, alopecia (so is excess; probably biotin depletion? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/B6/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] [[P5P]] reference: 4-12-2021 B6 # Exists as [[Pyridoxine]], [[Pyridoxal]], [[Pyridoxamine]], and their phosphorylated derivatives: pyridoxine 5’-phosphate, [[P5P]] (highest biological activity) and pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate. Pyridoxine hydrochloride increases activity of [[5-AR]], while pyridoxal hydrochloride inhibits it. Pyridoxine is plant B6, pyridoxal animal. The former can worsen B6 metabolism. Needs are increased along with [[Dietary Protein]]. Essential for the synthesis of [[Dopamine]]; inhibits [[Prolactin]] RPF Long-term supplementation has cured ADHD. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BACE1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BACE1/ 2022-05-30: reference: Beta-secretase 1/BACE1 # AKA beta-site [[APP]] cleaving enzyme 1. Generates [[Amyloid β]] from [[APP]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Baclofen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Baclofen/ 2023-10-14: [[Drugs]] Baclofen # (Non-addictive?) [[GABA-B]] agonist. Soo is it a phenibut alternative at all? It’s just a chlorinated version of it. (Apparently it converts to phenibut) On that topic, [[Progesterone]] might work for a social stack, lol Extends REM+NREM or something. Hedonically neutral. With [[TAK-653]], gave JC the best dreams and most refreshing sleep ever. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bacopa/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bacopa/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-13-2021 Bacopa Monnieri # 300-600mg daily Increased [[Serotonin]] 39%, [[Acetylcholine]] 20%, [[Glutamate]] 20%, and [[GABA]] 20% levels in the [[Hippocampus]], and reduced [[Dopamine]] levels by 16%. Raises thyroid hormone Indirect [[Antioxidant]]: causes oxidative stress but the body subsequently increases natural antioxidant production. Neuroprotective, hepatoprotective (liver) Improves spatial learning, memory retention, and significantly increased dendritic length within the basolateral amygdala. Very safe Judging from various factors, it should significantly reduce stress/anxiety. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bacteria/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bacteria/ 2022-08-26: reference: Bacteria # Gram-positive vs gram-negative (named after a dude named Gram, not the measurement): They have cell walls made of peptidoglycan (murein), a protein-sugar polymer thing. The former’s walls are thick, and gram-negative is thin, but also has a [[Endotoxin|Lipopolysaccharide]]-containing outer membrane. Indeed, gram-positive do not produce endotoxin. It seems they also have whatever Porin is, while gram-positive has Lipoteichoic acid. Legumes form mutualistic relationships via root nodules with Rhizobiales nitrogen-fixing bacteria and feed it a little sugar. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Baking-Soda/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Baking-Soda/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/applying-peat-principles-to-veganism-incredible-results.30777/post-728124 4-16-2021 Baking Soda # Probably good preworkout. Can reduce fatigue when exercising in heat Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves repeated high-intensity cycling performance in the heat Sodium bicarbonate intake improves high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in trained young men Alkalizes the urine and the saliva (stomach acid though?) Long-term consumption of baking soda can interfere with the body’s ability to absorb calcium Mixing with [[ACV]] creates sodium acetate. Protects the intestine and reduces inflammation in the whole body. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Banana/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Banana/ links: [[Food]] [[Fruit]] reference: 9-5-2021 Banana # Decent source of B6 and potassium. Hyperkalemia and hyperdopaminemia induced by an obsessive eating of banana in an anorexia nervosa adolescent So Peat isn’t a schizo. Bananas have serotonin and even dopamine. Serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid Looks like [[Pineapple]]s have even more. So 5-HTP supplements are a good 50-100 mg for reference. Pulp: Serotonin - 28 mcg/g or 3. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Basal-Forebrain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Basal-Forebrain/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Basal Forebrain # Includes the ventral basal ganglia (including [[Nucleus Accumbens]] and ventral pallidum), nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, substanta innominata, and medial septal nucleus. The major [[Acetylcholine|(Acetyl)cholinergic]] output of the CNS (centered on the output of the nucleus basalis) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Basal-Ganglia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Basal-Ganglia/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Basal Ganglia # A group of various nuclei: mainly including the [[Striatum]] (dorsal: [[Caudate]], [[Putamen]]; ventral: [[Nucleus Accumbens]], olfactory tubercle), [[Globus Pallidus]], ventral pallidum, [[Substantia Nigra]], and the [[Subthalamic Nucleus]]. The globus pallidus and putamen comprise the [[Lentiform Nucleus]]. Strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and others. Important for motor integration. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BAX/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BAX/ 2023-05-17: Apoptosis regulator BAX ([[Bcl]]-2-like protein 4) # Increases the opening of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels -> loss of [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane|ΔΨ]] -> release of cytochrome C. There’s also something called MAC, where BAX or Bak form an oligomeric pore in the [[Outer Mitochondrial Membrane|Mitochondrial Outer Membrane]] Stimulated by heat, H2O2, low/high pH, etc. And activated by binding proteins like [[Bcl]]-2, [[p53]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BCAAs/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BCAAs/ 2022-08-17: reference: BCAA (branched-chain [[Amino Acid]]s) # Includes [[Leucine]], [[Isoleucine]], [[Valine]], as well as 2-aminoisobutyric acid. Dietary branched chain amino acids and metabolic health: when less is more Repletion of branched chain amino acids reverses mTORC1 signaling but not improved metabolism during dietary protein dilution (Maida et al. 2017) BCAA depletion -> lower [[mTORC1]] & liver releases [[FGF21]], the expression and secretion of which is induced as part of a liver integrated stress response (like [[ISRIB]]) dietary BCAA repletion did not curb the induction of the hepatic ISR Serum BCAAs are elevated in obesity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bcl/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bcl/ 2022-09-19: Bcl # The superfamily is actually Bcl-2. A family of apoptotic regulators. Cortical Neurogenesis Requires Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Multiple Self- Renewal-Promoting Extrinsic Pathways https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BDNF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BDNF/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLQP-62 9-1-2021 BDNF # May play a role in androgenic alopecia Omega-3 increases it in regions associated with depression. R . BDNF itself seems to be an antidepressant Binds to [[TrkB]] and [[p75]]. # BDNF induces [[Hair Loss]], which can be mitigated with [[Ginseng]]. JC: I dont think it causes baldness. After two years of shedding hair on cortexin, clumps clogging the drain n shit, my hair wasn’t any thinner. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bemethyl/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bemethyl/ 2022-08-11: reference: Bemethyl # Actoprotector adaptogen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzene/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: Benzene # To be aromatic is to be derived from benzene. Afaik, benzene refers only to its standalone molecule. Its derivatives are listed thusly. The rule here is that the benzene is not broken here though. Refer to Heterocycles for aromatic compounds wih other elements inside the ring (there’s probably hundreds of motifs) [[Cancer|Carinogenic]], though its derivatives are obviously ubiquitious: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzodiazepine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzodiazepine/ 2022-09-04: reference: Benzodiazepine # Benzos function by potentiating GABA-A. Chronic use causes downregulation+uncoupling, leading to increased extracellular GABA. [[Flumazenil]] then can cause upregulation of GABA-A once again. Excessive GABA release contributes to GABA-A internalization and release of [[Allopregnanolone]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzyl-Alcohol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Benzyl-Alcohol/ 2022-05-02: reference: Benzyl Alcohol # Bacteriostatic water is actually just 9mg/mL water with benzyl alcohol. TII Dei water or distillated water boiled on a hot plate for more than 10mins (must be boiling for at least 10 minutes). Let it cool slightly where it’s not scalding hot, measure out enough Benzyl alcohol in comparison to the volume of the water to make the solution. Should be a standard 0.9% Benzyl alcohol volume. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Berberine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Berberine/ 5-16-2021 links: [[Nootropics]] reference: Berberine # Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic. Commonly used for [[SIBO]] and such. Glucose disposal agent: sort of insulin-memetic; they enhance glucose uptake into muscular glycogen instead of fat cells. This effect is also seen with Ecklonia Cava, Bitter melon, and α-[[Lipoic Acid]]. Its metabolite, dihydroberberine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPAoGCy8BAA Lower dosage and better absorption (100-200mg) https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/berberine-insulin-resistance-help.32163/ Made somebody feel sleepy and had a negative effect on libido. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Berry/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Berry/ 2022-09-03: reference: Berry # Raspberries have the highest amount of fiber relative to other carbohydrates. Raspberry ketone increases both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Increased expression/secretion of [[Adiponectin]] Raspberry ketones: pro-[[IGF-1]]. Effect of topical application of raspberry ketone on dermal production of insulin-like growth factor-I in mice and on hair growth and skin elasticity in humans there’s some discussion on RPF about this Antiandrogenic unfortunately Changes in striatal dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression associated with fatigue and their reversal by blueberry juice Striatal DAT and TH expression was downregulated by fatigue and upregulated by treatment with blueberry juice, caffeine, and Red Bull https://raypeatforum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Beta-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Beta-Cell/ 2022-05-02: reference: Beta Cell # Located in the [[Pancreas]], where they are the sole site of human insulin synthesis, where it is then stored (and proteolyzed from pro-insulin) in vesicles. When [[Glucose]] arrives through GLUT2,closes ATP-sensitive [[Potassium Channel]]s ($K_{ir}6.x$), depolarizing it (Kir brings K+ into the cell doe wtf?) - which opens [[VGCC]]s, and the Ca2+ influx acivates insulin exocytosis. Not GLUT4. In mice, it’s [[GLUT2]]. In humans, GLUT3 is >5x capacity, and greater affinity than GLUT1, which is still more than GLUT2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Beta-waves/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Beta-waves/ links: [[Neural Oscillations]] reference: 10-31-2021 Beta waves # (13-32 Hz): Alert, thinking, excitement Different levels of category abstraction by different dynamics in different prefrontal areas The faster the rhythm, the less abstract the cateogry. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Betahistine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Betahistine/ 2022-09-22: [[Drugs]] Betahistine # Strong [[H3]] antagonist and weak [[H1]] agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Betaine-Hydrochloride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Betaine-Hydrochloride/ links: [[Stomach Acid]] reference: 4-12-2021 Betaine Hydrochloride # Stomach acidifier and digestive aid, which when taken on an empty stomach, ensures food doesn’t ferment in the stomach. Take on an empty stomach. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BHLHE41/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BHLHE41/ 2023-08-24: BHLHE41/DEC2/SHARP1 # Expressed in the [[Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]] and peaks during the day. Related to maturation of T helper cells/other immune stuff. Induced by [[HIF-1α]] and [[SREBP]]-1. BHLHE40 and BHLHE41 are also known to alter the expression of several contractile proteins and mitochondrial proteins in skeletal muscle. BHLHE41 and BHLHE40 also repress SREBP-1. This forms a negative feedback loop between SREBP-1, BHLHE40, and BHLHE41 in muscles that runs on a 24-hour circadian cycle, which has a 12-hour offset between SREBP-1 and BHLHE40/BHLHE41. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bifemelane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bifemelane/ 2023-12-20: [[Drugs]] PGL cart: TAK 250mg, ABT spray 5 bottles, bifemelane, and 1 bottle of methylene blue Bifemelane # Antidepressant and ‘cerebral activator’ (which is used for cerebrovascular diseases; seems to be a Japanese class of drugs) Competitive (i.e. reversible) MAO-A inhibitor and non-competitive/irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI. The fact the MAO-A inhibition is reversible means tyramine isn’t a problem. Norepinephrine→α1→serotonin release. NRI + MAOI prevents the tyramine reaction to serotonin release Reboxetine prevents the tranylcypromine-induced increase in tyramine levels in rat heart M1 enhancement (prevents loss of mRNA levels and receptor binding) and [[Choline Acetyltransferase|ChAT]] enhancement. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bile/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bile/ links: reference: 10-23-2021 Bile # So apparently there’s 14 enzymes involved. But basically, Primary bile acids are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid via [[CYP7A1]]-mediated oxidation of [[Cholesterol]] in the liver, which is the rate-limiting step. Then they’re conjugated with either glycine or taurine to form bile salts aka conjugated bile acids - which are then secreted. CYP7A1 This enzyme is down-regulated by cholic acid, up-regulated by cholesterol and is inhibited by the actions of the ileal hormone FGF15/19. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bilirubin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bilirubin/ 2022-07-07: reference: Bilirubin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Biology/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Biology/ links: [[!Botany]], [[!Ecology]] reference: https://derangedphysiology.com/main/home https://step1.medbullets.com/ https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(LibreTexts) this one MOGS https://lotus.naturalproducts.net/ pubchem-like site for natural compounds https://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html insane directory of in-depth diagrams of metabolic pathways. No molecular structures though. https://pathbank.org/ https://thebumblingbiochemist.com/graphics/ https://proteinlounge.com/pathway.php https://www.cusabio.com/pathway.html - this might be my favorite so far http://www.kinasenet.ca/ and its sister sites, AND what the parjpges link to: great place to search for any gene. Not comprehensive though - actually misses a lot. https://string-db.org/ amazing for cross-referencing interactions (it’s like obsidian graph view) to find key genes, but no context. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Biotin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Biotin/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 8-18-2021 Biotin (B7) # I believe it was discovered and extracted from a liver by Szent-Györgi. Underrated for preventing anaerobic [[Glycolysis]]. Avidin, a glycoprotein, is bound - possibly the tightest noncovalent bond seen in the body - to it, in raw [[Egg]] whites. Made by colonic bacteria, but does not supply adequate amounts. Excessive amounts can deplete [[B5]], causing [[Acne]]. Astrocytes resolve ER stress through mitochondrial fusion facilitated by biotin availability https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Brain-Barrier/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Brain-Barrier/ 2022-04-23: reference: Blood Brain Barrier # The BBB consists of endothelial cells lining the capillary wall. Capillaries exchange stuff between blood and interstitial fluid. Thus they’re thin with numerous capillary pores which are permable to water and other small substances. Veins actually just carry (mostly deoxygenated) blood from the tissues back to the heart. R (very influential and informational paper; a few more badass figures) In the PNS, it is formed by satellite cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Glucose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Glucose/ links: reference: 5-13-2021 Blood Glucose # Consumption of [[Dietary Protein]] alone lowers blood sugar, due to insulin secretion in response to amino acids. The circulating glucose picked up along the way can turn into fat. So, it is advised to have some carbohydrates shortly before consuming (a lot of) protein, as otherwise, under the influence of cortisol, a lot of protein will be used for energy. High blood glucose can make you sleepy Glycemic index ! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Pressure/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Pressure/ links: reference: 5-13-2021 Blood Pressure # It’s mediated by blood volume and state of contraction of the blood vessels’ smooth muscle walls. Measurement # Peat Stuff # Effects of calcium infusion on blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive humans Hypertensive subjects exhibit enhanced [[Parathyroid Hormone]] gland function even when dietary factors are controlled, and they suggest that these subjects are more sensitive to the cardiovascular effects of short-term calcium infusion. In other words, it’s calcium deficiency, not sodium excess. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Vessel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blood-Vessel/ 2022-03-27: reference: Blood Vessels # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blue-Lotus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Blue-Lotus/ 2023-10-18: Blue Lotus # Probably lacks direct GABA activity. A known aphrodisiac. Gotta wonder if it produces a glutamatergic rebound in the morning. It’s highly dopaminergic not just from MAOI activity Known aphrodisiac. Might make meditation easier/more enjoyable. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Alkaloid Nuciferine Nuciferine was an antagonist at 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT2B, an inverse agonist at 5-HT7, a partial agonist at D2, D5 and 5-HT6, an agonist at 5-HT1A and D4 receptors, and inhibited the dopamine transporter. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BMAL1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BMAL1/ 2022-05-19: reference: Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1 (BMAL1) (ARNTL) (MOP3) # CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate MyoD and are necessary for maintenance of skeletal muscle phenotype and function BMAL1 in muscle regulates sleep in the brain [[SIRT1]] deactivates via deacetylating the BMAL1-[[CLOCK]] heterodimer. [[CLOCK]]→[[Cryptochrome]]s (Cry1)→ (acetylation?) inhibits the Bmal1-CLOCK heterodimer. CLOCK-mediated acetylation of BMAL1 controls circadian function [Differential Control of Bmal1 Circadian Transcription by REV-ERB and ROR Nuclear Receptors] [[Rev-Erb]]α/β represses transcription via binding to the Bmal1 promoter. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BMP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BMP/ 2023-10-12: BMP # Cytokines and ‘metabologens’. They’re mostly in the [[TGF-β]] family. 1-7, 8a, 8b, 10, [[GDF11]], and BMP15 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bone/ links: reference: 8-27-2021 Bone # [[Vitamin K2]], [[Vitamin D]], and [[Calcium]] supplementation increases bone mineral density https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/how-much-vitamin-k2-daily-for-widen-face.28365/#post-422392 People seem to like megadosing vitamin k to increase their jaw width; they’re thinking like 1mg/kg body weight. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21860562/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/anyone-who-doses-high-k2-mk4-notice-any-affects-on-hairloss.29895/post-445625 Taking K2 without calcium (carbonate) can spike prolactin and tank calcium! Reasons to drink milk immediately upon waking; it just can’t be taken with E Psychostimulants Modafinil, Atomoxetine and Guanfacine Impair Bone Cell Differentiation and MSC Migration it’s over. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Boron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Boron/ links: reference: 11-6-2021 Boron # Supposedly it boosts [[Testosterone]], DHT, lowers estrogen, potentiates mg/calc/D/K benefits including widening bonez Too high dose = joint pain. Several effects of boron are induced by uncoupling steroid hormones from their transporters in blood This transporter being particular focus [[SHBG]]. Nothing Boring About Boron Essential for osteogenesis Greatly improves wound healing Boosts [[Magnesium]] absorption Reduces hs-[[C-Reactive Protein]], [[TNF-α]] Raises levels of antioxidant enzymes including [[Glutathione Peroxidase]] In elders, improves brain electrical activity, cognitive performance, and short-term memory Protects against pestidcide-induced oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity Inlfuences formation of [[SAM-e]] and [[NAD+]] 6mg/d for 1 week in 8 healthy males: saw increase in free [[Testosterone]] from 11. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Botany/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Botany/ 2022-08-23: [[!Biology]] reference: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/From_Growing_to_Biology%3A_Plants_(Hacisalihoglu)/01%3A_Chapters A Photographic Atlas for Botany (Morrow) Botany # Structure Cells & Tissues Roots Stems Leaves Physiology & Regulation Photosynthesis & Respiration Chemoautotrophs extract energy from inorganic chemical compounds to synthesize sugars. Environmental Responses Nutrition and Soils Hormones [[Salicylic Acid]] is part of the plant acquired immune response. Transport Development Biodiversity # Horizontal gene transfer is the introduction of genetic material from one spcies to another by mechanisms other than parent->offspring “vertical” gene transmission. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BPA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BPA/ 2022-06-05: reference: BPA # Fat-soluble. Binds strongly to [[ERRγ]] - but not [[Estrogen Receptor]]. Donating blood removes built up PFAS/microplastics. Good excuse to keep [[Iron]]/[[Ferritin]] high and give yourself polycythemia, I guess https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BPC-157/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BPC-157/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: BPC-157 (Body protecting compound-157) # See also: TB-500 (thymosin beta) https://jaycampbell.com/peptides/tb-500/ Upregulates actin? It’s actually endogenous to the gastric fluids. Rapid healing of injuries, decreased inflammation, increase in [[Growth Hormone]] receptor surface area, and healing leaky [[Gut]]/IBS. It temporarily upregulates local growth hormone receptor expression at area of injection. Reduced a guy’s shedding. Oral. RPF Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications (2016) # Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan autoradiographic measurements HED 115μg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain-Glycogen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain-Glycogen/ 2022-05-03: reference: Brain [[Glycogen]] # Astrocytes # [[Astrocyte|Astrocytic]] glycogen represents the only form of glucose storage in the [[Brain]]. Astrocytes receive glucose via [[GLUT]] on them whereby it… simply ferments into lactate, and then released into the extracellular fluid and transferred to neurons via [[MCT2]]. Astrocytes of course have mitochondria. But I don’t think glucose is exported. Aerobic is technically possible but they strongly favor lactate regardless of oxygen presence. A real shame since they interface with the BBB and could pick up some oxygen if they wanted to, right? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain-Stem/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain-Stem/ 2021-11-23 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Brain Stem # The three main parts are: the midbrain, pons, and [[Medulla]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brain/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Fine Structure of the Aging Brain 5-13-2021 Brain # Link this when something applies to the brain in general/as a whole, not any specific region. I guess. The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost (2012) (kinda brief) with 86 billion neurons and just as many nonneuronal cells, the human brain is a scaled-up primate brain in its cellular composition and metabolic cost, with a relatively enlarged cerebral cortex that does not have a relatively larger number of brain neurons yet is remarkable in its cognitive abilities and metabolism simply because of its extremely large number of neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BRCA1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/BRCA1/ 2024-02-28: BRCA1 (Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein) # Inhibits [[Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase]] (thereby decreasing lipogenesis). BRCA1 affects lipid synthesis through its interaction with acetyl-CoA carboxylase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brexpiprazole/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brexpiprazole/ 2022-04-23: [[Drugs]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole comprehensive Ki list. Brexpiprazole # Atypical antipsychotic. Mainly: [[5-HT1A]] and [[5-HT2C]] partial agonist; antagonizes just about everything else. [[SERT]] and [[DAT]] blocker. A1 blocker - improves memory in Alzheimer’s (like prazosin) α1, α2, β2 [[Adrenergic Receptor]] antagonist. [[D2]]/[[D3]] partial agonist Site Ki (nM) Action 5-HT1A 0.12 Partial agonist 5-HT2A 0.47 Antagonist 5-HT2B 1.9 Antagonist 5-HT2C 12–34 Partial agonist 5-HT7 3.7 Antagonist D2L 0.30 Partial agonist D3 1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brilliant-Blue-G/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brilliant-Blue-G/ 2022-04-27: reference: Brilliant Blue G # P2x7 antagonist. Completely suppresses [[Amyloid β]]-induced neuronal death, while not affecting APP cleavage. via inhibiting the [[NLRP]] inflammasome. Brilliant Blue G improves cognition in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease and inhibits amyloid-β-induced loss of filopodia and dendrite spines in hippocampal neurons (2014) [[Amyloid β]]-induced loss of filopodia and spine density in cultured hippocampal neurons was prevented… BBG prevents the learning and memory impairment and cognitive deficits induced by the toxicity of soluble Aβ, and improves the development of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons in an [[Alzheimer’s]] model mouse. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brocas-Area/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brocas-Area/ 2022-04-09: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Broca’s Area # Not solely for language production, it plays a role in comprehension as well. During slow destruction from tumors, its function can shift to nearby areas of the brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brodmann-Areas/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brodmann-Areas/ 2022-01-24 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Brodmann Areas # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area#Clickable_map:_lateral_surface These are all areas of the neocortex, with the distinction being some combination of thickness and layers the areas possess. (Strikethrough = only non-human primates) BA3, BA1 and BA2 – Primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention) BA4– Primary [[Motor Cortex]] BA5 – Superior parietal lobule BA6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex) (Supplementary motor area) BA7 – Visuo-Motor Coordination BA8 – Includes Frontal eye fields BA9 – [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex]] BA10 – [[Frontopolar Prefrontal Cortex]] (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromantane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromantane/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-24-2021 Bromantane (Ladasten) # Primary action: upregulating [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] and [[AADC]] [[GAT]]-3 inhibitor. [[PDE10]] inhibitor. Upregulates [[Carboxypeptidase E]] expression R Mechanisms of Action of Ladasten: Activation of Gene Expression for Neurotrophins and Mitogen-Activated Kinases This paper suggests the increase in striatum BDNF and following ERK1/2 expression underlies Bromantane’s long-term dopaminergic effects Extremely high concentrations inhibit reuptake of of serotonin, dopamine, and to a lesser extent noradrenaline (SNDRI - real) in vitro in rat brain tissue. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromelain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromelain/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: Bromelain # Sulfhydryl protease [[Enzyme]] from [[Pineapple]]s. It’s an intestinal disinfectant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromocriptine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bromocriptine/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 9-29-2021 Bromocriptine # Antagonizes (might agonize actually, go figure) [[5-HT2B]]. Inhibits [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]]. Anti-[[Prolactin]]. Could just be part of its anti-[[Serotonin]] actions. Might have success with [[Gyno]]? RPF Apparently [[Cocoa|Cacao]] contains it?? Supplementation # ~12-hour half life https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brown-Adipose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Brown-Adipose/ 2022-09-03: reference: Brown [[Adipose]] Tissue # [[Angiogenesis]] accelerats the metabolic rate. In white adipose. angiogensis increases fat storage and expansion of the tissue. Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review Has some tables. Capsaicin via upregulating UCP1 and BMP8B, β-carotene (indirect WAT browning. MOA: conversion into retinoids) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bupropion/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Bupropion/ 2022-08-10: [[Drugs]] reference: Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban) # Atypical antidepressant. [[NET]]/[[DAT]] (in high doses) inhibitor and non-competitive antagonist of [[α4β2 nAChR|α4β2]], [[α3β4 nAChR]], and α1β1γδ. Ki-63μΜ Bupropion-induced inhibition of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in heterologous cells and neurons from dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus Compare to dl-[[Methylphenidate]]’s DAT/NET IC50 of 20 and 51 respectively (.35 vs .39 ratio). The difference is in the metabolites as you can see. Associated with a high risk of release of mediators from mast cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Butyrate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Butyrate/ 2022-08-23: reference: Butyrate # Notice: it’s a really short-chain saturated [[Fatty Acid]]. [[HDAC1]] inhibitor. Gut microbiota shapes social dominance through modulating HDAC2 in the medial prefrontal cortex Higher Butyrate->[[HDAC2]] increases dominance. The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon The addition of butyrate to germfree mouse colonocytes rescues TCA function, NADH/NAD+, PDH, etc., via acting as a energy source. The HDAC Inhibitor Butyrate Impairs β Cell Function and Activates the Disallowed Gene Hexokinase I in vitro. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/c-Fos/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/c-Fos/ 8-16-2021 links: reference: c-Fos # A proto-oncogene; an oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. What the? Acute stress increases the amount of ACh released. “Our results suggest a model in which robust cholinergic stimulation triggers rapid induction of the gene encoding the transcription factor c-Fos” R [[SIRT1]], and [[ΔFosB]] (with the help of ‘corepressors’ like [[JunD]] and by recruiting [[HDAC]] 1) downregulate its expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/C-Reactive-Protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/C-Reactive-Protein/ links: reference: 6-28-2021 C-Reactive Protein # One of the main inflammatory biomarkers. Contributes to atherosclerosis and activates mast cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/c-Src/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/c-Src/ 2022-05-13: reference: Proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase Src/Cellular Src (c-Src) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/C60/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/C60/ 2022-07-16: reference: C60 # The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of (60)fullerene (2012) Soo dissolved in olive oil @ 1.7mg/kg in rats, it increased their lifespan by 90%. Nothing crazy https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA1/ 2022-03-04: [[Hippocampus]] reference: http://neuronbank.org/wiki/index.php/CA1_pyramidal_neuron: CA1 # A single CA1 [[Pyramidal Neuron]] has ~30,0000 excitatory and ~1700 inhibitory inputs of Glutamate/GABA. R What is its role in the trisynaptic circuit?: http://scholarpedia.org/article/Models_of_hippocampus Some models have proposed that region CA1 functions as a comparator of the input from entorhinal cortex layer III with the output from region CA3 (Gray, 1982; Hasselmo and Schnell, 1994; Hasselmo and Wyble, 1997). This comparator function was used to set the levels of acetylcholine to modulate the dynamics of encoding and retrieval in a simulation of region CA1 (Hasselmo and Schnell, 1994) and in a network simulation of hippocampal memory function (Hasselmo and Wyble, 1997). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ca2+/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ca2+/ 2022-01-12 links: [[Calcium]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology Ca2+ # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA3/ 2022-04-23: reference: CA3 # Probably the most significant. Divided further into CA3a, b, and c. Rich in pyramidal neurons. Has cholinergically driven [[Theta waves|Theta rhythms]] which is key in the hippocampus for memory formation, with LTP occuring primarily during the positive phase of the theta rhythm, the strength increasing linearly with its amplitude. Slow scalp EEG [[Theta waves]] correlated with memory retrieval, fast negatively correlated. Distinct slow and fast cortical theta dynamics in episodic memory retrieval https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CA4/ 2023-08-25: CA4 # According to wikipedia, the guy who originally conceptualized it as such considered CA4 a misnomer, and that in fact it’s the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cabergoline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cabergoline/ 2021-12-20 links: reference: Cabergoline # A [[Prolactin]] inhibitor. What I didn’t know is that prolactin inhibitors such as caber inhibit [[Growth Hormone]] by extension. Potent [[D2]] antagonist. You run the risk of heart fibrosis. Why? Supplementation # https://pharmahub.to/product/cabaser-cabergolin-0-5mg-8tabs-a-tech-labs/ https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cadherin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cadherin/ 2022-12-10: Cadherin # Cadherin-2 = (N)eural-cadherin. Calcium-dependent cell-cell adheion glycoprotein. Plays a role in [[Cancer]] metastasis. Rare missense neuronal cadherin gene (CDH2) variants in specific obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette disorder phenotypes https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cadmium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cadmium/ 2022-09-01: reference: Cadmium # Cadmium is well-known as carcinogenic, and a lot of zinc supplements seem to be contaminated by it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caffeic-acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caffeic-acid/ 2022-03-27: reference: Caffeic acid # Notice the catechol base: it looks a lot like [[Adrenaline]]: It’s found in [[Coffee]] of course but it’s not related to caffeine. Regulatory Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells Inhibits [[NOS]] and [[COX-2]]. Increases microglia expression of [[Heme Oxygenase]] and [[Erythropoietin]] in an AMPK-dependent manner. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caffeine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caffeine/ links: reference: Interesting thoughts on high-dose caffeine for MPB: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/all-my-hair-loss-ideas-over-the-years-summarized.39520/ Caffeine is a Natural “Sun Screen” 6-6-2021 Caffeine # Antagonizes: A1 (12 μM) and A2A (2.4) A2B (13) and A3 (80) [[Adenosine Receptor]]s. Indeed, the [[Adenosine A1]] antagonism gives a depressant effect, hence selective A2A inhibitors hitting the scene like [[Istradefylline]]. Antagonizes the [[Inositol Triphosphate|IP3]] receptor, competitive antagonist of the ionotropic [[Glycine Receptor]], and voltage-independent activator of the ryanodine receptors. Antagonizing [[Adenosine A1]]-[[D1]] heterodimers increases release of dopamine in the dorsal [[Striatum]] and [[Nucleus Accumbens]] core (not shell). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcitonin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcitonin/ 2022-05-16: reference: Calcitonin # [[Peptide Hormone]] secreted by the [[Thyroid]]. It opposes the effects of [[Parathyroid Hormone]], reducing blood Ca2+ (and [[Phosphate]]) to be secreted in the urine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium-ATPase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium-ATPase/ 2022-04-06: reference: Calcium ATPase # 1 [[Ca2+]] is transported into the extracellular space for each ATP used. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium-Channel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium-Channel/ 2022-04-07: [[Ion Channel]] reference: Calcium Channel # Usually [[VGCC]], but sometimes requires a ligand. [[Inositol Triphosphate]] receptors at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are ligand-gated calcium channels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calcium/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/why-ray-recommends-eating-lots-of-calcium.8203/ Haidut thread; enjoy Amazoniac’s spam 4-11-2021 Calcium # Can decrease [[B2]] absorption, competes with [[Zinc]], high levels of calcium decreased tissue levels of [[Magnesium]] and exacerbates deficiency. High levels of calcium decrease absorption of non-heme [[Iron]]. High levels of calcium decrease [[Phosphorus]] absorption Lowers [[Prolactin]], and vice versa. One of the main functions of prolactin is removing calcium from the bone. Serum levels ~9mg/dL are ideal. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calmodulin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calmodulin/ 2022-04-12: reference: Calmodulin (Calcium-modulated protein) # After Ca2+ binds to it, the complex interacts with numerous proteins/kinases including [[CAMK]] and [[PP2B]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caloric-Restriction/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caloric-Restriction/ 2022-03-24: reference: Caloric Restriction # Ray Peat thinks a lot of its benefits are by means of [[Methionine]] restriction. Inhibits [[mTOR]]. Normalizes [[Pyruvate]] metabolism from glycolysis towards [[Electron Transport Chain]]. Caloric Restriction, CR Mimetics, and Healthy Aging in Okinawa: Controversies and Clinical Implications Older Okinawans supposedly experienced CR-like diet for “close to half of their lives”. High consumption of sweet [[Potato]]es (purple?), marine-based carotenoid-rich foods, and [[Curcumin|Tumeric]]. Also [[Ginger]] and mugwort. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calpain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Calpain/ 2022-05-20: reference: Calpain # Protease. Proteolyzes: Spectrin Leads to microtubule degradation via: Calpain-1 inhibits [[RhoA]]. Calpain-10 regulates actin dynamics by proteolysis of microtubule-associated protein 1B Directly cleaves [[MAP1B]] (which generates a heavy chain and light chain complex) Proteolyzes [[Protein Kinase C]] and [[Phospholipase C]], cleaving their regulatory domains from the active (is this catalytic?) domains. R Calpain-2 inhibits [[PTEN]]. NMDAR # Calcium-dependent. Thus it is activated by NMDAR. $\ce{Ca^2+}$ -> Calpain -> p35 cleavage p25 -> binds to CDK5 -> degeneration transcription stuff. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-II/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-II/ 2022-04-19: reference: CAMK II # (Auto)phosphorylation # CAMK2A is heterohexameric. After Ca (4 max) or Calmodulin binding, it conforms in such a way that opens its catalytic domains. It takes phosphate from [[ATP]] and adds it to Ca2+/[[Calmodulin]] - ‘autophosphorylation’ of the neighboring subunits. It becomes persistently active and “autonomous” after this and does not require Ca2+-Calmodulin. I believe this happens at Thr286 Targets # Activates Spinophilin, Ras-activating proteins (SYNGAP etc), Kalirin-7, CAMKK, [[ERK]] Plasticity # As stated on the page, it can induce LTP or LTD at AMPAR at Ser567 and Ser831 respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-III/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-III/ 2022-05-06: reference: CAMK III (Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K)) # Naturally it phosphorylates (inhibits) EEF2. An elongation factor facilitates the ’elongation’ of peptides at the [[Ribosome]]. How are they needed tho? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-IV/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK-IV/ 2022-04-19: reference: CAMK IV # Inhibited by PP2A. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMK/ 2022-04-12: reference: CAMK ([[Calmodulin]]-dependent protein kinases) # Requires binding of activated (Ca2+ bound) [[Calmodulin]] to activate. I-V with their own subtypes. [[CAMK II]] - receives Pi from ATP [[CAMK III]] aka Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) [[CAMK IV]] - receives Pi from [[CAMKK]] , [[CAMK II]] and [[CAMK IV]] phosphorylate CBP/[[CREB]] (such that it activates) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMKK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CAMKK/ 2022-04-19: reference: CAMKK (Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kianse) # Yes, inception. CAMKK2 phosphorylates: [[CAMK]] I and [[CAMK IV]]. [[AMPK]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/cAMP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/cAMP/ links: [[Adenosine]] reference: 4-24-2021 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) # What’s wrong with [[AMP]]? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Camphoric-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Camphoric-Acid/ links: [[Gut]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/camphosal-liquid-camphoric-acid-salol.31267/ Camphoric acid stimulates osteoblast differentiation and induces [[Glutamate]] receptor expression: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034607 “Camphoric acid stimulated calcium formation in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells.” [[Bone]] 9-13-2021 Camphoric Acid # An effective intestinal antibiotic/antiseptic/disinfectant/whatever. Treats diarrhea resulting from intestinal fermentation. Capmhor is a [[Terpene|terpenoid]]. Supplementation # 100-200mg daily, in the evening. It used to be a common pharmeceutical. Camphosal: Take like 25 drops at once and chase it. - Also works as a deoderant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cancer/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cancer/ links: reference: A Cancer Biotherapy Resource (2015) 9-6-2021 Cancer # Haidut: Simple heating of tumor often leads to a rapid and complete cure Apparently, 19% of genes found mutated in cancer are related to metabolic processes, and 30% of these affect lipid metabolism. Proliferating cells need more of them, I suppose. Warburg Effect # Warburg Effect: Cancer cells predominantly use aerobic glycolysis, (anaerobic [[Glycolysis]] - in the presence of oxygen). At one point in the 60s the Pentagon directly financed a think tank dedicated to discrediting or misinterpreting Dr. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Candida/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Candida/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/white-tongue.16796/post-304513 Lauricidin (Monolaurin) Vital Nutrients Viracon https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/white-tongue-totally-cleared-overnight-with-iorinse.40592/#post-645802 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/anybody-here-really-cured-histamine-intolerance.38867/post-611995 4-12-2021 Candida # In practice, very similar to SIBO. Candida can deplete magnesium. Treatment # Camphoric acid, 1100-200mg in the evening, once or twice a week. This should do the trick at keeping the gut clean if other stuff isn’t working. Chlorella and/or bitter melon can help One needs to take antimicrobials (cautstic/bitter herbs/tinctures) and ‘biofilm busters’ together. Some antimicrobials: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cannabigerol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cannabigerol/ 2022-05-01: reference: Cannabigerol # Synthesized in cannabis/cannabis-like plants, or something. Eventually it can become THC [[CB1]] antagonist (partial agonist), but minimal effects. [[CB2]] partial agonist. R [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]] agonist, and moderate [[5-HT1A]] antagonist. Possible GABA reuptake inhibitor. Leydig cell toxicity?? But doesn’t matter if vaping apparently COX-2 inhibitor. Gives a non-jittery coffee-like buzz and suppresses appetite. Weed without the high? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Capillary/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Capillary/ 2022-04-17: [[Blood Vessel]] reference: Capillary # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caprylic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caprylic-Acid/ 2022-02-15 links: reference: Caprylic Acid # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Capsaicin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Capsaicin/ links: reference: 4-30-2021 Capsaicin # An anti-inflammatory and [[Antioxidant]]. Derivative of [[Homovanillic Acid]]. I think its sole receptor is [[TRPV1]]. Acute Effects of Capsaicin on Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Negative Energy Balance Causes in increase in catecholamines and is neuroprotective; prevents dopamine neural regeneration. It does not effect birds, unlike mammals. Cold milk is effective at relieving the burning sensation due to [[Casein]]’s detergent effect. More soluble in fat or alcohol than water. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbohydrate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbohydrate/ links: reference: 4-11-2021 Carbohydrates # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/how-the-sugar-industry-shifted-blame-to-fat.15368/page-2#post-209906 - Essentially, saturated fat needs to be low for “carbosis” to occur. [[PUFA]] [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|Beta-oxidation]] does not interrupt interrupt ongoing carbohydrate metabolism a-la [[Randle Cycle]], while [[Saturated Fat]] does. [[Randle Cycle]] is applicable to all tissue except the liver, brain, and heart. The Randle cycle revisited: a new head for an old hat Stress Overrides Fatty Acid Inhibition of Glucose Metabolism [[Insulin Resistance]] is required for a ketogenic diet. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbonate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbonate/ 2022-08-28: reference: Carbonate # In sparkling water, the [[CO2]] converts into carbonic acid in the mouth, making it acidic. Tbh maybe I should spit out some water then put it on a litmus test. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbonic-Anhydrase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carbonic-Anhydrase/ 2022-02-14 links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/carbonic-anhydrase-is-a-key-driver-of-aging-inhibiting-it-is-beneficial.13642/ Carbonic Anhydrase # [[Enzyme]] family catalzes interconversion between [[CO2]] and H2O. Inhibitors include, [[Curcumin]], [[Pomegranate]] (via Casuarinin), [[Milk Thistle]], [[Caffeine]], [[B1]]. Inhibition decreases intraocular pressure. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carboxyl/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carboxyl/ links: reference: 11-10-2021 Carboxyl # Decarboxylation is the removal, ie via enzymes, of a carboxyl group, releasing [[CO2]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carboxypeptidase-E/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carboxypeptidase-E/ 2023-01-06: Carboxypeptidase E # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cardarine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cardarine/ 2022-08-16: reference: Cardarine (GW501516) (Endurobol) # [[PPAR]]-δ agonist. PED. I think it might be oncogenic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cardiolipin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cardiolipin/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Cardiolipin # A [[Phospholipid]] typically rich in [[Linoleic Acid]] (it is occupied by C18:n in most animal tissues.) Double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate mitochondrial cardiolipin remodeling *Intact OA(18:1) was incorporated to CL; LA(18:2) and ALA(18:3) were desaturated and elongated to long chain fatty acid before the incorporation; GLA(18:3) and SDA(18:4) were unfavorable for the CL incorporation. * Constitutes ~20% of the [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane]]’s lipid composition and is almost exclusively found there; it’s vital for cristae formation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnitine-Palmitoyltransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnitine-Palmitoyltransferase/ 2022-03-05: reference: Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) # Important for [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|Beta-oxidation]]: transports [[Acyl-CoA]] into the mitochondrial membrane to be transfered onto the hydroxy group of [[Carnitine]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnitine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnitine/ links: reference: 11-10-2021 Carnitine # MPMD made a video about injecting it for fat loss: one of the only thing that increases [[Androgen Receptor]] density in muscle. And injection bypasses the [[TMAO]] production when taken orally. Downsides: [[Carnitine]] is antithyroid and is required for [[Fatty Acid Oxidation]]. It binds to the [[Glucocorticoid]] receptor. Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans No effect on perceived exewrtion, exercise performance, VO2 max, RER, VO2, blood lactate, leg FFA turnover, muscle glycogen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnosic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnosic-Acid/ 2022-12-30: Carnosic Acid # Anti-androgenic in prostate cancer cells, but no normal, heatlhy cells. Sounds pretty genius for things like [[DHT]] in prostate cancer and whatnot. Carnosic acid promotes degradation of the androgen receptor and is regulated by the unfolded protein response pathway in vitro and in vivo Binds the ligand-binding domain of the AR and degrades the AR via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated proteasomal degradative pathway *From helping insomniacs avoid harmful sedating drugs like ambien, to potentially saving brenden’s sister’s life when she was fighting a bacterial infection, to helping psoriasis, to helping people with anxiety, to literally working counter to the aging process and warding off cancerous cells in support of healthy cells - Not to mention various studies pointing to it having a possible future in neuroprotection in the case of dementia-like conditions, post TBI cognitive function and more Might be worth it topically, liposomally. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carnosine/ 2021-11-19 links: reference: Carnosine # Made up of β-[[Alanine]] and [[Histidine]]. Carnosine protects against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated rat PC12 cells through carnosine-histidine-histamine pathway and H(1)/H(3) receptors Directly activates [[H1]] to evoke [[Vasoconstriction]], with greater efficacy than noradrenaline. Good for bodybuildin’arnosic https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carotene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carotene/ links: reference: 5-14-2021 Carotene # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carotenoid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carotenoid/ 2022-08-24: reference: Crotenoid # There are like 600 known, such as: α-carotene (Yellow) [[β-Carotene]] (Orange) γ-carotene (Red-orange) [[Lutein]] (Yellow) Violoxanthin (Yellow) Zeaxanthin (Yellow-orange) β-cryptoxanthin (Orange) Astaxanthin (Red) Lycopene (Red) Tomato, papaya, grapefruit, watermelon Fucoxanthin: 510-525; 450-540 Yellow pigments are rich in many greens, it’s just that Chlorophyll actually covers it. Promote M2 activation of [[Macrophage]]s Supplementation with macular carotenoids reduces psychological stress, serum cortisol, and sub-optimal symptoms of physical and emotional health in young adults i. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carrageenan/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carrageenan/ 2022-08-23: reference: Carrageenan # Family of [[Endotoxin|Lipopolysaccharide]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carrot/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Carrot/ links: [[Food]] [[Fiber]] [[Gut]] reference: 4-11-2021 Carrot # Carrot Salad # https://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/09/28/ray-peat-phd-on-the-benefits-of-the-raw-carrot/ I’s not really recommended to eat anything with the carrot. It may soak up nutrients by inhibiting absorption of fats. The antiseptic fiber in carrots balances progesterone and cortisol and reduces [[Endotoxin]] (protects the intestine.) Combining it with mild germicides such as vinegar and coconut oil upgrades all this. This all improves the hormonal environment and reduce the immunological burden. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CART/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CART/ 2023-03-27: CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) # It is released in response to [[Dopamine]] in the nucleus acccumbens and is upregulated by CREB. Anorexigenic. Blocks the effects of cocaine/amphetamine when coadministrated; it is for negative feedback. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casein-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casein-Kinase/ 2022-04-20: [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] reference: Casein Kinase # [[CK2]], the only other one, is regarded as a different S/T PK altogether or something. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casein/ links: [[Dairy]] reference: 9-5-2021 Casein # There is A1 β-casein, (which releases β-casomorphin-7) and A2 β-casein, which has ~90% less opiate potential than A1. β-casomorphin-7 triggers an opiate release and inflammation. A lower opiate tone will facilitate increased sex hormones, and lowered prolactin and serotonin. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/i-am-lactose-intolerant-goats-milk-cows-milk-sheeps-milk-casein-what-now.38801/post-622115 11-page RPF megathread on A1/A2: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/a1-vs-a2-milk-is-the-devil-really-in-the-milk.1232/post-166962 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/is-casein-the-devil-major-calcification-issues-from-dairy-with-casein.41901/post-681541 In homogenized milk, casein/whey adsorb (not typo) onto the surface of fat globules, reducing the amount of MFGM at the surface. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casomorphin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Casomorphin/ 2022-02-14 links: reference: Casomorphin # [[Opioid]] peptide, divided into β-casomorphin 1-3, and bovine β-casomorphin 1-8. β-Casomorphin binds to [[μ-Opioid Receptor]]. A naturally occurring opioid peptide from cow’s milk, beta-casomorphine-7, is a direct histamine releaser in man Autistic children display elevated urine levels of bovine casomorphin-7 immunoreactivity A Peptide Found in Schizophrenia and Autism Causes Behavioral Changes in Rats *In a previous study we showed that β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM7) is taken up by brain regions relevant to schizophrenia and autism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase-1/ 2022-12-07: Caspase 1 (Interleukin-1 converting enzyme) # Mediates cleavage of [[IL-1β]] and [[IL-18]] from their signal peptides. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase-3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase-3/ 2022-08-25: reference: Caspase 3 # Proteins like [[SIRT1]] increases Caspase 3 in [[Cancer]] cells. [[Amyloid β]]/NFT non-selectively do this and that’s what makes them damaging overtime. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caspase/ 2022-07-06: reference: Caspase # There’s like 14 of them: [[Caspase 1]] [[Caspase 3]] Essential for [[Apoptosis]], they’re activated by pathways like [[p38]], [[JNK]]. Leads to degradation of [[SIRT1]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Castor-Oil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Castor-Oil/ 7-23-2021 links: [[Hair Loss]] reference: Castor Oil # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/mpb-treatment-apirin-and-castor-oil-combo.35562 https://moreplatesmoredates.com/oral-castor-oil-for-hair-loss-prevention/ This increses hair growth everywhere. But I don’t think it grows new hairs. The [[Ricinoleic Acid]] content herein induces [[PGE2]] synthesis and agonizes EP3 and EP4 receptors (PGE2 receptors). Not a 5-AR inhibitor or anything. It’s safe, unlike peppermint oil 1% palmitic, 1% stearic, 3.2% oleic, 4-7% linoleic, and 90% ricinoleic. Supplementation # Bloats some people, and might make your face’s skin look weird? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catalase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catalase/ 2022-02-09 links: reference: Catalase # An [[Enzyme]] found in the [[Peroxisome]] which catalyzes the decomposition of [[Hydrogen Peroxide]]. Requires [[Iron]]/Heme to complete the reaction. ~25% of consumed [[Ethanol]] is converted into [[Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)]] through this. $\ce{H2O2 + H2R -> 2H2O + R}$ $\ce{2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2}$ https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catechin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catechin/ 2022-05-18: reference: (Epi)catechin # A [[Flavonol]] found in dark chocolate (3 mg/g) and green tea. Used in combination with piperine draastically increases serum concentrations for some reason. That’s how it’s formulated at NootropicsDepot, etc. Enhances recovery. [[Antioxidant]]; improves insulin sensitivity. Increases [[Nitric Oxide]] production. Besides increase nitric oxide you wouldn’t feel or even really see the effects. The reduced [[Myostatin]] and potential increase of follistatin will increase the rate of muscle growth but there’s so many factors for muscle growth rate that it would be impossible to calculate how much this would help muscle growth. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catechol-Estrogen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catechol-Estrogen/ links: reference: 5-1-2021 Catechol Estrogen # i.e 4- or 2-hydroxyestrogens. E1, E2, and E3. Very dangerous. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catecholamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Catecholamine/ 4-12-2021 links: reference: Catecholamines # Subtype of the [[Monoamine]]. They are: [[Dopamine]] [[Noradrenaline]] and [[Adrenaline]]. Organic compiunds with a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl (OH) side groups next to eachother) and then a side-chain [[Amine]]. Biosynthesis # Made in the [[Medulla]]. Derived from [[Tyrosine]] and [[Phenylalanine]] & [[Phenylalanine]] $\ce{->[Phenylalanine Hydroxylase] }$ [[Tyrosine]] Cofactors: [[P5P]], [[Iron]], BH4; [[Vitamin C]], 5-MTHF, [[B3]] [[Tyrosine]] $\ce{->[Tyrosine Hydroxylase] }$ [[DOPA]] Cofactors: [[P5P]], [[Iron]], BH4, and [[Vitamin D]] [[DOPA]] $\ce{->[Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase] }$ [[Dopamine]] Cofactors: [[P5P]] [[Dopamine]] $\ce{->[Dopamine β-Hydroxlyase] }$ [[Noradrenaline]] Cofactors: [[Vitamin C]], [[Copper]], [[B3]] [[Noradrenaline]] $\ce{->[PEMT] }$ [[Adrenaline]] Cofactors: [[SAM-e]], [[Cortisol]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caudate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caudate/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Caudate Nucleus/Nuclei # Part of the dorsal [[Striatum]], along with the putamen. Important for certain types of learning. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cav1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cav1/ 2023-03-27: Cav1.x/L-type [[VGCC]] # Consists of Cav1.1, Cav1.2, Cav1.3, Cav1.4. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caveolin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Caveolin/ 2023-10-16: Caveolin # This is really the main thing it does; scaffolding protein for the membranes of caveolae. But cavin is actually the main structural component for controlling the formation of caveolaf. -1/2 are expressed in endothelial, fibrous, and adipose tissue. -3 is in striated/smooth muscle tissue. Caveolin-1 Autonomously Regulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis Via Mitochondrial Dynamics https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CB1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CB1/ 2021-11-18 links: [[Endocannabinoid]] reference: Cannabinoid Receptor 1 # Mostly Gi/o. Presynaptic CB1 on GABAeric neurons in the VTA, diminishes GABAergic inhibition, leading to increased dopamine release. The reason why stimulation doesn’t make you feel high is because there is not a basal cannabinoid tone; [[Endocannabinoid]] they are realeased phasically on demand. Both high and low activity impairs [[Memory]]. Obesity risk is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism and decreased μ-opioid and CB1 receptor availability As opioidergic tone increases, [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] availability is reduced, potentiating [[Neuropeptide FF]] production. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CB2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CB2/ 2022-05-01: reference: CB2 # Gi/o, but it has been showin in human leukocytes that it can couple to Gαs. Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass The CB2–/– phenotype is also characterized by increased activity of trabecular [[Osteoblast]]s , increased osteoclast (the bone-resorbing cell) number, and a markedly decreased number of diaphyseal osteoblast precursors. CB2 is expressed in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. *A CB2-specific agonist that does not have any psychotropic effects enhances endocortical osteoblast number and activity and restrains trabecular osteoclastogenesis, apparently by inhibiting proliferation of osteoclast precursors and receptor activator of [[NF-κB]] ligand expression in bone marrow-derived osteoblasts/stromal cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CBD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CBD/ 2022-06-07: reference: CBD # Cannabidiol Elevates Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Levels in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex # May even be an antagonist of [[CB1]]/[[CB2]]. CB2 inverse agonist? [[A2A]] agonist [[5-HT1A]] partial agonist/PAM, and inverse agonist at high doses. [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] and [[δ-Opioid Receptor]] PAM. [[PPAR-γ]] agonism? Supplementation # ~6% oral bioavailability and 11-45% via inhalation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CCR5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CCR5/ 2022-12-25: CCR5 (C-C [[Cytokine]] receptor type 5) # CCL5 is its ligand. CCR5 is a suppressor for cortical plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory Insight into the roles of CCR5 in learning and memory in normal and disordered states (Necula) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cdc42/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cdc42/ 2022-08-10: reference: Cdc42 # Activates DLK(→MLK3→MKK7→[[JNK]]) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDK/ 2022-08-10: reference: CDK # Requires binding to [[Cyclin]] for it to have active kinase activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDK5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDK5/ 2022-04-20: [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] reference: CDK5 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 5) # (A) ‘cyclin’ is just their regulatory subunit. [[ΔFosB]] increases expression of CDK5 due to [[p35]] upregulation, which (or p39) are subunits required for CDK5’s activation. Plays a role in neuronal migration and neurite extension. Regulates apoptosis. Plays a role in [[Neuroplasticity]]. Phosphorylates Ser31 of [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]]. Good thing. Cdk5 Phosphorylates Dopamine D2 Receptor and Attenuates Downstream Signaling - very comprehensive paper Phosphorylates Ser321 at (i3 - the 3rd intracellular loop of - ) [[D2]], which reduces agonist-stimulated expression of D2, and decreased G-protein coupling to it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDNF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CDNF/ 2024-02-19: CDNF (cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor) # Probably the most promising treatment for [[Parkinson’s]] and the inevitable age-related dopamine neuron loss Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor protects and repairs dopamine neurons by novel mechanism https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cell-Cycle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cell-Cycle/ 2022-12-30: Cell Cycle # M(itosis) phase S Phase DNA mutations must be fixed before the S phase begins before they are permanent. [[Actin]] forms a contractile ring during mitosis/cytokinesis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cell/ 2022-04-06: reference: Cell # A eukaryotic cell consists of its: Cell membrane? Nucleus Nucleolus Aggregates RNA for ribosomes themselves, with associated proteins, to assemble them. It is transported through the pores. It’s a mess of >200 proteins. [[Cytoplasm]] [[Cytosol]] (cytoplasmic matrix), where all organelles are in. Cytoskeleton Consists of [[Microtubule]]s, centrosomes, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Synthesizes proteins for ribosome biogenesis, where they are imported through nuclear pores. ~70-80% water. Proteins give it a gelid consistency. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Central-Pattern-Generator/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Central-Pattern-Generator/ links: reference: 11-2-2021 Central Pattern Generator (CPG) # A [[Neural Circuit]] (module) that produces rhythmic outputs, with a flexible response to input. Returns to its starting condition without fail after increasing/decreasing; oscillating. Structure # They have an excitatory core/kernel of mutually excitatory interneurons provided by [[AMPAR]]s and [[NMDAR]]s. A ubiquitous component is pacemaker neurons, which repetitively depolarize independent of the network and in the absence of any synaptic input. They require persistent sodium currents (NaP) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Centrophenoxine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Centrophenoxine/ 2022-05-16: reference: Centrophenoxine (Meclofenoxate) (Lucidril) # Developed in 1959, thus one of the oldest [[Nootropics]]. Ester of DMAE and chlorophenoxyacetic acid. As such, it can be regarded as a “choline source”. It prevents choline uptake in the periphery for some reason though, resulting in more getting into the brain. Quite the lonegvity drug. Powerful [[Antioxidant]], removes [[Lipofuscin]]. Age-related decline in multiple unit action potentials of ca3 region of rat hippocampus: Correlation with lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration and the effect of centrophenoxine [[Lipid Peroxidation]] and [[Lipofuscin]] concentration increases in the [[CA3]] with age, the two being correlated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceramide-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceramide-Kinase/ 2022-09-24: [[Ceramide]] Kinase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceramide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceramide/ 2022-08-11: reference: Ceramide # From Molecules to the Clinic: Linking Schizophrenia and Metabolic Syndrome through Sphingolipids Metabolism (2016) is this comprehensive, or what? Not sure (They skipped 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine -> Sphinganine) There are 6 Ceramide Synthase subtypes each with fatty acid specificity: CerS1: Specifically [[Stearic Acid]]. Basically only in brain and skeletal muscle. CerS2: C20-26. Highest expression of all CerS in oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells. Indeed, this de novo synthesis of ceramide is the rate-limiting step of the synthesis of all the complex sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and so on. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebellum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebellum/ 2022-03-08: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Cerebellum # Actually contains 1/2 of all [[Neuron]]s in the brain. Mainly essential for integration/regulation/coordination of motor processes https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebral-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebral-Cortex/ 2022-01-24 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Cerebral Cortex # The entire outer layer of the cerebrum (aka telencephalon). A general pattern is the lateral surface being for calculating, cognitive function, and medial surfaces being more involved in emotion/motivation. Layers # Great video on PFC layers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2mYTaJPVnc (This is far from comprehensive, especially on a region by region basis. But maybe a little flashbulb memory of this wouldn’t hurt) Divded first into the neocortex, from the outermost inwards: (Then there’s the allocortex, which is just 10% of the CC’s area. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebrolysin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebrolysin/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://old.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/10b0xun/intranasal_cerebrolysincortexin_a_tutorial/?share_id=duiHdkfjMKhqaYxdpLta4 10-18-2021 Cerebrolysin # “A mixture of enzymatically treated peptides derived from pig brain whose constituents can include [[BDNF]], [[GDNF]], [[NGF]], and [[CNTF]].” JC says he was pretty dysfunctional on [[Dextroamphetamine]] (and a ton of weed) until he added cortexin and semax—accomplished more on dexedrine + cortexin in 2 years than I did in my entire life. “Autistic” symptoms from neurogenics like cere is almost definitely just too much glutamate, not “too many neurons” or whatever. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebroside/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebroside/ 2022-09-10: Cerebroside # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebrospinal-Fluid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cerebrospinal-Fluid/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Cerebrospinal Fluid # ~70% is produced by choroid plexuses, and the rest secreted by the parenchyma. The brain and spinal cord actually float in CSF, thus they are buoyant, bringing the brain’s effective weight from 1500g to 50g. The CFS is also a shock abosrber. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceruloplasmin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ceruloplasmin/ 2022-05-31: reference: Ceruloplasmin # [[Copper]]-carrying (>95% of total copper) ferroxidase. Able to be attached to the membrane (such as at the [[Blood Brain Barrier|BBB]]) via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI). R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CFS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CFS/ 2023-01-05: https://bornfree.life/ https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Itaconate_shunt_hypothesis CFS # Something of a MOC. https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/dr-jay-goldsteins-rapid-remission-me-cfs-treatments.34516/ Books # Betrayal by the Brain - Jay Goldstein A Companion volume to Betrayal by the Brain - Katie Courmel I’m not that impressed by the treatments. https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/betrayal-by-the-brain-jay-goldstein-md-has-anyone-read.20051/ Chronic Fatigue Syndromes: The Limbic Hypothesis (The Haworth Library Of The Medical Neurobiology Of Somatic Disorders, V. 1) - Jay Goldstein Could your doctor be wrong? - Goldstein Symptoms & solution - Goldstein The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis–Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Byron Hyde, Goldstein, and Nightingale Research Foundation Byron/Nightingale has a couple books on ME/CFS. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/cGMP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/cGMP/ 2022-08-07: reference: cGMP # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Charcoal/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Charcoal/ links: reference: 10-21-2021 Charcoal # Activated charcoal can absorb many [[Endotoxin]]s. It’s great to add to [[Coconut]], the [[Carrot]] salad, or both. It can also bind to/destroy vitamins, so don’t use it all the time. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cherry/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cherry/ 2022-09-03: [[Fruit]] reference: Cherry # Contains [[Melatonin]]. Gave me GERD/the shits from the [[Sorbitol]] content, I’m afraid. The inhibitory potential of Montmorency tart cherry on key enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [[Cyanidin]] 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside are α-[[Amylase]] inhibitors. How is this good?? Inhibits LOX, [[COX]], xanthine oxidase, angiotensin I-converting enzume Antiinflammatory https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chloride-Channel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chloride-Channel/ 2023-01-03: [[Chloride]] Channel # (NKCC) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chloride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chloride/ 2022-01-25 links: reference: Chloride # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chlorogenic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chlorogenic-Acid/ 2022-03-27: [[Polyphenol]] reference: Chlorogenic Acid # [[Caffeic acid]] ester. Found in [[Coffee]], it contributes to its acidity. Stimulates [[Bile]] secretion. [[COMT]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholecystokinin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholecystokinin/ 2022-10-18: Cholecystokinin (CKK) # Anorexigenic neuropeptide secreted by the duodenum of the small intestine. CCK-4 administration reliably causes severe anxiety. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholesterol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cholesterol/ links: reference: 4-11-2021 Cholesterol # Synthesis increases when [[ATP]] and intracellular [[Magnesium]] are decreased Dietary # According to a few gas chromatography studies: in food, it is in the form of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters (bound to fatty acids), free sterols, acetates, and an unsaponifiable lipid fraction. Increased levels of cholesteryl ester have been found in certain parts of the brain of people with [[Huntington’s disease]] disease… they transport cholesterol throughout the brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline-Acetyltransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline-Acetyltransferase/ 2022-02-18 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) # [[Acetyl-CoA]] + [[Choline]] -> [[Acetylcholine]] Cofactors include [[B1]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline-Transporter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline-Transporter/ 2023-01-08: Choline Transporter (ChT/SLC5A7) # HACU = rate-limiting step in [[Acetylcholine]] synthesis, mediated by ChT. Apparently ChAT and VAChT (vesicular transporter) isn’t a bottleneck? Hemichlinium-3 is a popular experimental inhibitor meant to deplete acetylcholine stores. HACU enhancers like piracetam and coluracetam mobilize tonic acetylcholine in the hippocampus by increasing phasic release. [[NGF]] enhancers increase tonic release. Could have something to do with [[Dreams]] enhancement Na+ and Cl- -dependent. Meanwhile, the low-affinity transporter is independent of Na+/Cl- and is primarily for Phosphatidylcholine synthesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Choline/ 4-12-2021 links: reference: Choline # (Phospho)Lipids # The biosynthesis of choline and its relation to phospholipid metabolism Rats synthesized it from [[Serine]] and [[Methionine]]. “On the basis of these results it is concluded that [[Phosphatidylserine]] is decarboxylated to phosphatidylaminoethanol and that the latter compound is methylated to form [[Lecithin]]. In this reaction all the methyl groups of choline are incorporated by transmethylation from [[SAM-e]].” Betaine and Choline Improve Lipid Homeostasis in Obesity by Participation in Mitochondrial Oxidative Demethylation https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chondroitin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chondroitin/ 2022-08-29: reference: Chondroitin (Sulfate) # Excess [[Vitamin A]] inhibits its synthesis by chondrocytes. Derivative of chondrin, which is like an obscure cartilage/connective tissue thing. Sold as a supplement. Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan: along with Dermatan, Keratan, and [[Hyaluronic Acid]]. Proteoglycan # [[Interferon-γ]] decreases CSPG mRNA expression after spinal cord injury. CSPG inhibition of axon regrowth/neurogenesis after spinal cord injury is associated with [[ROCK]] pathway. The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar Chondroitin Sulfate serves as the side chain to make the following proteoglycans: Aggrecan (CSPG1) Versican (CSPG2) Neurocan (CSPG3) CSPG4 (melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, NG2) CSPG5 SMC3 (CSPG6, structural maintenance of chromosomes 3) Brevican (CSPG7) CD44 (CSPG8, cluster of differentiation 44) Phosphacan https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chromium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chromium/ 2022-02-22: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] Chromium # Useless toxin as far as I know, along with Molybdenum, which can complex with Fe-S clusters. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/dietary-supplements-with-chromium-may-be-carcinogenic.9171/ Carcinogenic Chromium(VI) Compounds Formed by Intracellular Oxidation of Chromium(III) Dietary Supplements by Adipocytes Genotoxicity and oxidative stress in chromium-exposed tannery workers in North India New Evidence against Chromium as an Essential Trace Element (2017) Chromium has been marketed as an agent to reduce body mass and develop muscle; however, such marketing claims are no longer allowed in the United States because these claims, similar to claims of essential status, are not supported by experiments. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chronobiology/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chronobiology/ 2022-02-23: reference: Chronobiology # A field examining timing, periodic or not, of biological process. Includes: [[Circadian Rhythm]] Horizon -> sunrise -> twilight -> dawn -> night -> dusk -> twilight -> sunset. Infradian (>1d) rhythms Ultradian (<24hr) rhythms Gene oscillations And forcertain organisms, there are tidal and lunar rhythms. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chylomicron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Chylomicron/ 2022-08-28: reference: Chylomicron # AKA low-density [[Lipoprotein]]. Moves lipids from the intestines to elsewhere, i.e. adipose/muscle. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cingulate-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cingulate-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-18-2021 Cingulate Cortex # What’s with the subdivisions on the Brodmann areas though? Sussy. The posterior/anterior is divded about the $\text C_z$. [[Anterior Cingulate Cortex]] [[Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex]] (BA32) pACC sACC vACC (BA24) Medial Cingulate Cortex aMCC pMCC [[Posterior Cingulate Cortex]] dPCC (BA31) vPCC (BA23) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cinnamon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cinnamon/ links: [[Food]] reference: 8-20-2021 Cinnamon # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/afternoon-exhaustion.4400/post-70162 It can help with excessive levels of [[Ammonia]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Circadian-Rhythm/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Circadian-Rhythm/ 2022-07-18: reference: Circadian Rhythm # It goes something like this: Redundant Function of REV-ERBα and β and Non-Essential Role for Bmal1 Cycling in Transcriptional Regulation of Intracellular Circadian Rhythms [[BMAL1]]-[[CLOCK]] complex activates [[Cryptochrome]]- [Per] dimer complex. It inhibits BMAL1-CLOCK, making a loop. BMAL1-CLOCK has an intronic E-box enhancer that drives rhythmicity. E-box mediated transcription also drives [[Rev-Erb]]. This is kind of interesting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-box?useskin=vector. And then they produce the CCGs which can either promote or repress… (redundant images but this is kind of a mess, is it not? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cistanche/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cistanche/ 2022-07-02: reference: Cistanche (Desert Ginseng) # Apparently, Ghengis Khan legit took this every day. The action target of the cistanche deserticola extract comprises an insulin receptor InR, an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF-1R Cistanche promotes the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes Upregulates Bnip3 and [[PPAR]]. Brenden.henry # It’s cancelled Did blood work before and while on cistanche: no difference in test. Cistanche can boost testosterone by increasing LH by 10% in serum, 40% in pituitary, and 20% in testes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citicoline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citicoline/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 8-24-2021 (Cytidine-diphosphocholine) (CDP-Choline) (Citicoline) # An intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine - CDP choline is [[Cytidine]] + [[Choline]]. Cytidine later converts into [[Uridine]]. Diaglycerol cholinephosphotransferase converts [[Diacylglycerol]] + CDP-choline -> [[Phosphatidylcholine]] + cytidine monophosphate. Its dopaminergic properties are due to it enhancing its production, namely via reuptake inhibition and activating [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]]. Intravenously injected CDP-choline increases blood pressure and reverses hypotension in haemorrhagic shock: effect is mediated by central cholinergic activation (increases [[Vasopressin]]) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citric-Acid-Cycle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citric-Acid-Cycle/ links: reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmEm0CgHGdA https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/vos-uncoupling-thread.5037/ 4-16-2021 Mitochondrial Respiration # Several components/reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by Albert Szent-Györgyi. Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle # Considering proteins and so on are phosphorylated purely for inducing confortmations, it’s not like this is the be-all end-all fate for ATP… unless? Two cycles of 3 [[NADH]], 1 [FADH2], 1 [[ATP]], 2 [[CO2]] per cycle. [[NADH]] inhibits every (regulatory) enzyme in it. [[ATP]] allosterically inhibits [[Pyruvate Dehydrogenase]], citrate synthase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citric-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Citric-Acid/ 2022-02-14 links: reference: Citric Acid # Very common additive in canned [[Fruit]]s, jam, applesauce, etc. Citrate modulates lipopolysaccharide‐induced monocyte inflammatory responses When taken orally, citrate is subject to extensive metabolism by the liver and that oral intake of citrate does not result in elevated plasma levels of citrate https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CK1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CK1/ 2022-05-02: reference: CK1 ([[Casein Kinase]] 1) # CK1δ/ε is part of the [[Circadian Rhythm]] clockwork, obviously phosphorylating certain proteins like [[PER]], after itself complexing with the [[PER]]-[[Cryptochrome]] dimer: This phosphorylation leads to nulcear translocation. (Gotta check that though. Certain forms of phosphorylation, throughout the night, lead to degradation.) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CK2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CK2/ 2022-08-05: reference: Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clathrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clathrin/ 2022-08-12: reference: Clathrin # Mediates endocytosis (well, most parts of it). Assembles a cagelike coating around the vesicular membrane, while [[Dynamin]] coils around the lipid stalk center, which pinches the vesicle off the membrane! Hsc70 is some ATPase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clausenamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clausenamide/ 2022-05-19: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://old.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/s7lq9m/clausenamide_herbal_piracetam/ Clausenamide # Blocks acetaminophen-induced liver ferroptosis in vitro/vivo. Reduces lipid peroxidation, increases [[Glutathione Peroxidase|GPX]]4 expression The anti-dementia drug candidate, (−)-clausenamide, improves memory impairment through its multi-target effect (2016) #Read Mild elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations -> neuron survival + outgrowth & antagonism of neural apoptosis induced by growht factor deprivation. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are mainly regulated by the following factors: (1) extracellular Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm, (2) Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, (3) Ca2+ clearance via either outflow from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space or accumulation into internal Ca2+ stores, and (4) cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clenbuterol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clenbuterol/ 2022-11-16: Clenbuterol # [[β2]] agonist. There are all kinds of analogues; formoterol has a 10hr half life instead of 36-48. I think clen became the popular one for no real reason. Anti-catabolic. Hence, combining it with T3 is epic, also when you consider the fact [[T3]] upregulates both [[β1]] and [[β2]] [[Adrenergic Receptor]]s. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy Cellular mechanisms underlying temporal changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during chronic β-adrenoceptor stimulation in mice [[β2]] agonism from clenbuterol etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Climate-Change/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Climate-Change/ 2022-03-29: [[!Ecology]] reference: https://www.manhattancontrarian.com/blog/2013/7/18/what-is-the-greatest-scientific-fraud-of-all-time https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2015/11/24/german-professor-nasa-fiddled-climate-data-unbelievable-scale/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/what-do-you-think-about-climate-change.13356/exportthread https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexepstein/2015/01/06/97-of-climate-scientists-agree-is-100-wrong/?sh=6fb3b6453f9f Climate Change # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CLOCK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CLOCK/ 2022-08-15: reference: CLOCK # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clonidine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Clonidine/ 2022-08-12: reference: Clonidine # [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]] agonist. Acts on the [[Imidazoline Receptor]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CNS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CNS/ links: reference: 10-1-2021 CNS # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CNTF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CNTF/ links: reference: 10-18-2021 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor # Hypothalamic [[Neuropeptide]] and [[Oligodendrocyte]] survival factor. ‘Ciliary’ I think refers to premature neurites. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CO2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CO2/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 CO2 # Many organisms can live and reproduce even without oxygen, but they could find no cell or organism that could live and reproduce in the absence of carbon dioxide. Around ~30mmol/L is ideal. (4/12 I got 23mmol/L). A good way to gauge recovery is: first thing in the morning, take 4 full inhales and exhales. On the 5th, blow out through the mouth as slow as possible. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CoA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CoA/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Cerebral Vitamin B5 Deficiency as a Potential Cause of Metabolic Perturbation and Neurodegeneration in Huntington’s Disease 11-8-2021 CoA (Coenzyme A) # Consists of [[B5]] and β-mercaptoethylamine. Biosynthesis also requires, [[Cysteine]], and [[ATP]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cocaine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cocaine/ 2022-01-24 links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocaine_analogues HUGE page Cocaine # Inhibitor of [[DAT]], [[SERT]], [[NET]]. I believe it directly activates NA and 5HT receptors as well. [Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons] Observed 5 but not 10 days after. Prevented when NMDAR antagonist is coadministered. Combines with [[Ethanol]] in the liver to form cocaethylene, which is even more euphoric and cardiotoxic. Promotes blood clot formation via increasing plasminogen activator inhibitor activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cocoa/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cocoa/ links: [[Food]] reference: https://livelovefruit.com/heavy-metals-in-chocolate/ 11-4-2021 Cocoa # Antioxidant. Decreases [[NADPH]] levels. Chocolate is rich in [[Leucine]], [[Stearic Acid]], [[Magnesium]], and [[Copper]]. Can be high in [[Cadmium]]. Dark chocolate especially is high in [[Oxalic Acid|Oxalate]]s. Bear in mind the PEA Apparently it is immunogenic. Travis often talked about this. White blood cells will release [[Interferon-γ]]/histamine release is elicited. I’m not sure if everything which releases histamine releases γ-interferon, but I assume this to be the case. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coconut/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coconut/ links: [[Food]] [[Saturated Fat]] reference: 4-12-2021 Coconut (Oil) # Stimulates the metabolism and is metabolized very quickly without extensive processing from bile etc. ““As far as the evidence goes, it suggests that coconut oil, added regularly to a balanced diet, lowers [[Serum Cholesterol]] to normal by promoting its conversion into [[Pregnenolone]]. (The coconut family contains steroids that resemble pregnenolone, but these are probably mostly removed when the fresh oil is washed with water to remove the enzymes which would digest the oil. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coffee/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coffee/ 10-4-2021 Coffee Enema Coffee # A good source of [[Magnesium]] and [[B1]] and [[Niacin]]. Inhibits [[Aromatase]]. So unfiltered coffee, and some studies showing that even filtered coffee - raises [[Serum Cholesterol]]. I think it’s HDL. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes Largest relative risk reduction at intakes of three to four cups a day High versus low consumption was associated with an 18% lower risk of incident cancer. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cofilin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cofilin/ 2022-08-25: reference: Cofilin # Depolymerizes actin. When phosphorylated (which is at Ser3) (such as via [[LIMK]]) it is effectively inactivated. Prefers to bind to ADP-[[Actin]] over ATP-Actin The Role of ADF/Cofilin in Synaptic Physiology and Alzheimer’s Disease https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cognition/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cognition/ links: [[Psychology]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/cogsci/wiki/readinglist Cognitive Neuroscience Compendium 5-17-2021 Cognition/Cognitive Science # Computational Cognitive Neuroscience # https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLu02O8xRZn7xtNx03Rlq6xMRdYcQgEpar 70-part(!) lecture series. I also got a 100-note anki deck! This actually looks fucking crazy honestly. Also has simulation exercises. Resume-worthy? Who knows! Might be relevant: https://quizlet.com/KoolKelso12 https://quizlet.com/140996637/computational-cognitive-neuroscience-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/mochilover007 this guy has his whole computational cognitive neuroscience course; I don’t think it’s the same one though https://ccnlab.org/teaching/ccn/ Synaptic weight is very important: Net ability of a presynaptic neuron to influence others, via its ability to release NT and its ability to open postsynaptic channels, qualitatively and quantitatively It may be considered as either the presynaptic’s ability or postsynaptic’s susceptibility (strong weight = sensitive) of the aforementioned dealio. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Collagen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Collagen/ 2022-01-17 links: reference: Collagen # [[Vitamin C]] is essential for the body to produce it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Colon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Colon/ 2022-09-01: [[Gut]] reference: Colon # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coluracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coluracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: 4-13-2021 Coluracetam # Creative, music-enhancing, physically stimulating. Mysterious anxiety? Increases HACU Is an AMPA PAM. An effect may be there, but I don’t notice much with 20mg. It might make me tired. Supplementation # Dose: 40-80mg; Timing: 15-30 min onset; 3-6 hour half-life Fat-soluble Tastes terrible https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Complex-I/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Complex-I/ 2022-08-22: reference: Complex I (NADH Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) # 2x NADH/FADH + $\ce H^+$ + [[CoQ10]] $\ce{->}$ NAD$^+$ + CoQH2 (ubiquinol) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Computational-Neuroscience/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Computational-Neuroscience/ 2023-08-23: https://neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/index.html [[Python]] exercises: https://neuronaldynamics-exercises.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html Neurologos - Computational Neuroscience | Dynamical Systems Theory | Emergence | Philosophy of Mind Dynamical Systems in Neuroscience 01: What is a Dynamical System Anyway very high IQ channel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)?useskin=vector various comp neuro / MEEG / LFP short courses and summer schools from https://twitter.com/nschawor/status/1751946565990629687 Computational Neuroscience # To avoid excessive fragmentation, this is mostly going to be a page strictly about software/“project” related things. And certain books, of course. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COMT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COMT/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2019/02/08/reduce-estrogen-12-best-ways/ 4-24-2021 Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) # Deactivates via the addition of a methyl group (taken from [[SAM-e]]): [[Catecholamine]]s CMJ: Low COMT = focus on tasks for a long time; OCD phenotype. High COMT = low tonic [[Dopamine]], such that phasic bursts look bigger = easy/excessive task switching. [[Catechol Estrogen]]s into 2-methoxy derivatives, i.e. [[2-Methoxyestradiol]] Travis: The methoxy-estrogens are the most poweful endogenous [[Microtubule]] depolymerizing agents known. R And cytoskeletal integrity is of high importance in cancer proliferation; the entire cytoskeleton needs to be dissembled before mitosis can occur. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Conessine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Conessine/ 2022-09-23: [[Drugs]] Conessine # steroid alkaloid. Herbs like Kutaja (nasty and needs heaps) have it. Might be hepatotoxic. Increases urea and creatinine, lower increases in ALP and bilirubin. H3: Ki 8.2-8.5; [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]]-C: 6.2-8; [[5-HT1]] 5.7 in rats. No idea if this means inhibition honestly. R. Also ‘potent’ affinity for [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor|α2C]]. Antibacterial/antiparasitic. Reduces, FOXO3, NF-κB, p53. Supplementation # Something like 250mgx4 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Conjugated-Linoleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Conjugated-Linoleic-Acid/ 2021-12-13 links: [[Linoleic Acid]] reference: Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) # A family of trans-polyunsaturated fats. Conjugated linoleic acid prevents phosphorylation of [[Estrogen Receptor]]s. R (It prevents receptors from exerting their action, even when estrogen is bound to the receptor). Regular linoleic acid does not apply R [[Δ9 Desaturase|SCD1]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Connectome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Connectome/ links: reference: Neuronal Graphs: A Graph Theory Primer for Microscopic, Functional Networks of Neurons Recorded by Calcium Imaging http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Connectome 11-4-2021 Connectome # A map of [[Neural Circuit]]s of the [[Brain]]. Altered functional and structural brain network organization in autism Reduced short and long-range connectivity within functional systems (i.e., reduced functional integration) and stronger connectivity between functional systems (i.e., reduced functional segregation), particularly in default and higher-order visual regions. Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain A scale-free network is essentially one with some ‘hubs’ with many connections. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Connexin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Connexin/ 2022-12-07: Connexin # A whole family; there’s at least a dozen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Copper/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Copper/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://www.aetherometry.com/publications/direct/JAethRes/JAR02-03-01.pdf 4-11-2021 Copper # Excess copper converts [[Dopamine]] to noradrenaline? I suppose Cu helps with catecholamine synthesis? https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ Supplementation # Relatively stable in the body; it only needs to be supplemented every few days, unlike zinc. Copper and [[Iron]] compete for absorption [[Zinc]] inhibits copper absorption. A higher copper to zinc ratio increases oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, and sleep disturbances. Ratio of copper to zinc should be 1:5 or maybe 1:8. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CoQ10/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CoQ10/ links: [[Antioxidant]] reference: Prolonged Intake Of Coenzyme Q10 Impairs Cognitive Functions In Mice (RPF) 4-12-2021 CoQ10 # Reduced into ubiquinol (the 2 ketone groups become OH) Fat-soluble. Reduces headaches caused by increased cellular calcium uptake Possibly lowers [[Blood Pressure]] and [[Blood Glucose]]. Effectiveness of CoQ10 Oral Supplements as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Improving Periodontal Health - [[Teeth]]! Mitochondrial respiration without ubiquinone biosynthesis (Wang 2013) Vitamin K2, which has an isoprenoid side chain, and has been proposed to be a mitochondrial electron carrier, had no efficacy on UQ-deficient mouse cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cordyceps/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cordyceps/ 4-13-2021 links: [[Nootropics]] [[Antioxidant]] reference: Beneficial effect of Cordyceps Militaris on exercise performance via promoting cellular energy production Cordyceps # Cordycepin (3’-deoxyadenosine) is the important active constituent, which is only found in militaris, and not found in cordyceps sinesis. May affect cortisol Downregulates D2 & 5-HT2A receptors in hypothalamus? Induces apoptosis Anti-[[Angiogenesis]]. [[Vasodilation|Vasodilator]]. Increases [[Oxytocin]]; enhances [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] expression [[MAO-B]] inhibitor. I believe it increases [[Adenosine Receptor]]s. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/cordyceps-militaris-fruit-body-extract-increases-testosterone-and-dht-secretion.38047/ Increases [[Testosterone]], [[DHT]] [[Testosterone]] Antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antileukemic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cyototoxic? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corpus-Callosum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corpus-Callosum/ 2022-12-24: Corpus Callosum # Temporary bilateral brain hemispheric differences thingy…. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortical-Hierarchy/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortical-Hierarchy/ 2023-09-19: Cortical Hierarchy # [A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex] The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Arnsten et al. 2021) LIP = lateral intraparietal area (in the parietal association cortex). MT = medial-temporal area. ERC-HPC = entorhinal-hippocampal Sensory cortical areas have a timescale of ~65-75 ms PFC assocation areas: 125-200 ms ACC: 250-350 ms EC: up to 20 seconds! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corticosterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corticosterone/ 2021-11-28 links: reference: Corticosterone # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corticotrophin-releasing-hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Corticotrophin-releasing-hormone/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Stress]] reference: 6-29-2021 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH/CRF) # A peptide hormone involved in the stress response. It’s highly inflammatory. Not exactly related to cortisol. Promotes [[Lipogenesis]]. Agonists of [[5-HT1A]], [[5-HT2A]], and [[5-HT2C]] increase release R Secreted by the [[Hypothalamus]] in response to stress (anything else??); Stimulates the [[Pituitary Gland]] to secrete [[Proopiomelanocortin]]. Receptors are CRF1 and CRF2. They’re both Gs - or at least stimulate adenylyl cyclase - but they still have other MOAs like PKC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortisol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortisol/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2018/12/17/signs-symptoms-of-low-cortisol-and-the-top-5-supplements-to-increase-it/ https://men-elite.com/2019/06/09/43-ways-to-lower-cortisol-that-work/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol_awakening_response 4 day fast ecimated steroidogenesis, with no effect on blood cortisol 4-11-2021 Cortisol # Stress [[Hormones]] released by the [[Adrenal Gland]]s. Optimal cortisol levels in the AM is 16-18mcg. In the evening, it should be at or below 3. (source needed; I forgot) Stimulated by light. Spikes up and peaks at dawn, and increasing furthermore upon awakening, then decreases just as fast, and tapers off for the rest of the day. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortisone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cortisone/ links: [[Cortisol]][[Hormones]][[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Cortisone # A [[Pregnane]]. An enzyme called 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ([[11β-HSD]]) converts this into cortisol. It increases as adipose tissue increases. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cotinine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cotinine/ 2022-08-28: reference: Cotinine # Major metabolite of [[Nicotine]]. Nicotine is so rapid that its effects are best used for short bouts multiple times a day (dropper with volumetric dosing would work better).. Small doses metabolise quickly to cotinine which is active for over 24 hours. If you get desensitized to cotinine you’re fucked, because thats where I get a mood boost for the rest of day (not as strong as nicotine but still noticeable clarity of thought and mood boost). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coumestrol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Coumestrol/ 2022-09-03: reference: Coumestrol # Isoflavonoid [[Phytoestrogen]] found in clover, alfalfa, soybeans, spinach, brussel sprouts, and some legumes. Compared to Estradiol, has 94% and 185% binding affinity for ERα and ERβ respectively. In a study on rats, it decreased libido in both sexes while testosterone levels remained the same. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COX-2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COX-2/ 2021-11-23 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: COX-2 (Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2)/cyclooxygenase-2 # Converts [[Arachidonic Acid]] to [[PGH2]]. When arachidonic acid and peroxide concentration is particularly low, COX-2, as opposed to COX-1, is the principal COX. Cyclooxygenase-2 Regulation of the Age-Related Decline in Testosterone Biosynthesis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COX/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/COX/ 2022-09-03: reference: Cyclooxygenase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creatine-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creatine-Kinase/ 2021-11-24 links: [[Enzyme]] [[Kinase]] reference: Creatine Kinase # [[Creatine]] $\ce{<=>[ATP <-> ADP][Creatine Kinase]}$ Phosphocreatine https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creatine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creatine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/12/04/the-dopamine-dream-team-stack-try-this-for-laser-sharp-focus-and-euphoria/ Increases mitochondrial membrane potential, reducecs intra-mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species amd calcium and maintained ATP levels. Reduces [[Homocysteine]]. 5-1-2021 Creatine # Serum creatinine is an important indicator of kidney health. Activates [[Adenosine]], and [[D1]] and [[D2]] receptors R Helps make [[Stomach Acid]]. From Chris Masterjohn: “45% of your methylation demand is to synthesize creatine… there is at least one case study suggesting that someone with [[MTHFR]] mutation and really high homocysteine was able to cut the homocysteine in half using 5 grams of creatine per day. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creativity/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Creativity/ links: reference: The creative neurons (Flinn, 2021) 11-5-2021 Creativity # According to “threshold hypothesis”, 120 IQ is the minimum required for [[Creativity]] and that it doesn’t require much more. Creativity is increasable via placebo. Natural Creativity Cycle - SuperMemo # This model starts with the creative morning explosion. It all gets condensed by tomorrow into the big morning idea, before the next explosion is created ex nihilo. https://nautil.us/issue/46/balance/darwin-was-a-slacker-and-you-should-be-too Darwin and Poincaré (and many figures with similar schedules) only worked about 4 hours a day - one period in the morning, a nap, and in the early evening. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CREB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CREB/ 2022-03-06: reference: CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) # It’s a transcription factor. ‘cAMP response elements’ are located right on DNA in the nucleus. For basically any activity, it is activated by phosphorylation (of its Ser133) via [[Protein Kinase A]], and [[CAMK]] (II, IV at least), and [[MAPK]]. Notice something? That’s all 3 [[G-protein]]s promoting CREB… I think MAPK is downstream of AKT? Not sure though. Regulates expression of: [[ΔFosB]]? [[BDNF]] [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] As a result, it is upregulated in addiction to dopaminergics. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CRMP2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CRMP2/ 2022-09-10 CRMP2 (Collapsin response mediator protein-2) # Part of [[Axon Guidance]]. Phosphorylated (deactivated) by kinases like [[GSK-3β]] (Thr-509, Thr-514, Ser-518), [[CDK5]], [[ROCK]] (Thr-555) via lowering binding affinity to [[Tubulin]] and [[Numb]]. Expression induced by [[GDNF]]. Increased CRMP2 = microtubule stabilization and enhanced neurite outgrowth Some Cav2.2/CDK5 stuff going on https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Regulation-of-voltage-gated-calcium-channel-CaV22-and-voltagegated-sodium-channel-NaV17_fig2_332052935 CRMP2 Is Involved in Regulation of Mitochondrial Morphology and Motility in Neurons Deletion of CRMP2 with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in increased mitochondrial fission and diminished mitochondrial traffic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cryptochrome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cryptochrome/ 2023-10-07: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome one of the coolest rabbitholes I’ve seen in a while Cryptochrome # Blue-light sensitive flavoproteins that are also involved in magnetoreception. (Crypto from cryptogram, the kind of plants that don’t make seeds or whatever, is where they were first studied or something.) Mammals have Cry1 and Cry2. Former is a transcription repressor, and the latter is a photoreceptor. Both are central to the [[Circadian Rhythm]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Curcumin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Curcumin/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: Uhhh is it a meme? https://reeserichardson.blog/2024/01/30/the-king-of-curcumin-a-case-study-in-the-consequences-of-large-scale-research-fraud/ 5-1-2021 Curcumin # Free radical scavenger and iron chelator. The primary bioactive substance in tumeric (which tastes pretty bad and might be a [[5-AR]] inhibitor)… it seems curcumin inhibits it as well. Inhibits [[MAO]]. Potent inhibitor of [[TGF-β]]. Downregulates [[Estrogen Receptor]]s activity, improves [[Insulin Resistance|Insulin Sensitivity]] and [[Liver]] function. Reduces serum lipids and [[Uric Acid]] concentration and Liver steatosis. R Potent [[PPAR-γ]] agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CXXC5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CXXC5/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: CXXC5 (CXXC-type [[Zinc finger]] protein 5) # Transcription factor in nuclei involved in myelopoiesis, endothelial differentiation, vessel formation, [[Oligodendrocyte]] differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis. Overall it activates many pathways, including [[TGF-β]]. Negative feedback regulator of the [[WNT]] pathway, thus overexpression is implicated in [[Hair Loss]], osteoporosis, etc. Participates in [[Estradiol]]-driven cellular proliferation by modulating the expression of distinct and mutual genes also regulated by E2. Overexpression of CXXC5, which correlates with mRNA and protein levels of [[ERα]], associates with poor prognosis in ER-positive breast cancer patients. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cyanidin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cyanidin/ 2023-05-09: Cyanidin # [[Polyphenol|Anthocyanidin]]. Highly potent [[SIRT6]] activator. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cycloprolylglycine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cycloprolylglycine/ 2022-03-04: reference: Cycloprolylglycine # Natural [[Neuropeptide]]. Most of the studies on this and on [[Noopept]] are from the same set of Russian researchers, who may or may not have industry interest, lol. Endogenous dipeptide cycloprolylglycine shows selective anxiolytic activity in animals with manifest fear reaction (Seredenin et al., 2002) Positive effect on BDNF, [[IGF-1]], and [[AMPAR]]s, leading to mnemotropic and neuropretective properties: Effect of Neuropeptide Cyclo-L-Prolylglycine on Cell Proliferative Activity (Zainullina 2020) I believe it antagonizes NMDA? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP11A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP11A/ links: [[Steroidogenesis]] [[Cytochrome P450]]. reference: 8-18-2021 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A) # Converts cholesterol into pregnenolone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP1A1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP1A1/ 2022-08-07: [[Cytochrome P450]] reference: CYP1A1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP1A2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP1A2/ 2022-04-23: reference: CYP1A2 # Substrates include [[Flavonoid]]s, antidepressants, [[Caffeine]], [[Melatonin]] Strongly inhibited by fluoroquinones like [[Fluvoxamine]], weakly inhibited by [[Caffeine]], [[Piperine]]. Induced by tobacco, broccoli, insulin in diabetes, [[Modafinil]], β-[[Naphthoflavone]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP2B6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP2B6/ 2022-10-29: CYP2B6 # Inhibitors: [[Curcumin]], [[Fluoxetine]], [[Fluvoxamine]], [[Sertraline]], [[Memantine]], Raloxifene(all unspecified on wikipedia), [[Selegiline]] (moderate), etc. Substrates: bupropion, selegiline, ketamine, setraline, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP2D6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP2D6/ 2022-07-16: reference: CYP2D6 # Quiite important for drug metabolism, including: most SSRIs, stimulants, [[Tropisetron]], psychedelics, etc. Conversion of p-[[Tyramine]] to dopamine. Inhibited by [[Quinine]], [[Fluoxetine]], [[Bupropion]] (strong in vitro, weak in vivo. As well as its metabolites), [[Modafinil]] and [[CBD]]. “Weakly” inhibited by [[Fluvoxamine]], [[Methylphenidate]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Sertraline]], … of course there are many others but that’s just what I know. Induced by [[Nicotine]]. CYP2D6 is not present in rats, which express a homologous but functionally distinct cytochrome P450 2D1 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP3A4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP3A4/ 2022-08-07: [[Cytochrome P450]] reference: CYP3A4 # Inhibit with grapefruit juice. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP46A1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/CYP46A1/ 2022-08-09: reference: CYP46A1 (Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase) # Catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to [[24S-hydroxycholesterol]]. Chapter Fourteen - Restoring synaptic function through multimodal therapeutics Downregulates [[PSD-95]] and SNAP 25 in mice. Was not clear whether CYP46A1 activity was related to memory improvements through isoprenoid synthesis alone, or if its catalytic product 24-OH, had beneficial effects in synaptic proteins 24S-HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL EFFECTS ON LIPID METABOLISM GENES ARE MODELED IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CYP46A1 is upregulated after TBI. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cyproheptadine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cyproheptadine/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 9-4-2021 Cyproheptadine # [[5-HT2]] antagonist, specifically. [[5-HT1A]] antagonist. Ki off 8 at D3. [[H1]] antagonist - significant increase in [[NREM]]. 5-HT2C antagonism is also antihistamine. [[mAChR]] antagonist. M1-5 Ki is 12, 7, 12, 8, 11.8 Which is a bitch. Pretty constipating and reduces urination. [[D2]] antagonist, and inhibits [[D1]] and [[D3]] at certain doses. Inhibits prolactin in low concentrations, increases it in higher doses Lowers [[Blood Pressure]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cysteine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cysteine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 5-17-2021 Cysteine # Inhibits [[Choline Acetyltransferase]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cystine-Glutamate-Antiporter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cystine-Glutamate-Antiporter/ 2022-05-20: reference: Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter (Xc-) # Weird name. [[Cystine]] is brought into the astrocyte, and [[Glutamate]] is released into the extrasynaptic space. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cystine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cystine/ links: reference: 5-17-2021 Cystine # An oxidized dimer form of [[Cysteine]]. Oxygenation of two cysteines, which results in them being bound together by a disulfide bond. Cystine “turns off” the thyroid gland in the absence of [[Glycogen]]. Excess leads to liver fibrosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytidine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytidine/ 2022-03-04: reference: Cytidine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-C-Oxidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-C-Oxidase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: https://lifegivingstore.com/ray-peat-on-red-light/ 6-22-2021 Cytochrome C Oxidase # Final enzyme of [[Electron Transport Chain]]. >95% of inhaled oxygen undergoes the reaction of $\ce{O2 + 4e^- + 4H^+ -> 2H2O}$. “Cytochrome C oxidase is one of the enzymes damaged by stress and by blue light, and activated or restored by [[Red Light]], thyroid, and progesterone. It’s a [[Copper]] enzyme, so it’s likely to be damaged by excess iron. It is most active when it is associated with…[[Cardiolipin]], that contains saturated [[Palmitic Acid]]; the substitution of [[PUFA]] lowers its activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-C/ 2022-05-17: reference: Cytochrome C # Hemeprotein. Its iron converts between II and III, via [[Cytochrome C Oxidase]]. Involved in the [[Electron Transport Chain]], anchoring itself to [[Cardiolipin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-P450/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytochrome-P450/ links: reference: 5-1-2021 Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) # A SUPERfamily of [[Enzyme]]: [[CYP11A]] [[CYP1A1]] [[CYP1A2]] [[CYP1B1]] CYP3A4 CYP2D6 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytokine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytokine/ 2022-02-01 links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-burning-mouth-syndrome-may-be-due-to-vitamin-deficiencies-hypothyroidism.46416/#post-809158 big list of common inhibitors Cytokine # Classed as lymphokines, [[Interleukin]], and chemokines. As you can see at the top, the two main divisions of blood cells are myeloids and lymphoids. Some anti-inflammatory ones would include IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytoplasm/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytoplasm/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Cytoplasm # In a [[Neuron]] it is known more specifically as the axoplasma. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytosol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Cytosol/ 2022-04-18: reference: Cytosol # Constituent of the [[Cytoplasm]]; it is basically the main concern in biochemistry. It is gel-like containing stuff like electrolytes, proteins, sugars, nucleic acid, fatty acids, etc., and the organelles. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D-Serine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D-Serine/ 2021-12-18 links: [[Nootropics]] reference: D-Serine: A Cross Species Review of Safety D-Serine # An even more potent agonist of the [[Glycine]] site (NR1) of [[NMDAR]], it (or glycine) coactivates with glutamate at the NMDAR which is required for it to open. R Weak [[AMPAR]] antagonist! High CSF levels in [[Alzheimer’s]] patients. R https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/rjed4f/dserine_the_holy_grail_of_cognitive_enhancers/ Anxiolytic; basic explanation being that it enhances fear extinction. D-Serine produces antidepressant-like effects in mice through suppression of BDNF signaling pathway and regulation of synaptic adaptations in the nucleus accumbens Increases BDNF in the hippocampus - but restrains the BDNF pathway in the [[Nucleus Accumbens]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D1/ 9-16-2021 links: [[Dopamine]] [[GPCR]] reference: D1 # Gs-coupled. Also consists of [[D5]]. Apparently eye blink rate is a measure of D1 activity. Promotes release of [[Acetylcholine]] as they work together for eliciting focus. Antagonism treats tourette’s and the euphoric effects of cocaine. Mechanisms for the Modulation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in Striatal Neurons D1-[[Adenosine A1]] heteromer: decrease in D1 affinity. D1-[[D3]]: increasein D1 affinity and stabilizing of D1 at membrane. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D2/ links: [[GPCR]] reference: Dopamine in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: what do D2 receptors have to do with it? https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.002 Multiple receptors for dopamine: https://www.nature.com/articles/277093a0 8-16-2021 D2 # There are three isoforms: (And the ‘D2 family’ also consists of [[D3]] and [[D4]].) D2Sh (short) is pre-synaptic and an autoreceptor. Regulates presynaptic DA storage/synthesis/release, with agonism inhibiting DA release. D2Lh (long) is a post-synaptic receptor, just canonical old Gαi. There’s also a ’longer’ isoform. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D21/ 2022-05-02: reference: The neurobiology of dopamine receptors: evolution from the dual concept to heterodimer complexes [[D1-D2 Receptor Heteromer as a Master Regulator for Anhedonic Depression and Addiction..pdf]] Dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer signaling pathway in the brain: emerging physiological relevance D21 # JC takes it in eyedrop form, with his helios eyedrops for added penetration from CNC, or at least a surfextan, or else it’ll just drain into nasal passages, and says it hits super hard. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D3/ links: [[Dopamine]] [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: 9-18-2021 Dopamine Receptor D3 # [[D2]] subtype. Increases reward for gambling, shopping, risk-taking, etc. Kleptomania, pyromania, anti-empathy, increase of energy, wandering, yawning. Anti-restless leg syndrome. Dopamine D3 Receptor Heteromerization: Implications for Neuroplasticity and Neuroprotection we recently identified a receptor heteromer containing the [[nAChR]] and the D3R as the molecular effector of [[Nicotine]]-mediated neurotrophic effects https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D4/ 2022-05-26: reference: D4 # D2-family. Increases novelty seeking and performance within it. Antagonism reverses stress-induced working memory deficits. Stress Exposure in Dopamine D4 Receptor Knockout Mice Induces Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors via Disruption of GABAergic Transmission https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/D5/ 2022-05-26: reference: D5 # Inhibits [[Melatonin]] synthesis and BDNF expression. x10 selectivity than [[D1]], actually. Antagonism elicits learniong problems associated with ADHD. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAAO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAAO/ 2022-12-05: DAAO (D-amino acid oxidase) # D-Amino-Acid Oxidase Inhibition Increases D-Serine Plasma Levels in Mouse But not in Monkey or Dog https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dairy/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dairy/ links: [[Food]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-consequences-of-cheese-as-a-main-source-of-protein.21764/ This is an 11-page thread. Worth looking into. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/bringing-to-attention-the-dark-side-of-dairy.31518/ 6-26-2021 Dairy # Milk is rich in nicotinamide riboside. Cronometer only measures niacin, so if one has a good source of it, you will not be B3 deficient despite what it may say. R Butter contains more estrone than other forms of dairy. It can cause acne for a lot of people. Contains [[Folate]] binding proteins/receptors/antibodies. These are seen in [[Autism]] - something similar going on in [[Schizophrenia]] too Travis Homogenization # Encapsulates milk proteins allowing them to be persorbed whole. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAO/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: https://acidicbody.com/histamine-toxicity-high-histamine/ 4-20-2021 Diamine Oxidase (DAO) # The primary enzyme responsible for breaking down accumulated [[Histamine]] (especially) in the intestine. During pregnancy, production in the placenta can increase 500-1000x. Made from copper https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DARPP-32/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DARPP-32/ 2022-04-19: reference: DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated regulated neuronal phosphoprotein) ([[PP1]] regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B)) # Expressed in [[D1]]-type [[Medium Spiny Neuron]]s in the [[Striatum]]. these are my kind of “protein bars”. My life now. Activated/phosphorylated by [[Protein Kinase A]] (thus when D1 is stimulated). When [[NMDAR]]s are stimulated, Ca2+ influx activates [[PP2B]], which dephosphorylates. Dephosphorylated at Thr34 most potently by [[PP2B]]. PP2A also dephosphorylates most others. The T34 and T75 have an interesting feedback mechanism: PKA->PP1 activates CREB->FosB->CDK5, which returns to inhibit PKA, which prevents CREB’s activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DAT/ links: [[Dopamine]] reference: 10-24-2021 Dopamine Transporter (DAT) # Unbound/excess dopamine is transported from the synaptic cleft into the presynaptic neuron via this. Low levels in [[ADHD]] in the left ventral [[Caudate]], accumbal, midbrain, and hypothalamic regions. R [[MAO]] inhibition did not significantly affect densities in striatum, nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, or substantia nigra, nor did it affect DAT binding. R Phosphorylation # [Phosphorylation Mechanisms in Dopamine Transporter Regulation] ‘PKC domain’: (Ser2/4/7/12/13/21. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Davunetide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Davunetide/ 2024-02-14: Davunetide (AL-108, NAP) # 8-AA peptide. NAP (activity-dependent neurotrophic protein). Stabilizes [[Microtubule]]; it itself is a MAP. Failed to enhance cognition in schizophrenia NAP, a femtomolar-acting peptide, protects the brain against ischemic injury by reducing apoptotic death Microtubule-stabilizing peptides and small molecules protecting axonal transport and brain function: Focus on davunetide (NAP) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Default-Mode-Network/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Default-Mode-Network/ 2022-03-04: As opposed to the [[Executive Network]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network Default Mode Network # You can see it’s primarily the [[Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex]], [[Posterior Cingulate Cortex]], [[Precuneus]], and angular gyrus. There are also a few subnetworks: The Unique Cytoarchitecture and Wiring of The Default Mode Network This is such a brilliant lecture for some reason. Casey Paquola - time to watch all her lectures. Basically to start, the DMN isn’t just task-negative: it’s activated during memory-related tasks, social cognition, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Deferoxamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Deferoxamine/ 2022-05-02: [[Drugs]] reference: Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine) # Heavy metal chelator, especially 3+ ions (Ferric [[Iron]], [[Aluminum]], lead, mercury, chromium, zinc, copper, etc.) limited affinity for ferrous iron. Deferoxamine has a very high affinity and specificity for the ferric iron and chelates it in a 1:1 molar ratio; that is, 100 mg of deferoxamine will bind to and eliminate 8.5 mg of elemental iron Binds free iron in the bloodstream as well as intralysosomal ferritin/siderin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DeFibron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DeFibron/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/defibron-liquid-methylated-sfa-for-lab-r-d.17626/ 11-8-2021 DeFibron # The aim here is to maximize the antifibrotic effects of saturated fats, which under normal circumstances are quickly metabolized into mitochondria into Acetyl-CoA. The ingredients herein aim to replicate, say, spoonfuls of coconut oil with hardly any caloric intake or digestion. This certainly prevents things, but does it heal? (#229, yeah it can attenuate measures of cardiotoxicity and stuff, but is it healing?) 30x50 drops, $40. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Deiodinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Deiodinase/ links: reference: 4-27-2021 Iodothyronine Deiodinase # Peroxidase enzyme involved in activation/deactivation of thyroid hormones. Type I: Iodotyrosine deiodinase: found in liver and kidney Scavenges iodide by removing it from iodinated [[Tyrosine]] residues in the thyroid gland. Type II: Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase T4->T3 Type III: Thyroxine 5-deiodinase T4->[[rT3]] T3->T2 Maternal High-Fat Diet Modulates the Fetal Thyroid Axis and Thyroid Gene Expression in a Nonhuman Primate Model Maternal high fat diet crashes D_II in fetal macaque ilvers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Delta-waves/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Delta-waves/ links: [[Neural Oscillations]] reference: 10-31-2021 Delta waves # (0.5 - 4 Hz): Deep, dreamless sleep; loss of bodily awareness https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dendrite/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dendrite/ 2022-12-20: Branching mechanisms shaping dendrite architecture Dendrite # this is a progression of maturity, with the “occasional” branched spine. Basal (shorter, more radially distributed) and basically branch out of the soma area. vs apical (more distal) Dendritic spine geometry is critical for AMPA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons There are a few types of dendritic spines, like mushroom spines, where AMPAR is rich. Pretty much linear relationship between spine volume and current from glutamate, and something of an inverse relationship between volume and length: Decreasing the neck radius increases the force necessary to transport recycling endosomes through the actin rich constriction, and increases the retention of receptors at the synapse R Dendritic spine dysgenesis in autism related disorders (compare ) Of Mice and Men: Increased dendritic complexity gives rise to unique human networks (Sep 2023) We next show that topological complexity leads to highly interconnected pyramidal-to-pyramidal and higher-order networks, which is unexpected in view of reduced neuronal density in humans compared to mouse neocortex https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dentate-Gyrus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dentate-Gyrus/ 2022-04-30: reference: Dentate Gyrus # Part of the [[Hippocampus|hippocampal formation]]: Its principal cells are the [[Granule Cell]]s (axons called [[Mossy Fiber]]s, which here are glutamatergic. Consists of the outer molecular layer, granule layer, and inner polymorphic layer. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus: carrying the message or dictating the tone (2013) The majority of DG neurons are under strong inhibition and rarely fire action potentials. Thus it’s odd why there’s neurogenesis. Egr1 activity after spatial exploration: A dentate gyrus-CA3 inhibitory circuit promotes evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation Bonk: [[TAK-653]] activating DG → CA3 overactivity creating more contextual association = the dissociative effect. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Depression/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Depression/ links: reference: Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression (Allen et al., 2018) 8-29-2021 Depression # 33% lower [[5-HT2A]] binding in BA 41/42 in individuals who had an MDE than in controls. Neither 5-HT1A nor SERT binding in BA 41/42 differed between individuals who had an MDE and controls. We also found 14% higher [[5-HT1A]] receptor binding and 21% lower [[SERT]] binding in BA 9 of individuals who had an MDE. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Detoxification/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Detoxification/ 10-30-2021 links: [[Liver]] [[Drug Metabolism]] reference: Detoxification # Adequate [[B1]], [[B2]], [[Dietary Protein]], and [[Vitamin C]] helps. Phase I (Modifiation: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, (de)cyclization, etc.) [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP1A2]] (both 2-hydroxylation), and [[CYP1B1]] (4-hydroxylation). However, excessive activity of these without adequate phase II is not good, since these metabolites are carcinogenic, via production of free radicals, etc. These metabolites are more hydrophillic/water soluble. Cruciferous vegetables and seafood boost this. Inhibitors are black raspberry, blueberry, [[Quercetin]], grapefuirt, kale, garlic, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dextroamphetamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dextroamphetamine/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Amphetamine]] reference: Dextroamphetamine # Administration decreases NREM and REM. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHA/ 2022-02-08 links: [[PUFA]] reference: https://tanyewwei.com/blog/dha/ https://forum.jackkruse.com/index.php?threads/dha-a-cancer-causing-killer-ray-peat-says.17123/#post-182111 DHA (22:6[[Omega-3|ω-3]]) # Formation of isoprostane-like compounds (neuroprostanes) in vivo from docosahexaenoic acid F2-isoprostanes are [[PGF2α]]-like compounds that are formed nonenzymatically by free radical-induced oxidation of [[Arachidonic Acid]]. Oxidation of DHA yields a series of F4-neuroprostanes. The amounts formed exceed that of the F2 from AA 3.4-fold. Cerebrospinal fluid levels are detected in patients with [[Alzheimer’s]], significantly higher in age-matched controls. Furthermore, the formation of F4-neuroprostane-containing aminophospholipids might adversely effect neuronal function as a result of alterations they induce in the biophysical properties of neuronal [[Membrane]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHCR24/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHCR24/ 2022-12-11: DHCR24 # A Δ24-desaturase for all the Bloch pathway [[Cholesterol]] precursors: [Seladin-1 is a novel lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive gene and inhibits the tumour necrosis factor-α production and osteoclast formation in response to LPS] LPS->p38 activates seladin-1. Inhibites LPS-induced [[p38]] and TNF-α but not NF-κB. Seladin-1 transcription is linked to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease Downregulation associated with [[Tau]] hyperphosphorylation. Fluctuation in expression was enhanced by AD-associated mutations in presenilin-1 and APP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHEA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHEA/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] [[Neurosteroid]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/long-term-dhea-supplementation-doubles-androgens-and-progesterone-in-males.41108/post-658937 4-11-2021 DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) # Produced by the [[Adrenal Gland]]. Reduced mass of the zona reticularis could be responsible for diminished production of DHEA(-S) in aging. The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Cells in here produce DHEA, androstendione and cholesterol. A youngin’ produces ~12-15mg/day, and decreases by ~2mg for each decade after age 30. We produce 5% as much in old age than we do in our youth. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DHT/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] reference: Stimulation of aromatase activity by dihydrotestosterone in human skin fibroblasts https://suppversity.blogspot.com/search?q=Dht&m=1 The Warrior and the Prince; or Backdoor Androgen Dominance 4-11-2021 DHT # A paracrine steroid - it is synthesized in peripheral tissues as needed, as opposed to having high circulating amounts in the blood stream. DHT upregulates [[Androgen Receptor]] synthesis and reduces turnover, and has something like 4-10x testosterone’s affinity. R Dihydrotestosterone activates the MAPK pathway and modulates maximum isometric force through the EGF receptor in isolated intact mouse skeletal muscle fibres: Increased fast twitch isometric force by 30% after incubation of isolated rat myofibers with 630pg/ml DHT. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Diacylglycerol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Diacylglycerol/ 2022-04-14: reference: Diacylglycerol (Diaglyceride) (DAG) # Hydrophobic. When cleaved from its R groups it seems it remains in the membrane. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dietary-Protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dietary-Protein/ links: reference: 11-9-2021 Dietary Protein # Protein timing during the day and its relevance for muscle strength and lean mass Protein intake at night compared to afternoon led to best increase in muscle mass and strength, especially pre-sleep. Mike Fave says that consuming >30-40g/protein a meal basically leads to the excess to simply be oxidized; might as well eat carbs/fat. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis Indeed something like 20g 4x/day is best. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dihexa/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dihexa/ 2022-02-19 links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/3fblne/dihexa_a_1week_trial_in_review/ Dihexa # Oligo[[Peptide]] derived from angiotensin IV. Supposedly “7x more potent” than [[BDNF]] for improving [[Alzheimer’s]]-like mental impairment. But it doesn’t interact with [[TrkB]], it is instead a c-Met potentiator. Bam says Dihexa mainly works in the sensory systems, but notes it’s weird how the cortical systems increase autistic symptoms from being given different sensory information? Also binds to HGF (hepatocyte-derived growth factor) and c-Met. Dosing # ~15mg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DIM-33-Diindolylmethane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DIM-33-Diindolylmethane/ links: reference: https://www.thorne.com/take-5-daily/article/what-is-dim-is-it-the-same-as-i3c 10-27-2021 DIM (3,3’-Diindolylmethane) # It’s a meme? Dimer of indole-3-carbinol. Phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables. Increases liver [[Cytochrome P450]] activity, but only in low doses: high doses promote cellular damage, agonize the [[Estrogen Receptor]], inhibit [[mTOR]], displace DHT and testosterone from their receptors, etc. Might cause hypothyroid symptoms too? == Plant-derived 3,3’-Diindolylmethane is a strong androgen antagonist in human prostate cancer cells== https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DISC1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DISC1/ 2023-03-18: DISC1 (Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) # Sequesters [[PDE4B]] ([[PDE4D]] to a lesser extent?), releasing it/upregulating under conditions of high cAMP production, by dissociating it from SER. DISC1 and PDE4B Are Interacting Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia That Regulate cAMP Signaling unless I’m dumb I don’t think there’s a direct link. It’s just an idea. Interacts with [[D2]], and there are peptides that inhibit this. Uncoupling DISC1 × D2R Protein-Protein Interactions Facilitates Latent Inhibition in Disc1-L100P Animal Model of Schizophrenia and Enhances Synaptic Plasticity via D2 Receptors https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DJ-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DJ-1/ 2023-10-17: DJ-1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DKK-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DKK-1/ links: reference: 11-6-2021 DKK-1 # Inhibits [[WNT]]-LRP5/6-Frizzled. Instead forming LRP5/6-DKK-1-Kremen: Still quite important: DKK1 knockout mice were dead at birth due to defects in the cranium and structures formed by the neural crest, such as failed development of eyes, olfactory placodes, frontonasal mass and mandibular processes, as well as incomplete development of the forebrain and midbrain and fusion of the digits of the forelimb. Nitric Oxide Mediates Crosstalk between Interleukin 1β and WNT Signaling in Primary Human Chondrocytes by Reducing DKK1 and FRZB Expression https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DL001/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DL001/ 2022-07-03: reference: DL001 # A novel rapamycin analog is highly selective for mTORC1 in vivo FKBP12-dependent. 40x more selective for [[mTORC1]] than rapamycin. Doesn’t impair glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, immune system. In contrast to intranasal rapa though? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMAE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMAE/ 2022-05-16: reference: Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMSO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMSO/ 6-3-2021 links: reference: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01093 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dimethyl-sulfoxide Big, big RPF thread https://www.dmso.org/subLevels/what.htm DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) # Only carries molecules with a molecular weight below 1000. Has nearly 100% absorption. For steroids, this is like 3-10x better than oral. Smells pretty terrible and makes you burp sulphury/garlic. Wtf!? Never let it touch plastics, or it’ll leech them into your body. Supercools easily and remelts slowly at room temperature. Stable up to 100°C at any pH, prefering neutral/alkaline near its boiling point. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMT/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 4-30-2021 DMT (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine) # Agonizes [[5-HT1A]], [[5-HT2A]], [[5-HT2C]]. Affinity for [[D1]], α1-adrenergic, α2-adrenergic, imidazoline-1, and [[Sigma Receptor]] 1. Binding sites Binding affinity Ki (μM) [[5-HT1A]] 0.075 [[5-HT2A]] 0.237 [[5-HT2C]] 0.424 [[D1]] 6 [[D2]] 3 [[D3]] 6.3 α1A 1.3 α2A 2.1 TAAR1 2.2 [[H1]] 0.22 [[SERT]] 6 [[DAT]] 22 NET 6.5 The Bright Side of Psychedelics: Latest Advances and Challenges in Neuropharmacology [[VMAT2]] inhibitor? Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter Psychedelics and immunomodulation: novel approaches and therapeutic opportunities Longevity and the Aging Brain: Psychedelic-Based Therapeutics for Neuroregeneration and Rejuvenation DMT induces neurogenesis in the presence of selective [[5-HT2A]] antagonism (ritanserin/ketanserin/volinanserin)! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DMT1/ 2022-05-31: reference: Divalent metal transporer 1 (DMT1) # As the name suggests- It’s not selective in which ion. Operates at acidic pH of 5.5 Expressed in neurons, [[Astrocyte]]s, and [[Microglia]], but not in oligodendrocytes. [[Hypoxia]] increases its expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA-Methyltransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA-Methyltransferase/ 2022-09-06: reference: Travis - Misconceptions Surrounding DNA Methylation - epic thread like usual DNA Methyltransferase # DNA methylation networks underlying mammalian traits https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA-Sequencing/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA-Sequencing/ 2022-02-13 links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics https://learn.gencore.bio.nyu.edu/ https://github.com/quinlan-lab/applied-computational-genomics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPlpVIsaRCg&list=PLCbXw1opqIQeNfF26-wWegdGoCC1aut0P&index=1 https://www.risingtidebio.com/ [[Genome]] Sequencing # Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is necessary to make/amplify (millions of) copies of a DNA sample, usually done via thermal cycling In certain organisms, TACG are not the only bases in the DNA - in mammals, methyl groups may be attached, such as in 5-methylcytosine. Analysis # 1% of the population needs to carry the same SNP for it to be classified as such. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNA/ 2022-03-12: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/misconceptions-surrounding-dna-methylation.20915/ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) # Replication # Those histoine units are all many genes each. (30nm fibre = chromatin.), which is the form DNA assumes in the nucleus of cells when nondividing. DNA only assumes the form of a chromosome when preparing and undergoing cell divisionolog. When DNA divides, one half splits, serving as a template for the other. Genius. Apoptosis is characterized by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and [[mRNA]] decay. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DNP/ 2022-08-17: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/cyproheptadine-dnp.47291/ https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/mfd09f/my_38_day_experience_with_microdosing/ DNP (2,4 Dinitrophenol) # An insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide, DNP is also used in the manufacture of dyes, to preserve timber, and as an indicator; it is also a byproduct of ozonization of parathion. DNP is readily absorbed through intact skin and respiratory tract. DNP causes toxicity by the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of cells throughout the body. Administration of 2,4-DNP to human volunteers resulted in rapid and pronounced decline of circulating thyroid hormones. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Donepezil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Donepezil/ 2022-11-16: Donepezil # Developed under the ‘cholinergic hypothesis’ of [[Alzheimer’s]], i.e. over-activation of ACE, which isn’t always the truth let alone the whole story. [[Acetylcholinesterase]] inhibitor and [[σ1]] agonist (14.6 nM). Non-competitive inhibitor, unlike galantamine Inhibits voltage-activated [[Sodium Channel]] currents and delays Kir currents and fast transient potassium currents. [Mechanisms of alpha7-nicotinic receptor up-regulation and sensitization to donepezil induced by chronic donepezil treatment.] Upregulates [[α7 nAChR]] in the hippocampus. This was prevented by coadministration with [[PI3K]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPA/ 5-5-2021: [[Dopamine]] reference: DOPA # Dihydroxyphenylalanine. Exists as L-DOPA and D-DOPA. L-DOPA can cross the BBB. Converts to dopamine via [[AADC]], I believe rather freely, that is, not very rate-limited Effects of daily L-dopa administration on learning and brain structure in older adults undergoing cognitive training: a randomised clinical trial 65-75 years old. 25 or 100mg L-[[DOPA]]. Those who were treated showed slower progress in the verbal reasoning & visuospatial reasoning tests. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPAC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPAC/ 2022-04-24: reference: DOPAC (Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPAL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DOPAL/ 2022-04-24: reference: DOPAL (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) # The ‘autotoxin’ metabolite of [[Dopamine]] degredation via [[MAO]]. Detoxed via aldehyde dehydgenase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dopamine-%CE%B2-hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dopamine-%CE%B2-hydroxylase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 5-5-2021 Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) # Converts [[Dopamine]] into [[Noradrenaline]]. Cofactors: [[Vitamin C]], [[Copper]], [[B3]] Nepicastat is an inhibitor. Interesting concept https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dopamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dopamine/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] [[Catecholamine]] reference: What does dopamine mean? (2018) - good read? >400 citings 4-11-2021 Dopamine # Has 5 receptors (all metabotropic): [[D1]] to D5; [[D2]] being the Autoreceptor. D1 consists of 2 subtypes: D1 & D5; D2 consisting of D2, D3, & D4. There are four major dopamine pathways: [[Mesolimbic Pathway]], [[Mesocortical Pathway]], [[Nigrostriatal Pathway]], and [[Tuberoinfundibular Pathway]] So apparently, the Substantia Nigra mediates wanting, and the VTA mediates liking. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsal-Anterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsal-Anterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ 2022-01-24 links: [[Anterior Cingulate Cortex]] reference: Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsal-Raphe-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsal-Raphe-Nucleus/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Raphe Nuclei]] [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Dorsal Raphe Nucleus # Rostral (Subnuclei: Interfasicular, ventral, ventrolateral, and dorsal) and Caudal. An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of humans and other primates. Contains a substantial proportion of the [[Serotonin]] innervation to the forebrain, and is particularly rich in [[5-HT1A]]. 10% of axons project to the [[Amygdala]]. R Contains endogenous [[Opioid Receptor]]s - electrical stimulation can potentially alleviate morphine withdrawal. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsolateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsolateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ 2021-11-18 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: https://beta.nootropicswiki.org/article/dlpfc-modulation Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex # Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Drives Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Regions to Initiate Motivated Behavior mGluR2 versus mGluR3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Primate Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Postsynaptic mGluR3 Strengthen Working Memory Networks (Jin, Arnsten et al. 2017) Neuromodulation of Thought: Flexibilities and Vulnerabilities in Prefrontal Cortical Network Synapses (Arnsten et al. 2012) Dynamic network connectivity = neuromodulators rapidly and flexibly altering efficacy of synaptic connections (in the dlPFC III recurrent excitatory microcircuits, of course) without changing the architecture. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsomedial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dorsomedial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] [[Prefrontal Cortex]] reference: 10-18-2021 Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex # Engaged in inferring mental states. R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drp1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drp1/ 2022-09-10: Drp1 ([[Dynamin]]-related protein 1) # DRP1 inhibition is on the ME/CFS server Ganglioside GD3 regulates dendritic growth in newborn neurons in adult mouse hippocampus via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics Drp1 is a [[Ganglioside]] GD-3 binding protein, and GD3 is essential for mitochondrial Drp1 turnover. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drug-Metabolism/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drug-Metabolism/ 2022-01-22 links: reference: Drug Metabolism # First-pass metabolism is when an (orally administered) drug has much of its concentration taken up by the [[Liver]], and sometimes in the [[Gut]] in the case of some substances like [[Insulin]]. A swallowed drug is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic portal system. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drugs/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Drugs/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergamides#References Has a massive list of probably all drugs imaginable at the bottom. https://drughunter.com/ Drug interactions: https://supp.ai/ https://labs.icahn.mssm.edu/maayanlab/ has a tool: https://maayanlab.cloud/sigcom-lincs/#/SignatureSearch/UpDown where you set genes to upregulate/downregulate and it matches drugs that effect them. https://www.buy-pharma.md/ legit according to Uxkull etc. Morphinan History X - Molecusexuality of Opioid Stereochemistry: The Morphinan In the Mirror, Part I - A well cited exploration into the Stereochemistry, Geometry and Sterics of the Opiosphere - by Dμchess Vσn δ + the “Notorious Gibbs Free Energy” 4-20-2021 Drugs # My pharmacopoeia in the links tab… not sure how helpful that actually is. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Durian/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Durian/ 2024-01-21: Durian # Actually pretty damn high in oleic acid. They’re mostly MUFA. Bioactive Compounds, Nutritional Value, and Potential Health Benefits of Indigenous Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.): A Review Varieties # Identify via shape, spike shape (there are 6 main shapes), shell color, the patterns on the bottom, the stem/crown. A list from the Year of the Durian book on Penang: Musang King: Can’t go wrong D600 Little Red: best fruity variety I’ve had https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dutasteride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dutasteride/ 2023-04-17: Dutasteride # Some people inject it like every month/few times a year or something (mesotherapy). https://www.hairlosstalk.com/interact/threads/topical-dutasteride-case-assessment-thread.128798/ The crazy thing is that topically, it doesn’t go as systemic as [[Finasteride]]. Will have to read into this more, as it might be Mustang who spread this meme, by doing a scalp biopsy This is because it’s >500 daltons. Same as spironactolone in that they have high molecular weights compared to RU or finasteride. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DXM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/DXM/ 2022-05-28: [[Drugs]] reference: DXM # [[SSRI]], [[σ1]] agonist in high doses, and its dextrorphan metabolite is an uncompetitive [[NMDAR]] antagonist, negative allosteric modulator of some nAChRs. Slightly dopaminergic too I think? Dose # 2.75-7.5mg/kg for second plateau. 7.5-15mg/kg for third plateau. 15+ is fourth pleateau and very fucked. >25mg/kg can be deadly. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynamin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynamin/ 2022-08-12: reference: Dynamin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynein/ 2022-09-16: Dynein # Requires the cofactor Dynactin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynorphin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Dynorphin/ 2022-04-08: reference: Dynorphin # Prodynorphin cleavage generates dynorphin A/B and α/β-neo-dynorphin. (neo wtf?) Prodynorphin is colocalized with proprotein convertase 2 (PC2), which plays a role in dynorphins’s synthesis, probably ProDyn’s cleavage. Nonopiate effects of dynorphin and des-Tyr-dynorphin The first AA of dynorphin A = tyrosine, and that’s essential for its [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] effects. The second and third are glycine. #Ankified des-Tyr-dynorphin is less potent at inhibiting NMDA currents #Ankified Binds to [[κ-Opioid Receptor]]s (with slight affinity for [[μ-Opioid Receptor]], [[δ-Opioid Receptor]]), agonism inhibits dopamine release. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EAAT2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EAAT2/ 2022-05-26: reference: EAAT2 # Knockout reduced expression increases addictive/drug-seeking behavior and relapse, and impaired LTP and contextual fear conditioning. Seladin-1/DHCR24 Is Neuroprotective by Associating EAAT2 Glutamate Transporter to Lipid Rafts in Experimental Stroke Locared in the ER. EAAT2 requires association with lipid rafts in order to adequately function: Association of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters, Especially EAAT2, with Cholesterol-rich Lipid Raft Microdomains - IMPORTANCE FOR EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTION Caveolin and GLT-1 gene expression is reciprocally regulated in primary astrocytes: Association of GLT-1 with non-caveolar lipid rafts [[TGF-α 1]] → MAPK and →PI3K increases GLT-1 expression in (non-caveolar lipid rafts) and TGF-α→PI3K downregulates caveolin-1 expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eAMPAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eAMPAR/ 2022-08-27: reference: Extrasynaptic [[AMPAR]] # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecdysteroid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecdysteroid/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 7-26-2021 Ecdysteroid # Turkesterone is one of a few forms (ecdysone, ecdysterone, and 2-deoxyecdysone) of it, not a band name. Synthesized from arthopods from choleterol, used for molting. Some people compare it to prolactin, but this comparison is controversial and seems to be wrong. According to Haidut’s research, the anabolic effects are connected with the acceleration of translocation processes, not the induction of new RNA synthesis. They act like classical steroids via cytoplasmic receptor and regulation of gene transcriptional activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecklonia-Cava/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecklonia-Cava/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-13-2021 Ecklonia Cava # Increases GABA acivity & efficiency Increases alpha waves Reduces cortisol Anti-inflammatory Supports REM Raises GH? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecology/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ecology/ links: reference: YT - Geodiode 9-14-2021 Ecology # Climate # Ocean proximity, altitude, slope direction, built environment, and plant cover can cause microclimates. Forests provide cooling from the sun with their canopy, while in winter the heat is kept in due to dark foliage. In the northern hemisphere, valleys that run east-west, the south-facing will see a sun at a steeper angle, becoming warmer. Ocean water has useful moderating effects over thousands of miles. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ectodysplasin-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ectodysplasin-A/ 2022-02-19 links: [[TNF]]19 reference: Ectodysplasin-A # A transmembrane protein recognized by the ectodysplasin A receptor. Involved in differentiation of anatomical placodes (precursors to scales, feathers, teeth, and ==hair==.) Defects can cause ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodysplasin-A2 induces dickkopf 1 expression in human balding dermal papilla cells overexpressing the ectodysplasin A2 receptor (Kwack et al., 2020) The EDA2R level was upregulated in the balding dermal papilla (DP) cells compared with non-balding DP cells derived from patients with AGA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EGCG/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EGCG/ 2022-02-23: reference: EGCG (Epigallo[[Catechin]] Gallate) # [[GABA-A]] modlulator and antioxidant. Poor oral absorption and high doses (800mg?) have potential liver toxicity. Found in teas and a few plants. Extremely powerful [[COMT]] inhibitor, moreso than pharmaceuticals for that purpose, which can also be liver-damaging. (-)-Epigallocatethin-3-O-gallate counteracts caffeine-induced hyperactivity: evidence of dopaminergic blockade [The crystal structure of the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate–transthyretin complex reveals a novel binding site distinct from the thyroxine binding site] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EGF/ 2022-12-19: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B084BYFTHJ EGF (Epidermal Growth factor) # Binds to [[EGFR]]. [[Skin]] # Since it’s not large enough to pass through the stratum coreum, it binds to receptors on the surface of the skin, causing proliferation of cells and resulting in a plump look. On this line of thought, I wonder if it can be combined with icing the eye area for stimulating brown fat production. Or some kind of Bateman eye mask. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egg/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egg/ links: [[Food]] reference: 4-15-2021 Eggs # Raw egg whites contain avidin, which binds to [[Biotin]], and can impair metabolism of the other B-vitamins. You lose about 25mcg of biotin per egg. Cooking halves this effect. Also contains [[Trypsin]] inhibitors which will make digestion not a fun time. It’d take a ton of eggs to become actually deficint in biotin, though. The calcium in eggshells is made of calcium carbonate. Egg protein is a powerful insulin activator https://raypeatforum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egr-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egr-1/ 2022-12-19: [[Egr]]1 ([[Zinc finger|ZNF]]268/Zif268) (NGFI-A) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egr/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Egr/ 2022-05-18: reference: Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) / (NGF-induced protein A (NGFI-A)) # Induced by growth factors, cytokines, stress signals, mechanical stress. Has three [[Zinc finger]] motifs, thus Global deletion of Egr-1 results in reduced growth rate of mice. Major transcriptional factor for [[PTEN]]. R [Induction of Egr-1 is associated with anti-metastatic and anti-invasive ability of beta-lapachone in human hepatocarcinoma cells.] Egr-1 -> PTEN -> lower (AKT->mTOR) Brain # Important in [[Neuroplasticity]]/memory formation, i. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eIF2%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eIF2%CE%B1/ 2023-08-27: eIF2α # eIF2β on the other hand initiates protein synthesis. See ABBV-CLS-7262 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Elastin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Elastin/ 2022-11-05: Elastin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Electron-Transport-Chain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Electron-Transport-Chain/ links: reference: Pure gold from Amazoniac: https://bioenergetic.forum/topic/1778/on-cellular-organization-and-respiration/12?_=1716858791392&lang=en-US 8-25-2021 Electron Transport Chain # AKA electron transport-linked phosphorylation. The production of [[ATP]] in the inner membrane of the mitochondria via enzymes that oxidize nutrients. You hear all about ATP being cleaved for the precious [[Phosphate]]s, but this is how it gets anabolically constructed, aside from the 2 each from glycolysis and TCA. This bad boy makes 34: 3 [[ATP]] is formed from each [[NADH]] + H+, and 2 ATP per FADH2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EMF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EMF/ 2022-03-28: [[Schizophrenia]] reference: https://lessemf.com/plastic.html [The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life] Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - Pubmed [The Non-Tinfoil Guide to EMFs: How to Fix Our Stupid Use of Technology] Zapping The Movement (1987) [Electromagnetic Radiation (emr)Weapons: As Powerful As The Atomic Bomb (Cheryl Welsh 2001)] https://lifegivingstore.com/skeptical-about-emf-solutions-products-we-were-too/ EMF # Grounding pad is pretty damn easy to use when sleeping, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Emodin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Emodin/ 2022-05-22: reference: Emodin # [[P2X7]] antagonist. Inhibits nitric oxide formation, increases mitochondrial respiration, inhibits [[Angiogenesis]], inhibits [[Fatty Acid Synthase]], HER-2 neu and tyrosine phosphorylases. Attenuates expression of [[COX-2]], [[VEGF]], [[HIF-1α]], MMP-1, MMP-13, and [[IL-1]]. Emodin represses TWIST1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by inhibiting the β-catenin and Akt pathways https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endocannabinoid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endocannabinoid/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Endocannabinoids # Lipid-soluble. The obvious example for a ligand is [[THC]]. They diffuse freely from postsynaptic neurons to their GPCR receptors on presynaptic neurons - a retrograde messenger, which inhibits release of neurotransmitters. Elevated tissue [[CB1]] and circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid occur in obese and diabetic patients. DHA can reduce ECS overactivation. R Examples include: [[Anandamide]] Transporters # These are also [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp70]] and fatty acid binding proteins. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endocrine-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endocrine-System/ links: reference: https://doctorlib.info/medical/biochemistry/41.html https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_MEpedia - idk where to put this. Chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis wiki. [[Vagus Nerve]] infection hypothesis; thousands of articles of stuff 8-12-2021 Endocrine System # Communicates with hormones distributed in the blood throughout the body, while the NS communicates with electricity and neurotransmitters at local areas. Like the NS, hormones have receptors on their target tissue. Reacts slowly to stimuli and can continue responding for days. [[Pituitary Gland]] [[Liver]] [[Thyroid]] [[Adrenal Gland]] [[Pancreas]], gonads, parathyroid https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endolysosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endolysosome/ 2022-05-31: reference: Endolysosome # , https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endonuclease/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endonuclease/ 2022-08-09: reference: Endonuclease # Cas9 is one such example. They cleave phosphodiester bonds in the polynucleotide chain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endorphin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endorphin/ 2022-04-07: reference: Endorphins # α-, [[β-Endorphin]] and γ-endorphins. All preferentially bind to [[μ-Opioid Receptor]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endosome/ 22-05-27: reference: Endosome # As the name suggests, they mediate the end steps of endocytosis. Acidification reverts it to its early (permeable) state? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endotoxin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endotoxin/ links: [[Gut]] reference: https://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/11/29/ray-peat-phd-on-endotoxin/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/endotoxin-free-radicals-and-inflammation-kmud-july-2009.12380/#post-168038 4-12-2021 Endotoxin # AKA lipopolysaccharides. Causes [[Insulin Resistance]]. While saturated fat increases serum endotoxin, it’s already bound to fat and ready to be easily detoxified by the liver. Prevents [[Slow-wave sleep|deep sleep]] by increasing [[Quinolinic Acid (QA)]] LPS induces dopamine depletion and iron accumulation in substantia nigra in rat models of Parkinson’s disease Reduced density of TH-positive cells https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endurance/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Endurance/ links: reference: 8-19-2021 Endurance # Why cardio is a meme: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/get-rid-of-gyno-man-boobs.17120/post-437438 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enkephalin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enkephalin/ 2022-03-02: reference: Enkephalin # [[Neuropeptide]] which binds to [[δ-Opioid Receptor]]s and [[μ-Opioid Receptor]]s. Dopamine # Inhibits [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] in the [[Tuberoinfundibular Pathway]] R Pro-[[D2]]: Dopamine receptor gene expression by enkephalin neurons in rat forebrain Mu opioid receptor involvement in enkephalin activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area [[μ-Opioid Receptor]], perhaps the μ-1 isoreceptor - mediates a portion of the activation of A10 dopamine neurons previously demonstrated with mixed mu and delta opioid agonists. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enkephalinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enkephalinase/ 2023-06-20: Enkephalinase # Degrades [[Enkephalin]] of course. The weak and short-lasting biological activity of enkephalins can be ascribed to their rapid metabolism. - Includes: Aminopeptidase N (APN) Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) Leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme]] Coupling Neurogenetics (GARS™) and a Nutrigenomic Based Dopaminergic Agonist to Treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Targeting Polymorphic Reward Genes for Carbohydrate Addiction Algorithms (2015) carbohydrate addiction lmaoo. Anyways, https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eNMDAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eNMDAR/ 2022-05-01: reference: [[@Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways (2002)]] [[@The Role of the Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapse in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (Rudy et al)]] Extrasynaptic [[NMDAR]] # Specifically, they are found on the spine neck, dendritic shaft, or soma. They require much higher glutamate concentration than typical sNMDAR. However, they may be adjacent to glia, resulting in their activation if they release glutamate. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eNOS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/eNOS/ 2022-06-26: reference: eNOS (Endothelial [[NOS]]) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enterocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enterocyte/ 2022-04-17: reference: Enterocyte # They line the inner surface of the [[Small Intestine]] and [[Large Intestine]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Entorhinal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Entorhinal-Cortex/ 2022-04-26: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Entorhinal Cortex # The main input and output between the [[Hippocampus]] and the neocortex/rest of the subcortical areas (notably associational, perirhinal, and papahippocampal). The information coming to the hippocampus from both the poly- and unimodal association cortices, converge in the EC. *EC as a whole, therefore, receives highly processed input from every sensory modality, as well as input relating to ongoing cognitive processes, though it should be stressed that, within EC, this information remains at least partially segregated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enzyme/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Enzyme/ links: reference: Also see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification 5-2-2021 Enzymes # (I think when it comes to enzymes and similar structures, I probably won’t link ’enzymes’ for enzymes that are part of families or superfamilies that have already been linked to it; ie MAO and MAO-B and MAO-A. Not sure though. Some of that stuff is just cosmetic.) Obviously there are thousands but the subdivisions are something like this: Oxidoreductases Dehydrogenases Transferases Phosphotransferases [[Kinase]]s Protein kinases [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]]s . https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EPA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/EPA/ 2022-02-08 links: [[PUFA]] reference: EPA # 20:5 [[Omega-3]]. Precursor for [[Prostaglandin]] 3. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epitalon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epitalon/ 2022-07-10: reference: Epitalon # Extracted from bovine [[Pineal Gland]]! Increases [[Telomerase]] activity Na-Epitalon is vastly superior. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epitestosterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epitestosterone/ links: reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15411169 Ratio of T:ET was significantly greater in those with [[Hair Loss]]. 11-13-2021 Epitestosterone (Isotestosterone/ 17α-testosterone/androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one) # Antagonist of the [[Androgen Receptor]]. [[5-AR]] inhibitor, accompanied by the reduction of the inhibitor epiteosterone to epidihydrotestosterone. Not even sure how it’s synthesized, but it’s independent of testosterone. ~50% of production is in the testes. Accumulates in mammary cyst fluid and in the prostate. High in young males, but ~1:1 ratio in adults. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epobis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Epobis/ 2022-05-02: [[Nootropics]] reference: Epobis # Epobis is a Nonerythropoietic and Neuroprotective Agonist of the Erythropoietin Receptor with Anti-Inflammatory and Memory Enhancing Effects A new agonist of the erythropoietin receptor, Epobis, induces neurite outgrowth and promotes neuronal survival Supplementation # Nasal spray/injection. .5mg daily or every other day. Long half-life so can be taken weekly too https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ergothioneine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ergothioneine/ 2024-02-24: Ergothioneine # Porcini [[Mushrooms]] (Boletus edulis) (which are apparently delicious) powder is one of the best food sources (7mg/g). Helios has it for $36.5/g You need to make sure it’s high-quality if it’s a powder. JC recommends Mushroom House You can also get marinated porcinis. They sell them at polish markets, or just on amazon for $15 a jar. Pickled foods never really spoil, though they do degrade Water-soluble, so boiling probably won’t degrade it too much They’re also mushrooms with one of the highest [[Vitamin D]] content. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK/ 2022-04-12: [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] reference: ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) # Sometimes, as ‘classical MAPK’ it is synonymous with [[MAPK]], since ERK was the first to be discovered. Subtypes (make it even more confusing af): MAPK3 (aka [[ERK1]]) & MAPK1 (aka [[ERK2]]) Activated by [[Protein Kinase A]], I believe. Inhibited by PP1 and PP2A. Making new connections: role of ERK/MAP kinase signaling in neuronal plasticity PKA->Rap1->Raf->MEK>ERK->[[S6K]]->[[CREB]] (ERK/p38 itself does not directly phosphorlyate CREB R) And CaM->RasRafMEK->… https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK1/ 2022-05-19: reference: ERK1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERK2/ 2022-04-20: reference: ERK2 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERR%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERR%CE%B1/ 2022-08-25: reference: ERRα (Estrogen-related receptor ) # [[Interferon-γ|IFN-γ]] -> [[PGC-1α]]/[[PGC-1β]] -> [[ERRα]] -> The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) functions in PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)-induced mitochondrial biogenesis Inhibition of ERRα compromises the ability of PGC-1α to induce the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and to increase mitochondrial DNA content. The ERRα-regulated genes described here have been reported to be expressed at reduced levels in humans that are [[Insulin Resistance|insulin-resistant]]. Nuclear receptor ERRα and coactivator PGC-1β are effectors of IFN-γ-induced host defense Agonize with SLU-PP-332. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERR%CE%B3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ERR%CE%B3/ 2022-08-25: reference: ERRγ # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythrocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythrocyte/ 2022-03-05: reference: Erythrocyte # (ἐρυθός, ‘red’) They’re composed like typical cells, with a lipid biplayer. Hematocrit = vol% of red blood cels. In males it’s 40.7-50.3%. Their outer [[Membrane]] contains almost all choline-containing head group lipids, while the inner contains those with amino groups (PE/PS.) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythropoietin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythropoietin-Receptor/ 2022-05-02: reference: Erythropoietin Receptor # [[Cytokine]] receptor. Promotes proliferation and rescue of [[Erythrocyte]] progenitors from apoptosis. EPOR normally forms a dimer like typical RTKs. EPOR (monomeric) Forms a heterotrimer with β common receptor. Erythropoietin: a candidate compound for neuroprotection in schizophrenia [[Erythropoietin Receptor]]s are densely expressed in the [[Hippocampus]] and cortex of those with [[Schizophrenia]], but much less in control: especially the glia: wtf? Considering the title of the study it is presumed to be a defensive mechanism Conditioned taste aversion: tests association of novel taste stimulus with illness. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythropoietin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Erythropoietin/ 2022-05-02: reference: Erythropoietin # (Be not afraid. Most of these notes are on efficacy for cognitive enhancement and not much mechanisms. I can wave through all of this without getting too caught up.) General # Induction of erythropoiesis is dependent on increasing [[Frataxin]]. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by frataxin deficiency is associated with cellular senescence and abnormal calcium metabolism Erythropoietin and Friedreich Ataxia: Time for a Reappraisal? Upregulates [[FGF21]]. [[Erythropoietin Receptor]] knockout mice are obesogenic and insulin resistant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ER%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ER%CE%B1/ 2021-12-16 links: [[Estrogen Receptor]] reference: ERα # Raloxifene increases prefrontal activity during emotional inhibition in schizophrenia based on estrogen receptor genotype https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ER%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ER%CE%B2/ 2021-11-19 links: [[Estrogen Receptor]] reference: ERβ # Opposes the effects of [[ERα]] in reproductive tissue. Tumor suppressor. Neuropreotective; important for [[Neuroplasticity]]. Variations change [[Hippocampus]] dendritic architecture. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ester/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ester/ links: reference: 5-31-2021 Ester # Derived from replacing one hydroxyl (-OH) group in an acid with an alkyl (-O-) group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estradiol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estradiol/ links: [[Estrogen]] [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] [[Neurosteroid]] reference: http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/estrogen-age-stress.shtml 4-11-2021 Estradiol # Estradiol: 21.8-30.11 pg/mL is a good, low range. Most common type of estrogen, followed by estriol and estrone. (4/12 I got 30.9) Concentration in tissues can be 50x higher than in plasma. Decreases [[DAO]] activity R Sensitizes [[mGluR5]], which makes [[Cocaine]] much more euphoric for women. R Stimulates [[Cortisol]] production http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/estrogen-age-stress.shtml Adrenal glands from a patient with ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome, whose symptoms worsened during pregnancy and oral contraceptive use, were cultured in different concentrations of estradiol. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estriol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estriol/ links: [[Estrogen]] reference: 4-22-2021 Estriol (E3) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrogen-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrogen-Receptor/ links: reference: 11-8-2021 Estrogen Receptor # Two classes: ERα and [[ERβ]] (nuclear receptors), and [[GPER]]. Then there are the estrogen-related receptors, which includes [[ERRα]], ERRβ and [[ERRγ]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrogen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrogen/ 4-11-2021 links: [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] reference: [[@Regulation of Arcuate Nucleus Synaptology by Estrogen (Leedom et al. 1994)]] [[@Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and estrone sulfate reduce GABA-recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Steffensten et al. 2006)]] Estrogen # oestrus () = mad impulse; frenzy Can make the bladder more irritable, giving a diuretic effect. This can be attenuated with antihistamines like aspirin, vitamin D, or thyroid, which will reactive the anti-diuretic hormone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Estrone/ links: [[Estrogen]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/01/08/how-to-interpret-your-testosterone-blood-test-results-in-order-to-focus-on-whats-most-important/ 4-22-2021 Estrone (E1) # Concentration in tissues can be 9x higher than in plasma. Estrone sulfate is one of the best ways to measure long term estrogenic activity in the body. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ethanol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ethanol/ 2022-02-18 links: reference: Ethanol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Etifoxine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Etifoxine/ 2022-08-06: reference: Etifoxine # [[GABA-A]] modulator and stimulator of neurosteroids ([[TSPO]] agonist) It has multiple effects. Might be hepatotoxic/straining but Swiss says it’s cap and had no effect on liver enzymes for a whole year of usage. Always dosed with melatonin, because somehow that mitigates it. Maybe just antioxidant reasons. The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug etifoxine causes a rapid, receptor-independent stimulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis *Exposure of frog hypothalamic explants to graded concentrations of etifoxine produced a dose-dependent increase in the biosynthesis of [[17α-Hydroxypregnenolone]], [[DHEA]], [[Progesterone]] and tetrahydroprogesterone, associated with a decrease in the production of [[5α-DHP]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Excitotoxicity/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Excitotoxicity/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 Excitotoxicity # The limitation of energy production in cells can lead to excitotoxic death. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Executive-Network/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Executive-Network/ 2022-03-18 reference: Executive Network//[[Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory||Frontoparietal]] network # As opposed to [[Default Mode Network]]. [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex]] + posterior [[Parietal Lobe|parietal cortex]]: Cognitive enhancement: Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on latent memory and resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults Decreased negative connectivity between right prefrontal and medial parietal but also between medial temporal lobe and visual brain regions predicted stimulant-induced latent memory enhancement. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exercise/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exercise/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2019/06/09/43-ways-to-lower-cortisol-that-work/ 4-21-2021 Exercise # ‘Exercise’ broadly, as a concept, I guess. This isn’t the personal [[Fitness]] page. Weight training increases dopamine, BDNF, beta-endorphins, amongst other things. Is also anixolytic, and decreases resting cortisol R R BDNF (I)rising from Exercise Post-workout reduction in appetite is correlated with lactate. “This type of exercise promotes DHEA synthesis in younger/healthier people, but in older/sicklier people it has almost entirely pro-[[Glucocorticoid]] effects… do not reap health benefits while younger people do. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exocrine-Gland/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exocrine-Gland/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Exocrine Gland # One of two types of glands in the body, along with those in the [[Endocrine System]]. They secrete substances into a duct to distribute into the epithelial surface, i.e sebaceous glands, sweat glands. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exorphin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exorphin/ 2022-08-10: reference: Exorphin # Gluten exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion through opioid receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier Gluten Exorphins Promote Cell Proliferation through the Activation of Mitogenic and Pro-Survival Pathways Primarily [[δ-Opioid Receptor]] agonist. Also [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] affinity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Exosome/ 2022-09-20: Exosome # Exosomes: a common pathway for a specialized function Their molecular composition reflects their origin in endosomes as intraluminal vesicles Exosome secretion participates in the eradication of obsolete proteins but several findings, essentially in the immune system, indicate that exosomes constitute a potential mode of intercellular communication. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FAAH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FAAH/ 2022-06-30: reference: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) # Breaks down [[Anandamide]], and other similar molecules https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FADH-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FADH-1/ 2022-12-29: FADH # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FAK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FAK/ 2022-12-07: FAK # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fas/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fas/ 2022-12-09: Fas Receptor (TNFRSF6) # A DEATH RECEPTOR! Ligands include FasL (Fas ligand) and I think TNF? ‘One of two apoptosis pathways’, the other being the mitochondrial pathway. After activation it sitmulates [[Caspase]] 8, Caspase 3, etc. # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fasoracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fasoracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: 4-13-2021 Fasoracetam # Upregulates [[GABA-B]] (20mg): Definitely gave me a solid wikipedia-browsing focus. Perhaps it was just a good day, but the focus was phenomenal. Even towards the end of the night (as I write this) it feels like the comeup of an acid trip. I was not able to replicate this since.. as usual…Yeh, it’s pretty good. Supplementation # Expensive but apparently it might be easy to straight up synth https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Desaturase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Desaturase/ 2023-05-28: Fatty Acid Desaturase # Family 1: [[Δ5 Desaturase]] So like, [[Δ9 Desaturase]] counts for some reason as ‘family 1’ but it’s the SCD gene, not the FADS gene cluster. Family 2: [[Δ6 Desaturase]], Δ8 desaturase Δ12 and Δ15 in plants. Δ17 in some microorganisms. FADS2-dependent fatty acid desaturation dictates cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis and permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Oxidation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Oxidation/ links: reference: 6-3-2021 Fatty Acid Oxidation # Produces much more [[ROS]] than glucose oxidation. “During stress, free fatty acids are released from the tissues, and circulating in the bloodstream they are highly susceptible to oxidation… They contribute to the formation of the age pigment, [[Lipofuscin]], which is an oxygen-wasting substance that’s found in the atheroma plaques in the damaged blood vessels. Iron and calcium accumulation adds to the tissue damage.” Peat https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Synthase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid-Synthase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 4-23-2021 Fatty Acid Synthase # Catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. Uses [[NADPH]] as a cofactor. Knockdown of FASN using RNA interference drasticaly lowered (>100x) the amount of [[Estradiol]] required for activation of [[ERα]]-mediated transcriptional activity. FASN blockased synergistically increased E2-stimulated ERα-mediated transcriptional activity in ERα-negative breast cancer cells stably transfected with ERα, but not in ERα-negative parental cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fatty-Acid/ 2022-02-02 links: reference: Fatty Acid # Most are even-chained in carbon atoms; those that aren’t are known as odd-chained (OCFA). Short-chain: <6 - Medium-chain: 6-12 - Long-chain: 13-21 - Very-long-chain: 22+ The last carbon in a fatty acid is denoted as ω, thus the ‘ω-n’ nomenclature = ‘final carbon minus closest double bond.’ This is ALA, an omega-3, and as you can see the first double bond is at 3 when you count from the methyl group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferritin-Heavy-Chain/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferritin-Heavy-Chain/ 2022-06-15: reference: Ferritin Heavy Chain (FTH1) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferritin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferritin/ links: reference: 4-11-2021 Ferritin # Cages up to 4,500 ferric iron atoms and is up to 480 kDa. Iron is removed via reduction from ferric to ferrous. Has a ferroxidase center as well. FHC, FLC, and mitochondrial ferritin alike. FHC/FLC mRNA contain IRE. Low iron facilitates IRP1/2 mRNA binding to IRE, ferritin, and ferroportin (downregulates expression) while high iron facilitates IRP2 degredation and IRP1 conversion to [[Aconitase]], when bound to an iron-sulfur cluster. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferrochelatase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferrochelatase/ 2022-06-07: reference: Ferrochelatase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferroportin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferroportin/ 2022-05-31: reference: Ferroportin # The only iron export channel. Fe2+, so it also exports other ions including [[Manganese]], Zinc, cobalt, nickel. It is expressed in [[Enterocyte]]s, hepatocytes, adipocytes, and macrophages. In the brain: neurons astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferroptosis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ferroptosis/ 2022-06-16: reference: Ferroptosis # ==(NOT ferritinophagy but I’m gonna be annoying and alias it for now since they’re related)== Iron-driven cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid peroxides. Ferritinophagy, meanwhile, a component of ferroptosis, is the turnover of ferritin for the purpose of releasing vast amounts of iron - to commit suicide - and is the only known mechanism by which iron bound to ferritin can be released. Iron overload inhibits late stage autophagic flux leading to insulin resistance Leads to a decrease in AKT->TSC2 and Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation on autolysosomes, thereby inhibiting autophagic-lysosome regeneration. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF/ 2024-02-07: FGF (Fibroblast growth factor) # FGF1 – FGF10 bind to FGFR. FGF7 and FGF10 = Keratinocyte growth factors (KGF and KGF2 respectively) FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, FGF14 do not bind to FGFR. [[FGF15]]/19 through [[FGF23]] have systemic, hormonal effects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF15/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF15/ 2022-01-12 links: reference: FGF15/19 ([[Fibroblast]] Growth Factor 15/19) # Mainly exists in the ileum, and under circumstances liver and biliary tree. FGF5 inhibits hair growth by blocking dermal papilla activation Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders [Decreased levels of serum fibroblast growth factor-2 in children with autism spectrum disorder]( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28734240/ Binds to heparin and heparan sulfate. Induces expression of SHP (small heterodimer partner) -> inhibits bile secretion. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF2/ 2023-10-10: FGF2 # FGF1 and FGF2 stimulate angiogenesis and the proliferation of fibroblasts that give rise to granulation tissue, which fills up a wound space/cavity early in the wound-healing process https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGF21/ 2022-09-03: reference: FGF21 # Downstream of [[GCN2]] (general control nonderepressible 2), I believe. Its kinase activity is activated under conditions of amino acid deprivation, resulting in repression of general protein synthesis. Elevated GCN4 stimulates expresion of amino acid biosynthetic genes Overexpression extends lifespan Inhibits [[SREBP]]-1c. Activates UCP1. FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction The moderate essential amino acid restriction entailed by low-protein vegan diets may promote vascular health by stimulating FGF21 secretion LPVD may increase hepatic GCN2 activity, which functions as a gauge of amino acid status. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGFR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGFR/ 2022-04-28: reference: [[FGF15]]R # A family of receptor tyrosine kinases: [[FGFR1]] No RNA expression of (Fgfr1, 2, 3, 4) was detected during late catagen or telogen. Among Fgf3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, only 7 was found to be expressed in the hair follicle. Fgf7 RNA is localized to the dermal papilla during anagen, but expression is down-regulated by the late-anagen VI stage. R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGFR1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FGFR1/ 2022-05-04: reference: FGFR1 # Triggers: [[Phospholipase C]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fiber/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fiber/ 2022-08-31: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/why-is-there-so-much-soluble-fibre-in-human-breast-milk.7043/ - 1,000 posts! Fiber # [[β-Glucan]]s Cellulose Chitin Hemicellulose - found in cereals, bran, timber, legumes Hexose - wheat, barley Pentose - rye, oat Lignin Xanthan gum Resistant [[Starch]] Fructans - [[Fructose]] polymers that act like starch in some plants. Inulin Polyuronide [[Pectin]] - found in skin of fruits Alginic acids - found in algae Propylene glycol Na, K, Ca, NH4+ alginate Alginate Agar Carrageen (not [[Carrageenan]]) Raffinose - found in legumes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibroblast/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibroblast/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092867421007923 Fibroblast # A myofibroblast is a state between fibroblast and smooth muscle cell. During and after differentiation, they upregulate expression of [[Fibronectin]], [[Collagen]]s, and hyaluronic acid. EDA isoform of [[Fibronectin]] (EDA-FN), and collagen type I (COL1A1/COL1A2) are typical markers of myofibroblast-dependent synthesis of pro-fibrotic extracellular matrix [[TGF-β]] is a key factor in inducing myofibroblast differentiation. Also regulated by other cyto/chemokines and adhesion moecules like [[IL-1]] and [[Interferon-γ]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibronectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibronectin/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: Fibronectin # Binds to intracellular matrix proteins i.e. collagen. Plays a major role in cell adhesion, growth, migration, differentiation, and important for wound healing. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibrosis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fibrosis/ links: reference: 10-22-2021 Fibrosis # [[Glycine]], [[Apigenin]], [[Naringenin]], and [[Aspirin]] can stimulate fibrotic reversal https://youtu.be/E2v6W1MwKwk?t=217 Antifibrotic therapies in the [[Liver]]: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25974903/ Lactate, ammonium, nitric oxide, quinolinate, estrogen, histamine, aminolevulinate, porphyrin, UV, PUFA and endotoxin contribute to excitotoxic processes, vasodilation, angioneogenesis, and fibrosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Finasteride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Finasteride/ links: [[Drugs]] [[Hair Loss]] reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMgN6hYQgZ8 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/hair-loss-thinktank-passionate-and-or-intellectual-people.40689/post-649987 5-12-2021 Finasteride # (Irreversible) [[5-AR]] inhibitor. IC50 for II = 11nM vs 313 for Type I. (or 69 vs 360) According to discord guy: In rats, it inhibits all 3 isomers. Since 5-AR2 is only expressed in CNS but outside the brain, you see ED and other sides due to depletion there, rather than the brain where it is not found in large quantities. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fisetin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fisetin/ 2022-08-17: reference: Fisetin # [[Flavonoid]] found in strawberries. Fisetin up-regulates the expression of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the activation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1)-deacetylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) Activates [[Sirtuin]]s. Activates [[PPAR-γ]]. Promotes deacetlyation of PGC-1 and its interaction with PPAR Stimulates [[Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase]] activity. Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan JC Denton does sublingual liposomal fisetin 4 consecutive days every month, as part of a Mayo clinic protocol for senolytic effects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FKBP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FKBP/ 2022-08-04: reference: FKBP # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavanone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavanone/ 2022-07-07: reference: Flavanone # [[MAO-B]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavone/ 2022-08-24: reference: Flavone # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavonoid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavonoid/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods (2011) Flavonoid # Impact of flavonoids on thyroid function The first observation regarding their biological activities was made in the 1930s, when a compound obtained from lemon peel was shown to reduce capillary permeability by Rusznyak and Szent-Györgi. There are several proposed mechanisms of action to explain anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids, including: Antioxidative and radical scavenging activities (via chleation of divalent ions) modulation of inflammation-related cells activity (mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils) Regulation of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid ([[Phospholipase A2]], [[COX-2|COX]], [[LOX]]) and nitric oxide synthase modulation of other proinflammatory molecules production proinflammatory gene expression regulation Flavonoids function as pigments important for defense and development. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavonol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flavonol/ 2022-05-18: reference: Flavonol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flowers-of-Sulfur/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flowers-of-Sulfur/ links: [[Candida]] reference: 9-5-2021 Flowers of Sulfur # Dope name. You can try 5g/day once for 3 days. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/from-white-to-clear-how-i-transformed-my-tongue-in-only-8-days.40379/ 1 large pinch of flowers of sulfur Can also help with acne; but prolonged use can lead to sensitivity and irritation rather than soothing or whatever it does https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/from-white-to-clear-how-i-transformed-my-tongue-in-only-8-days.40379/post-641627 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/flowers-of-sulfur.5544/ There’s lots of virtues listed on the email exchanges page https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flumazenil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Flumazenil/ 2022-03-09: [[Drugs]] reference: Flumazenil # [[GABA-A]] antagonist. May treat narcolepsy and improves vigilance in hypersomnias. Perinatal upregulation of benzodiazepine receptor ontogenesis: “fearless” and more efficient goal-directed behavior of adult rat progenies the rats consumed 2.9 mg/kg/day of Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil) or 5.3 mg/kg/day of diazepam over the time period of 3 weeks, from gestation day 14 through postpartum day 14 Flumazenil group had 66% increase in the density of benzodiazepine receptors in the hippocampal formation… they rapidly habituated to the novel environment, their exploratory activity was uninhibited by distracting visual and auditory stimuli, they made fewer “working memory” errors in collecting baits, had a much better control over their emotional responses and the autonomic nervous system, as shown by very low defecation/urination scores Dose-dependent effects of flumazenil on cognition, mood, and cardio-respiratory physiology in healthy volunteers The majority of cognitive tasks showed dose-dependent declines in performance. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluoride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluoride/ 2021-12-06 links: http://exo-science.com/halogens.html Bromine is fucked, too. Avoid anything with brom- in the label. https://www.slweb.org/bibliography.html reference: Fluoride # In drinking water, it increases the uptake of [[Aluminum]]. In the US drinking water, it is not in the form of sodium fluoride, but silicofluoride, which can lead to lead accumulation. Fortunately, a good amount of it in the bloodstream is excreted by the kidneys before making it systemically. Fluoride exposure alters Ca2 signaling and mitochondrial function in enamel cells - dental fluorosis Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada Maternal Urinary Fluoride and Child Neurobehavior at Age 36 Months Fluoride exposure from infant formula and child IQ in a Canadian birth cohort 1ppm was boiled in an aluminum pan. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluoxetine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluoxetine/ 2022-07-06: Fluoxetine # Congener with [[Fluvoxamine]]. [[SSRI]] and that’s about it; no significant binding affinity elsewhere. I’ve heard [[5-HT2C]] antagonism, though. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake Title… although they potentiate pentobarbital-induced sedation and exert antiaggressive action. 50x less than pharmeceutical dose, which would ber ~54-270 μg. Hippocampal PPAR-α is a novel therapeutic target for depression and mediates the antidepressant actions of fluoxetine in mice Chronic Fluoxetine Selectively Upregulates Dopamine D1-Like Receptors in the Hippocampus *We have recently demonstrated that the SSRI fluoxetine can reverse the state of maturation of the adult [[Dentate Gyrus]] [[Granule Cell]]s and enhances serotonin 5-HT4 receptor-mediated synaptic potentiation at the synapses formed by their mossy fiber axons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluvoxamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fluvoxamine/ 2022-06-30: [[SSRI]] reference: Fluvoxamine (Luvox) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FMRP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FMRP/ 2022-11-19: FMRP/FMR1 (Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein) # Astrocyte FMRP plays an important role in shaping the neuron morphology and synaptic protein profiles. It inhibits excess protein synthesis, leading to increased branching and thus the abundance of immature spines (so maybe not necessarily ‘over-mature’ ones) Indeed it is synthesized in neurons, meaning both Gp1 mGluR are implicated. Is the transcription it not just calcium influx regulated? What’s special about mGluR? Roles of Calcium-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase and Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV in the Regulation of FMRP by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (2008) this is in the ACC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FNBP1L/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FNBP1L/ 2022-08-10: reference: FNBP1L ([[Formin]]-binding protein 1-like) # In humans, there’re 15 formins in 7 subgroups. Meanwhile, Formin-binding protein 1 contains “an N-terminal Fer/Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4) homology (FCH)”. Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L (rs236330) Although no individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected with genome-wide significance, we show that the aggregate effects of common SNPs explain 22–46% of phenotypic variation in childhood intelligence in the three largest cohorts. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Folate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Folate/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 7-3-2021 Folate (B9) # A deficiency can cause paranoia and apparently mania. Travis says [[Autism]] is a form of cerebral folate deficiency: bovine milk autoimmunity; antifolate receptor antibodies, which predictably and reliably lead to an elevation in cerebral [[Homocysteine]]—and a decrease in dNA synthesis, [[Myelin]]ation, [[Tetrahydrobiopterin]], and acetylcholine in same Can you think of anything else that can so well explain the established link between milk, autism, vaccines, folate, and birth defects? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Follistatin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Follistatin/ 2022-05-18: reference: Follistatin ([[FSH|FSH]]-inhibiting protein) # [[Myostatin]] antagonist, and inhibitor of other hormones. Systemic administration of monovalent follistatin-like 3-Fc-fusion protein increases muscle mass in mice Lack of myostatin results in excessive muscle growth but impaired force generation We report that, despite a larger muscle mass relative to age-matched wild types, there was no increase in maximum tetanic force generation, but that when expressed as a function of muscle size (specific force), muscles of myostatin-deficient mice were weaker than wild-type muscles. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Forskolin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Forskolin/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-24-2021 Forskolin # Significantly upregulates [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] and concentrations of [[cAMP]], via [[Adenosine Receptor]]s. R Its cAMP modulation can increase formation of [[Estrogen]]? R Induces upregulation and supersensitivty of [[D2]] receptors Increases [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] and dopamine in hypothalamus https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851491/ Increases [[Dopamine]] release R [[D1]] antagonism R Increases [[Luteinizing Hormone]]? This does seem to lead to an increase in testosterone Increases UCP1 (Thermogenin) and thermogenesis R Upregulates [[Acetylcholinesterase]] expression Leads to the production of the active form of hormone-sensitive lipase: HSL is directly involved in the mobilization of trigylceride stores in adipose tissues, releasing free fatty acids to be used within the body. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FOXO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FOXO/ 2022-06-02: reference: FOXO (Forkhead Box) # Transcription factors. FOXO3 mediates apoptosis and targets [[Neuropeptide Y]]. Promotes autophagy/atrophy Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) Promotes Cortical Bone Formation by Preventing β-Catenin Sequestration by FoxO Transcription Factors in Osteoblast Progenitors* Binds to [[β-Catenin]], blocking its function. [[SIRT1]] prevents this binding. AKT leads to (irreversible) phosphorylation of FOXO1, preventing nuclear translocation, whereby it is ubiquinated. Blocking this translocation incerases neuron/microglia survival during oxidative stress. Acetylation (via [[HDAC]]i I guess like CREBBP) decreases stability of FOXO1-DNA complex. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frataxin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frataxin/ 2022-05-30: reference: Frataxin # Mostly in [[Mitochondria]]. Iron chaperone/storage protein that mediates iron clustering with sulfur. Defective frataxin = Friedreich ataxia: mitochondrial iron overload, leading to [[ROS]] and sensitivity to oxiative stress. Frataxin deficiency impairs mitochondrial biogenesis in cells, mice and humans Frataxin-mediated iron delivery to ferrochelatase in the final step of heme biosynthesis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Free-Energy-Principle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Free-Energy-Principle/ 2022-04-24: [[Thermodynamics]] reference: Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jY4c2sNWUc there’s a couple cool Carhart-Harris lectures on youtube https://www.reddit.com/r/neuro/comments/qjg0yd/theories_of_consciousness_list/ 23 July 30 “Hypergraph & consciousness” by Alex Maier at 1st Qualia Structure Grant MTG, Prof Alexander Maier at Vanderbilt University . https://www.functionalnoise.com/ QRI-adjacent blog. Mostly just a guy talking about random tech stuff too though https://www.carhartharrislab.com/ http://www.iawwai.com/FractalBrains.html could be worth a read Kinda related-ish: Stephen Lehar’s Harmonic Gestalt. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Free-radicals/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Free-radicals/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 Free radicals # Molecules capable of independent existence that contain >=1 unpaired electrons. Not [[ROS]], which includes radical and non-radical. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration can raise levels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frontal-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frontal-Lobe/ (Though they are not technically synonymous) 2022-03-21: reference: Frontal Lobe # Left hemisphere: [[Working Memory]]/conentration/[[Executive Network]] function Right hemisphere: Episodic memory; social awareness https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frontopolar-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Frontopolar-Prefrontal-Cortex/ links: reference: 10-18-2021 Frontopolar Prefrontal Cortex # The anterior-most portion of the [[Prefrontal Cortex]]. Associated with a kind of non-emotional empathy; seeing others’ perspectives. Frontal pole cortex: encoding ends at the end of the endbrain https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fructose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fructose/ links: [[Carbohydrate]] [[Sugar]] reference: 4-12-2021 Fructose # Want roughly 1:1-1:3 with glucose. A real problem with the fructose hate in mainstream research is the feeding of only fructose. HFCS has a high amount of starch that isn’t accounted for on the label, that is 2-3x more caloric. So a HFCS-based soda or something with 150 calories could be >600. Not metabolized only in the liver. Bacterial fermentation of it is a real big problem. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fruit/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fruit/ 2022-02-14 links: [[Food]] reference: Fruit # Dried fruits are sometimes very high in aluminum and phytoestrogens. Dried fruit (i.e. mango) can be rehydrated overnight and will taste just as good as non-dried and apparently retain nutrients. Papayas have Papain (papaya proteinase I), an anti-inflammatory enzyme The seeds contained in fruits/berries usually release toxic compounds when chewed, so tender ones are riskiest. But others that are very small or very tough pass through without irritation so long as they aren’t chewed. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FSH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FSH/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: Testosterone supplementation lowers FSH: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6305868/ 8-17-2021 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) # Secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary. Regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive process in the body. Works together with [[Luteinizing Hormone]] to create testosterone and fertility. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fucoxanthin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fucoxanthin/ 2023-05-07: Fucoxanthin # Xanthophyll found in seaweed/kelp. Anti-obesity activity of the marine carotenoid fucoxanthin Reduces plasma and hepatic triglyceride concentrations and cholesterol uptake in the liver via downregulating [[LDL Receptor]] and SR-B1 (scavenger receptor B1) Decreases mRNA expression of FASN Inhibits IRS-1 in adipocytes Decreased mRNA expression of hepatic Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Stimulates [[UCP1]] in white adipose. This is fascinating because it’s usually not found there unless there’s some kind of stimulation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Functional-Group/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Functional-Group/ links: reference: 11-10-2021 Functional Group # A moiety, basically part of a molecule that is found in others, that allows it to undergo certain chemical reactions, regardless of the remaining molecule. Acetyl: methyl group single-bonded to a carbonyl. Amide does not require hydrogen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FXR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/FXR/ 2022-11-07: FXR (Farsenoid X Receptor) ([[Bile]] Acid Receptor) # Ligands include bile acids/bile salts, cafestol, ivermectin. In the ileum: Induces [[FGF15]]15/19 -> CYP7A1 inhibition In the liver: Induces SHP, which I think has 2 ways of inhibiting CYP7A1. Activation in diabetic mice reduces plasma glucose and improves [[Insulin Resistance|Insulin Sensitivity]]. Farnesoid X receptor: a master regulator of hepatic triglyceride and glucose homeostasis Suppresses lipogenesis and activates [[PPAR-α]] to promote FAO. Regulation of hepatic metabolic pathways by the orphan nuclear receptor SHP [[SHP]] transgenic mice see liver steatosis due to indirect activation of [[PPAR-γ]] and [[SREBP]]-1c, and direct SHP-mediated direct repression of certain target genes, obviously such as inhibition of [[CYP7A1]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fyn/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Fyn/ 2022-05-20: reference: Fyn # Tyrosine kinase. Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of NR2B Tyr-1336 controls calpain-mediated NR2B cleavage in neurons and heterologous systems Calpain-mediated NR2B cleavage is significantly attenuated by blocking NR2B phosphorylation of Tyr-1336, but not Tyr-1472, via inhibition of Src family kinase activity or decreasing Fyn levels by small interfering RNA [Fyn kinase-mediated phosphorylation of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit at Tyr1472 is essential for maintenance of neuropathic pain] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/G-protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/G-protein/ 2022-02-15 links: reference: G-protein (Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) (GTP-binding protein) # _ Heterotrimeric (“Large”) # Activated by GPCR: 18 different Gα, 5 Gβ, and 12 Gγ A heterotrimeric G protein is composed of an α protein and a Gβγ complex. When inactive, the Gα is bound to GDP. When stimulated via ligand binding, the GPCR directly undergoes conformational change, and functions as a GEF domain, which fcilitates GDP’s dissociation from Gα, which otherwise happens very slowly. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA-A/ links: [[GABA]] [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: [[@GABAergic deafferentation hypothesis of brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease; pharmacologic profile of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (Marczynski 1995)]] 11-10-2021 GABA-A # Chloride channel heteropentamer; primary target of benzodiazepines. (GABAB is metabotropic.) Structure # Subunits include α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, ε, θ, π, ρ-3 GABA-A-Rho consists entirely of ρ subunits. It’s ubiquitous but is very concentrated in the retina. The ‘[[Benzodiazepine]] receptor’ is a binding site situated between a γ and α subunit. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA-B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA-B/ 2022-03-03: reference: GABA-B # Gi-coupled [[GPCR]], unlike GABA-A, an ionotropic chloride channel. Via cAMP, it activates GIRKs and ir-[[VGCC]]s. Its two subunits, GBR1 and GBR2 dimerize. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GABA/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] reference: 4-11-2021 GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) # [[Zinc]] and [[B6]] are cofactors for GABA https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/help-with-healing-after-1-year-of-carnivore.30342/post-453451 Acts directly and as a second messenger depending on receptor type. Mostly found in the CNS, in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, retina, and olfactory bulb. Lower with: R [[Nicotine]], [[Aspirin]] (chronic salicylate treatment compensationally increases GAD and [[GABA-A]] density), [[Caffeine]] (chronic use increases GABA receptor content) [[Zinc]] inhibits [[GABA-A]] R, increases total GABA levels, and inhibits GAT R. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gabapentin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gabapentin/ 2023-10-14: Gabapentin # [[α2δ]] antagonist and agonist of [[Potassium Channel|KCNQ]]3+5. GABAergic, while [[Pregabalin|Lyrica]] somehow isn’t. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAD/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 11-10-2021 Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) # Rate-limiting enzyme that synthesizes [[GABA]] from [[Glutamate]]. Notice the [[P5P]] cofactor. Just like AADC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Galanin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Galanin/ 2023-10-21: Galanin # Human galanin: Primary structure and indentification of two molecular forms Porcine and rat galanin inhibit glucose-induced insulin secretion in rats and dogs but have no effect on insulin secretion in humans. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Galantamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Galantamine/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 10-28-2021 Galantamine # Long-acting (competitive) inhibitor of [[Acetylcholinesterase]] in the whole body. Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Potent [[PPAR-γ]] agonist?? May increase mortality? Long half-life, I think. New prodrug ‘memogain’ is coming out that’s selective for the brain, and is then metabolized therein into galantamine. This is to avoid systemic/GI sicde effects like nausea and diarrhea. Supplementation # People take 4-8mg after 4. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gamma/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gamma/ links: [[Neural Oscillations]] reference: 10-31-2021 Gamma waves # (32or40-100 Hz). Heightened perception, cognition learning, problem solving. Plays a binding role for the senses, namely visual. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ganglion/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ganglion/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Ganglion # A collection of somas in the [[Peripheral Nervous System]]. They are relay stations from which nerves branch out from - the CNS, they’re known as nuclei. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ganglioside/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ganglioside/ 2022-08-10: reference: Ganglioside # (M = monosialic, where 1, 2, 3 = its order of discovery or something: A [[Glycosphingolipid]] with 1+ [[Sialic Acid]]s linked on the sugar chain. Required synthetic genes depicted in red on the top. There are like 100 different structures but these are the most prominent (by %). The biological properties are, as you might assume, most influenced by the oligosaccharide group. 10% of the [[Brain]] lipid mass. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gap-Junction/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gap-Junction/ 2022-08-12: reference: Gap Junction # They are what forms electrical “synapses”. This isn’t just for say, long-distance communication or something - this is how multiple neurons respond and synchronize with one synaptic input and scale exponentially. Gap junctions are ~3-3.5nm. It is bridged by 1 gap junction channel and one [[Gap Junction]] in each cell. Usually you just see synapses depicted as a gap - no “connections” as much as there are just receptors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAP43/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAP43/ 2023-05-17: GAP43 (Growth-associated protein) # AKA Neuromodulin, protein F1, calmodulin-binding protein P-57, and some other stuff. Expressed at high levels in [[Axon Guidance|Growth Cone]]s during development. Null mutation = death due to axon pathfinding defects. Association of CSF GAP-43 and APOE ε4 with Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease CSF GAP-43 level was significantly increased in MCI ε4+, AD ε4- and AD ε4+ groups compared with CN ε4- or MCI ε4- group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Garlic/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Garlic/ 2022-08-17: [[Food]] reference: Garlic # I’ve heard you should ==wait 10 minutes== after crushing the garlic for the allicin to ‘activate’. Allicin is an organosulfur from garlic. Also contains [[Kaempferol]]. Garlic has around 1mg per 1g of garlic, thus a clove will have 4~18mg. Or 1 tablet of this stuff from Zhou Nutrition for 5mg per tablet, or the same from Now. Both have enteric coating to prevent breaking down in the stomach and gidinog you gas. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gasotransmitters/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gasotransmitters/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Gasotransmitters # Some of these are only exclusively known as gaseous signaling molecules. Examples are oxygen, [[CO2]], CO, [[Nitric Oxide]] (maybe even [[NOS]]), ammonia, hydrogen. Can increase strength of certain synapses via retrograde signaling. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GAT/ 2022-01-12 links: reference: GAT ([[GABA]] Transporter) # GAT1 (SLC6A1) GAT2 (SLC6A3) GAT3 (SLC6A11) Neuronal and glial localization of two GABA transporters (GAT1 and GAT3) in the rat cerebellum Both GAT1 and GAT3 were found in the neuropil but not in neuronal somata or glial cell bodies VGAT also picks up glycine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GCN2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GCN2/ 2023-05-07: [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2)) # Amino acid starvation leads to high levels of uncharged tRNA: tRNA binds to the C-terminus, which is homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetase, next to the kinase catalytic moiety. After binding, GCN2 dimerizes by going from antiparallel to parallel position, whereby it is activated, and ATP can bind and it then autophosphorylates for max kinase activity. Phosphorylates eIF-2α at Ser51, which subsequently increases the affinity for eIF2B (a GEF) to sequester eIF-2α. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GCN5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GCN5/ 2024-02-26: GCN5 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GDF11/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GDF11/ 2023-10-12: GDF11 ([[BMP]]-11) # (Growth differentiation factor 11.) Member of the [[TGF-β]] family (well, all [[BMP]]s are cytokines) Administration of rGDF11 retards the aging process in male mice via action of anti-oxidant system (2019) Able to reduce the levels of AGEs, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, and to slow down the accumulation of age-related histological markers. Significantly prevented the decrease in catalase, glutathione peroxidase and SOD activities Later, Dietary intake of GDF11 delays the onset of several biomarkers of aging in male mice through anti-oxidant system via Smad2/3 pathway (2022) Growth differentiation factor 11: a “rejuvenation factor” involved in regulation of age-related diseases Levels decline with aging; reaching about 0 at 73 [GDF11 Protein as a Geroprotector (Khavinson et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GDNF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GDNF/ links: reference: 10-18-2021 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor # Elevated endogenous GDNF induces altered dopamine signalling in mice and correlates with clinical severity in schizophrenia 2-3x GDNF = increased striatal presynaptic dopamine leading to reduction of PFC dopamine. I have heard Jarvoss say that this 2x increas is the threshold needed, and increases in GDNF lower than that may not lead to abnormalities. He may just be talking out his ass though In striatal interneurons, A2A -> cAMP -> GDNF -> activation of GDNF receptor RET in SN dopamine neurons -> Dopamine release in the dorsal striatum Leads to reduced [[Mesocortical Pathway]] dopamine innervation and dopamine signalling in the prefrontal cortex, via a yet unknown mechanism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gelatin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gelatin/ links: [[Food]] reference: 4-12-2021 Gelatin # Derived from collagen. Anti-inflammatory. Take 20-50g/day - you can have a good 1/3 of your protein intake come from gelatin/collagen. Hydrolysed collagen > Gelatin > Glycine powder. Gelatin is sedating, [[Cortisol]] lowering, and slow-digesting, while collagen is more stimulating. Gelatin improves nails, hair, skin, digestion, joints, and it is an incomplete protein - which can increase bioavailability of protein ingested with it. https://men-elite.com/2019/07/03/collagen-the-one-thing-you-need-more-of-for-muscle-growth-and-fat-loss/ God damn is this good for building [[Muscle]] in a lot of ways. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genetic-Engineering/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genetic-Engineering/ 2022-07-30: [[Genetics]] reference: https://openwetware.org/wiki/Main_Page lab procedures https://openpcr.org/ https://makezine.com/2016/07/18/arduino-powered-bioreactors-make-home-experimentation-affordable/ https://makezine.com/2017/04/11/how-to-set-up-your-own-lab/ https://yewtu.be/channel/UCV5vCi3jPJdURZwAOO_FNfQ https://biohackinfo.com/genetic-engineering/ some interesting genes for enhancement. I recognize a few and they’re definitely multifunctinoal On gods, pixies and humans: Biohacking and the genetic imaginary https://diyhpl.us/wiki/ Absolute gold mine: https://diyhpl.us/wiki/genetic-modifications/. Everything youuu need to know about [[Intelligence#Genetic Associations]] and other things in your [[Genome]] Genetic Engineering/Biohacking # A plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule (thus is not part of the genome) within a cell that can independently replicate. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genetics/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genetics/ links: reference: [Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view] https://yewtu.be/channel/UCgppXxw5o8SpghtVSj8tX-A/videos 6-12-2021 Genetics # Book Notes # Genomics is the study of complete DNA sequences of a species or an individual. Variable messages transcribed from the same gene are called splice variants. Regulatory DNA sequences (promoters and introns) that control whether and in what quantities a gene iss expressed in a given cell type. Chromosones (generally?) get progressively shorter from 1->22. Transcription: Copying a segment of DNA -> RNA -> mRNA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genistein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genistein/ 2023-04-09: Genistein # Inhibits [[EGFR]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Genome/ 2022-10-12: https://genealogical-musings.blogspot.com/2017/04/finally-gedmatch-admixture-guide.html https://dna.jameslick.com/mthap/ SelfDecode = $200 one-time cost, $10/month billed anually, $79/month for ancestry report Genome # Gonna analyze random stuff about my genome here. When sequencing is done, individual strands are mearused. Unfortunately, there doesn’t really seem to be a way to know whether an SNP means an increase or decrease in function of the gene. GEDMatch: UJ8680733 = Ancestry. CN7324912 = 23andme “combinedkit”. The 23andme V5 thing is too small They differ by less than like . https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Geranylgeraniol-GGOH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Geranylgeraniol-GGOH/ links: reference: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09168451.2015.1123612?src=recsys&journalCode=tbbb20 Increased testosterone about as much as equivalent concentrations of K2, which itself contains that GGOH, and also increased progesterone synthesis. 6-3-2021 Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) # Diterpenoid alcohol. Intermediate in the synthesis of [[Vitamin E]] and [[Vitamin K2]]. Is contained as a side-chain in K2, but not K1. Bumblebee pheromone. They may take revenge on me for consuming all their honey. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GFAP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GFAP/ 2022-09-04: reference: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) # Expressed in astrocytes. Maintains mechanical strength and cell shape or something, including during mitosis. Decreases in expression are shown in Down’s syndrome, [[Schizophrenia]], Depression, bipolar, and hepatic encephalopathy. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GHK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GHK/ 2022-02-23: [[Peptide]] [[Skin]] reference: Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) # Naturally occuring, and it declines with age. Seems it’s mostly used as GHK-Cu, a [[Copper]] tripeptide form: Compared to control, GHK-Cu treatment on wounds showed lower levels of [[TNF-α]] and [[Metalloproteinase]]s. R. In diabetic rats, showed faster wound healing and higher glutathione and ascorbic acid levels, increases synthesis of collagen and activation of [[Fibroblast]]s and [[Mast Cell]] R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ghrelin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ghrelin/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-18-2021 Ghrelin # Produced by the GI tract. Stimulates hunger and secretion of stomach acid and motility, it is released when fasting. Decreases during sleep, but nevertheless is important. Sleep deprivation lowers leptin and increases ghrelin. Stimulates [[Growth Hormone]] during sleep. Levels rise between 1:00 - 3:00AM Increases [[Aldosterone]] and [[Cortisol]]. It becomes active when [[Caprylic Acid]] is attached poststranslationally to some serine via ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Other side chains are possible, like significant amounts of C10-ghrelin being seen in mice. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginger/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginger/ 2022-04-05: reference: Ginger # [[5-HT3]] antagonist. Insane [[NGF]] inducer?? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginkgo/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginkgo/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 5-1-2021 Ginkgo Biloba # Enhances blood flow (to the testes, that is?) https://men-elite.com/2020/01/08/how-to-interpret-your-testosterone-blood-test-results-in-order-to-focus-on-whats-most-important/ Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) influences monoaminergic neurotransmission via inhibition of NE uptake, but not MAO activity after chronic treatment Inhibits NET, SERT, DAT, and in high concentrations, MAO. After 14 days, only NET is significantly decreased. Terpene Trilactones from Ginkgo biloba Are Antagonists of Cortical Glycine and GABAA Receptors (2003) Contains Bilobalide, a [[Glycine Receptor]] antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginseng/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ginseng/ 022-05-31: reference: Ginseng # So like, Panax Ginseng is the main herb, and there are 11 species. American ginseng = Panax quinquefolius. Siberian ginseng = Eleutherococcus senticosus, and is an aphrodisiac. Adaptogen with energy. [[5-HT2C]] antagonist. Mild SNRI? Good summary: https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044628/https://www.theresearchzone.com/post/panax-ginseng-for-pssd-pfs [[5-HT3]] antagonist. Inhibitory Effects of Cytosolic Ca(2+) Concentration by Ginsenoside Ro Are Dependent on Phosphorylation of IP3RI and Dephosphorylation of ERK in Human Platelets G-Ro inhibited thrombin-induced phosphorylation of ERK 2, indicating inhibition of Ca(2+) influx across plasma membrane. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLA/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: GLA (γ-Linoleic Acid) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glia/ 2022-03-12: reference: Glia # In the CNS, glia are classified into: [[Astrocyte]]s [[Oligodendrocyte]]s (PNS: Schwann Cells) [[Microglia]] - release [[Cytokine]]s. Ependymal cells. Ependeymocytes Tanycytes Choroidal epithelial cells An RNA-Sequencing Transcriptome and Splicing Database of Glia, Neurons, and Vascular Cells of the Cerebral Cortex The major cell classes of the brain differ in their developmental processes, metabolism, signaling, and function. To better understand the functions and interactions of the cell types that comprise these classes, we acutely purified representative populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, newly formed oligodendrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes from mouse cerebral cortex. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Globus-Pallidus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Globus-Pallidus/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Globus Pallidus # Part of the [[Lentiform Nucleus]] of the dorsal Striatum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLP-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLP-1/ 2022-09-03: reference: GLP-1 # Suppresses appetite. Anti-addiction; [[Semaglutide]] is full of anecdotes. Apparently agonism improves Alzheimer’s symptoms and insulin secretion, and blocks the conversion of A1->A2 astrocytes. There are all kinds of drugs like [[Semaglutide]] (Ozempic) or Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) (way more potent for weight loss) that mimic its action Peptidesciences is the source for either of them I suppose. https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/61729-glucagon-like-peptide-1-benefits/ GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: Translational systematic review and meta-analysis protocol of clinical and preclinical studies Slows down [[Gut]] transit time? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucagon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucagon/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-22-2021 Glucagon # It is the main catabolic hormone of the body. Lowers intracellular [[Glucose]]. Minireview: The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Mediating the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia Type 1 [[Insulin Resistance|Diabetes]] isn’t characteized by alpha cell destruction, but the [[Beta Cell]] destruction does cause dysfunction in alpha cell regulation. In fact it leads to hyperplasia. Hyperglucagonemia, I think. Postprandial Suppression of Glucagon Secretion Depends on Intact Pulsatile Insulin Secretion: Further Evidence for the Intraislet Insulin Hypothesis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucocerebrosidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucocerebrosidase/ 2022-07-06: reference: Glucocerebrosidase # [[Lysosome|Lysosomal]] β-Glucocerebrosidase hydrolyzes the β-glycosidic linkage of [[Glucosylceramide|Glucocerebroside]]. [[Insulin Resistance]] leads to deficits in glucocerebrosidase, causing defects in glycogen processing. The dysfunction of glucocerebrosidase leads to accumulation of ceramides/gangliosides. This leads to astrocytic swelling. Glucocerebrosidase supports the formation of the autophagesome and autophagesome formation is supported by Mtorc2 which requires insulin signalling to promote protein synthesis. its this failure of glucocerebrosidase which promotes the accumulation of ceramides and gangliosides within the brain and dysfunction of lysosomal quality https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucocorticoid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucocorticoid/ links: reference: 4-26-2021 Glucocorticoid # A class of corticosteroids. [[Cortisol]] is the most important example. Reduces inflammation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gluconeogenesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gluconeogenesis/ 2022-05-04: reference: Gluconeogenesis # The Cori cycle is a significant contributor of substrate, and increases during fasting where it can eventually reache >90%. The Cori cycle is glucose’s fate being [[Lactate Dehydrogenase]] in the muscle, but reversing when [[Lactate]] reaches the liver, back to pyruvate and to glucose, to be used again in muscle/other tissue. This is not free energy, since glycolysis produces 2 ATP but gluconeogenesis from pyruvate consumes 6 ATP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-6-Phosphatase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-6-Phosphatase/ 2022-11-16: Glucose 6-phosphatase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-6-Phosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-6-Phosphate/ 2022-05-03: reference: Glucose 6-Phosphate # After glucose enters the TCA in [[Beta Cell]]s, it catalyzes the release of insulin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-Oxidation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose-Oxidation/ links: reference: 4-29-2021 Glucose Oxidation # It is probably synonymous with [[Glycolysis]] under certain circumstances, but ‘oxidation’ is the 6th step of it. https://men-elite.com/2021/04/02/how-to-lose-fat-safely-while-peating/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8675642/ Vitamin B1, B2, B3, biotin, vitamin B5 and magnesium are essential for proper glucose oxidation. Glucose oxidation only inhibits transpotr of long-chain fatty acids into the chondria, not medium- or short-chain fatty acids - this includes MCT or [[Coconut]]. It semes that carb oxidation = carbs consumed, simple as. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucose/ links: [[Carbohydrate]] [[Sugar]] reference: 8-18-2021 Glucose # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucosylceramide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucosylceramide/ 2022-09-18: Glucosylceramide # Any cerebroside with a glucose monosaccharide head group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucuronic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucuronic-Acid/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/07/27/how-to-make-sure-you-detox-estrogen-properly/ Levels increase with age; elevated levels have been reported in diabetes and other diseases. Impairment of glucuronidation can cause organ toxicity, inflammatory disorders, and carcinogenesis. 10-23-2021 Glucuronic Acid # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucuronidation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glucuronidation/ 2021-12-20 links: reference: Glucuronidation # The metabolism of various substances in the [[Liver]], including [[Detoxification]], fatty acids, bile acids, retinoids, androgens, drugs, -corticoids, and [[Prostaglandin]]s. The transfer of the [[Glucuronic Acid]] component of [[Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid]] to a substrate. You can supplement Calcium D Glucarate to stimulate it, I think. Lokzo does this for clearing out xenoestrogens https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR1/ 2022-04-28: reference: GluR1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR2/ 2022-05-05: reference: GluR2/GluA2 # GluR2 endocytosis inhibitor peptide promotes retention of long-term memory, but suppresses acquisition in some tasks. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GluR3/ 2022-12-08: GluR3 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT/ 2022-05-02: reference: Glucose Transporter # [[GLUT1]]: Main human GLUT, including in the brain. Possibly insulin-responsive in certain cell types [[GLUT2]]: Bidirectional. Mouse beta cells. High-frequency, low-affinity. [[GLUT3]]: High-affinity. Neurons, placenta. [[GLUT4]]: Regulated by insulin. Expressed in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, neurons [[GLUT5]] GLUT8 GLUT10 GLUT12 Possibly insulin-responsive GLUT13 Wikipedia: The central role of GLUT3 in cerebral metabolism has been challenged by the Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis,[6] which proposes that [[Astrocyte]]s play the key role in the coupling of neuronal activity and cerebral glucose utilization. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT1/ 2022-06-11: reference: GLUT1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT3/ 2023-01-04: GLUT3 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT4/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 GLUT4 # The [[Insulin]]-regulated [[GLUT]]. Creatine and DHT boosts it. Liberated from vesicles via [[Protein Kinase C]] (via PI3K->[[PDK1]]/2) Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review Up to two hours after exercise, glucose uptake is in part elevated due to insulin independent mechanisms, probably involving a contraction-induced increase in the amount of GLUT4 associated with the plasma membrane and T-tubules. A single bout of exercise can increase insulin sensitivity for at least 16 h post exercise in healthy as well as NIDDM subjects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GLUT5/ 2023-09-27: GLUT5 # [[Fructose]] transporter in [[Enterocyte]]s. Also expressed in muscle, testis, kidney, adipotytes, and the brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate-Carboxypeptidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate-Carboxypeptidase/ 2023-05-11: Glutamate Carboxypeptidase/NAALDase # For this whole A. Arnsten/B. Slusher literature, see also [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex|dlPFC]], [[mGluR3]], [[Working Memory]], and a bit of [[Cortical Hierarchy]], and some [[2-PMPA]]. Coded by the gene folate hydrolase 1. Zinc metalloenzyme Catalyzes hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate ([[NAAG]]) -> glutamate + [[N-Acetylaspartate]]. For those studying neural based diseases, NAAG is one of the three most prevalent neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system Noname spammed hella studies on this on Nootopics discord for a few days straight. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate-Transporter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate-Transporter/ 2022-03-04: reference: Glutamate Transporters # GLT-1 knockout mice had impaired LTP in [[CA1]] in vitro Requirement of appropriate glutamate concentrations in the synaptic cleft for hippocampal LTP induction EAAT are dependent on an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions, VGLUTs are not. protein gene tissue distribution EAAT1 SLC1A3 astroglia AKA GLAST-1 [[EAAT2]] SLC1A2 astroglia/neurons? AKA GLT-1. mainly astroglia; mediates >90% of CNS glutamate reuptake EAAT3 SLC1A1 neurons, organs Low CNS expression. Located on dendrites and axon terminals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamate/ links:[[Neurotransmitter]] reference: 4-20-2021 Glutamate # Decreases [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] phosphorylation via activation of [[NMDAR]]s via reducing [[cAMP]] production R The problem with [[Excitotoxicity]] is that glutamate-releasing cells do not themselves die, but rather the cells which receive glutamate. So, it becomes exponentially worse. MSG is especially dangerous. Metabolism/Synthesis # Anionic form of [[Glutamate]] where it is protonated in higher/physiological pH levels. Glutamate $\ce{->[Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)][P{5}P, Taurine]}$ [[GABA]] Glutamate + ATP + Ammonia $\ce{<–>[Glutamine Synthetase][Glutaminase]}$ [[Glutamine]] + ADP + phosphate Glutamate $\ce{\begin{cases}<->[Glutamate Dehydrogenase][Vitamin B{3}] \ <->[Aminotransferase][P{5}P] \end{cases}}$ α-ketogluratate https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamine-Synthetase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamine-Synthetase/ 2022-05-20: reference: Glutamine Synthetase (Glutamate-ammonia ligase) # Glutamate + ATP + [[Ammonia]] -> [[Glutamine]] + ADP + Pi Yeah it’s not a kinase so the ATP -> ADP+Pi is weird, but peep the intermediate. Basically reversed by glutaminase (Glutamine + H2O -> Glutamate + NH3) Indeed, this definitely seems like one reason why hyperammonemia increases GABAergic tone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutamine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 5-14-2021 Glutamine # Glutamic acid + Ammonia. A major fuel for [[Hair]] growth. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione-Disulfide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione-Disulfide/ links: reference: 10-20-2021 Glutathione Disulfide (GSSG) # A disulfide derived from two [[Glutathione]] molecules - this is its oxidized form. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione-Peroxidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione-Peroxidase/ 2022-06-13: reference: Glutathione Peroxidase # 2 [[Glutathione|GSH]] + [[Hydrogen Peroxide]] -> [[Glutathione Disulfide]] + 2H2O Therefore, it inhibits [[Lipid Peroxidation]] from peroxide/hydroxyl [[Free radicals]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glutathione/ links: reference: 10-19-2021 Glutathione (γ-[[Glutamate|glutamyl]]-[[Cysteine|Cysteinyl]]-[[Glycine]]) # A tri[[Peptide]]. Its oxidized form is [[Glutathione Disulfide]], which forms a disfulfide bond between two GSHs at the thiol ($\ce{-SH}$, hence GSH, into $\ce{G-S-S-G}$.) The most abundant intracellular [[Antioxidant]]. Levels decline during aging, along with glycine and cysteine. It seems that the likely weak link in the glutathione synthesis process is not cysteine. Instead, it may be the nutrients [[B6]], [[B12]], [[Folate]], and [[Glycine]]. Chelates intracellular copper. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gluten/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gluten/ 2022-08-28: reference: Gluten # The human body produces autoantibodies in response to its consumption. I think they’re anticholinergic. I believe the [[Exorphin]]s are found within gliadin, which are highly repetitive and can yield gluten exorphin A, B, C depending on how it is cleaved. They’re then subclassified depending on amino acid length (i.e. B5) and I believe the smaller it is, the more active. https://www.thepaleomom.com/5-gene-variants-linked-to-gluten-sensitivity/ HLA-DG2.5 (rs2187668-T) (CC) CCR3 (rs6441961-T) (TC) IL21 (rs13119723-G) (AG) (rs6822844-T) (TG) MYO9B (rs2305764-G) (AA) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate/ 2022-12-08: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycerol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycerol/ 2022-01-25 links: reference: Glycerol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycine-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycine-Receptor/ 2022-07-17: reference: Glycine Receptor # There is α1-α4 and β1. Pentamer. In maturity, it becomes a 3α1-2β or 4α-1β heteromer but fetal glycine receptors are 5α2 homomers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycine/ links: reference: [[Amino Acid]] 4-16-2021 Glycine # Its R group is technically just a single hydrogen: An important non-essential amino acid. Inhibits [[Histidine]]. Contraindicated with hypercalcemia. Can slow down peristaltic movement and cause constipation. Inhibits [[Orexin]]. One thing I want to know is how you can expect it to be excitatory or inhibitory, considering it’s an agonist both of [[NMDAR]]s and [[GABA]] receptors. Increases [[5-AR]] in the brain apparently A buffer of [[Methyl Group]]s; it gets methylated when there’s excess, and doesn’t get methylated when there is too little. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycoalkaloid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycoalkaloid/ 2022-07-31: reference: Glycoalkaloid # Found in nightshades. Cytotoxic insecticides/pesticides. They form complexes with free [[Cholesterol]] in the cell membrane, causing cytotoxicity. So one might think to eat with cholesterol-rich foods, but that is usually bound in phospholipids. i.e the [[Tomato]]’s α-tomatine: or solanine in [[Potato]]es. [[Acetylcholinesterase]] inhibitors. [[Light]] exposure increases glcyoalkaloid synthesis. This is how [[Potato]]es turn green, indicating increased chlorophyll and photosynthesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycogen-Synthase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycogen-Synthase/ 2022-04-12: reference: Glycogen Synthase # Activated by [[Glucose 6-Phosphate]], or inhibited via subsequent priming via [[CK2]] and phosphorylation via [[GSK-3β]]. Regulation # Idk if these need combos or what. Site 1a: PKA Site 1b: PKA Site 2 (Ser-7): AMPK Site 2a (Ser-10): CK2 Site 3a (Ser-641): GSK-3 Site 3b (Ser-645): GSK-3 Site 3c (Ser-649): GSK-3 Site 3d (Ser-653): GSK-3 Ser-657: CK2? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycogen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycogen/ reference: 8-24-2021 Glycogen # Its equivalent in plants is [[Starch]]. It’s just a big ass chain of glucose joined by glycosidic bonds in various directions. The [[Liver]] stores ~100g but this can be boosted to 200+. Muscles is around 300, but can go over 700 if you’re muscular enough. Glycogenolysis # Via glycogen phosphorylase, it is broken down one at a time into units of glucose-1-phosphate, which is converted to [[Glucose 6-Phosphate]] via phosphoglucomutase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycolipid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycolipid/ 2022-07-06: reference: Glycolipid # [[Glycosphingolipid]]s ([[Ceramide]] and oligosaccharide) [[Cerebroside]]s (monosaccharide residue instead of oligomer) [[Glucosylceramide]], any in which the monosaccharide R group is glucose. Sulfatide (sulfated galactocerebroside) Galactocerebroside [[Ganglioside]]s (sialic acid on the oligosaccharide) Globosides Glycophosphosphingolipids Glycophsophatidylinositols Glycoglycerolipids Galactolipids Sulfolipids https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycolysis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycolysis/ links: reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUPQVg1vO0Q 4-11-2021 Glycolysis # Glycolysis takes place in the [[Cytosol]], while the citric acid cycle, which glycolysis sorta the first step of, occurs in the mitochondria. During anaerobic glycolysis (AKA erobic glycolysis) the pyruvate is ultimately fermented into [[Lactate]] (NOT lactic acid). Mitochondrial respiration is 93% more efficient than fermentation as far as energy is concerned, mainly due to CO2. Glucose + 2 [[NAD]] + 2 [[ATP]] + 2 [[Phosphate]] $\ce{->}$ 2 [[Pyruvate]] + 2 [[NADH]] + 2 $\ce{H+}$ + 4 [[ATP]] + 2 H2O https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycoside/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycoside/ 2022-08-17: reference: Glycoside # A sugar bound glycosidically bound to another functional group. Salicin Glycoside = aglycone + glycone Hesperidin = [[Hesperetin]] + rutinose ( ) [[Rutin]] = Quercetin + rutinose Quercitrin = [[Quercetin]] + rhamnose [[Naringin]] = [[Naringenin]] + rutinose https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycosphingolipid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glycosphingolipid/ 2022-08-28: reference: Glycosphingolipid # The only sugars that can bind are glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose (not typo) and sialic acid. Inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis reverses skin inflammation and hair loss in ApoE−/− mice fed western diet https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glymphatic-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glymphatic-System/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide Glymphatic System # Very funny dudebro. It uses [[Glia]] and it’s like the lymphatic system. Glymph. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyoxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyoxylase/ 2024-02-23: Glyoxylase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyphosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Glyphosphate/ 2022-08-12: reference: Glyphosphate # Glyphosate’s Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases (2013) and other studies by Samsel. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance (2013) Deficiencies in tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine and selenomethionine associated with celiac disease match glyphosate’s known depletion of these amino acids. Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence Herbicide. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GlyT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GlyT1/ 2024-02-24: GlyT1 (SLC6A9) # D-Serine and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor enhance social memory in rats Glycine Transport Inhibitors for the Treatment of Schizophrenia https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Goitrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Goitrin/ 2022-08-24: reference: Goitrin # Progoitrin, a thioglycoside, converts into goitrin via intestinal microorganisms. Gaitan E./ RPF # Sulfurated organics [[Thiocyanate]]s ($\ce{R-S-C#N}$) and isothiocyanates have been demonstrated as goitrogenic principles in plants of the Cruciferae family. Thiocyanate crosses the human placenta and may cause both goitre and neonatal hypothyroidism Thiocyanate or thiocyanate-like compounds Primarily inhibit the iodine-concentrating mechanism of the thyroid, and their goitrogenic activity can be overcome by iodine administration [Thiocyanate: a review and evaluation of the kinetics and the modes of action for thyroid hormone perturbations] Hydrophillic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Golgi/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Golgi/ 2022-08-29: reference: Golgi apparatus # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gonadin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gonadin/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/gonadin-liquid-steroid-optimizer-for-lab-r-d.15620/ https://men-elite.com/2022/04/08/feel-alpha-with-this-potent-androgen-11-keto-dht-and-dopamine-gonadin-stack/ 10-14-2021 Gonadin # I’ve never heard of any of this stuff, but it’s made for optimizing synthesis of [[Steroid]]s. Inhibits aromatase, cortisol synthesis, MAO-B, increases androgen synthesis, AR expression (due to the caprylic acid). [[GABA]]ergic and dopaminergic. Used to have phytol and squalane, which weren’t dopamienrgic or cortisol-lowering. 30x8 drops; $40 α-[[Naphthoflavone]] (aka 7,8-benzoflavone): 16mg. Replaced phytol since it’s 50x more powerful of an [[Aromatase]] inhibitor and other ergogenic effects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gonadotropin-releasing-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gonadotropin-releasing-Hormone/ links: reference: 9-21-2021 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Govadine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Govadine/ 2023-12-19: Govadine # A Tetrahydroprotoberberine (THPB). Prefrontal cortex mechanisms of the novel cognitive enhancer d-govadine *demonstrated to significantly enhance working memory and behavioural flexibility in several prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent rodent tasks. d-GOV also has high, selective affinity for dopamine (DA) [[D1]] receptors (D1DRs), and selectively potentiates DA efflux in the PFC. This unique pharmacology sets it apart from many dopaminergic drugs and likely contributes to its cognitive effects. However, it is unclear how d-GOV selectively elevates PFC DA or what the functional effects of d-GOV binding to D1DRs are in the PFC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPCR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPCR/ 2022-04-23: reference: GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) # AKA 7-transmembrane (7TM) receptors, because they pass through the membrane 7 times. Weird. Disulfide bonds stabilize the domains, or at least the first two intracellular loops. ICL-3 determines the class of G-protein that bonds. ICL-2 and C-terminus influence binding in some cases. β-arrestin binding can also just cause internalization of the receptor. The C-terminal can be [[Palmitic Acid|palmitoyl]]ated at [[Cysteine]] residues, targeting the receptor to lipid rafts. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPER/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPER/ 2022-05-19: [[GPCR]] reference: [[G-protein]] coupled [[Estrogen Receptor]] (GPER) # Agonized by estradiol/[[2-Methoxyestradiol]], [[Aldosterone]], [[Quercetin]], niacin, nicotinamide, [[Resveratrol]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPR12/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPR12/ 2022-08-12: reference: GPR12 # Advances in Neurobiology and Pharmacology of GPR12 GPR12 seems to be endogenously activated by the lysophospholipids [[Sphingosine]]-1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingosyl-phosphorylcholine (SPC) (possibly agonists). #Ankified Exogenously, GPR12 is a target for the phytocannabinoid [[CBD]]. (which is an inverse agonist) Functionally, GPR12 seems to be related to neurogenesis and neural inflammation, but its relationship with cognitive functions remains to be characterized. A Thalamic Orphan Receptor Drives Variability in Short-Term Memory We screened ~200 genetically diverse mice on a [[Working Memory]] task and identified a genetic locus on chromosome 5 that contributes to a substantial proportion (17%) of the phenotypic variance. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPR139/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GPR139/ 2022-08-14: reference: GPR139 # Antagonizes [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] The role of orphan receptor GPR139 in neuropsychiatric behavior Mice with loss experiences schizophrenia-like symptomatology that is rescued with DAR antagonist haloperidol + naltrexone. Indeed GPR139 has inhibitory actions on [[D2]] loss of GPR139 in mice results in delayed onset hyperactivity and prominent neuropsychiatric manifestations including elevated stereotypy, increased anxiety-related traits, delayed acquisition of operant responsiveness, disruption of cued fear conditioning and social interaction deficits. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Granule-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Granule-Cell/ 2022-04-30: reference: Granule Cell (B) # Characterized by just having a few dendrites and one axon, called the [[Mossy Fiber]]. Found in: The [[Cerebellum|cerebellar cotex]]’s granular layer Input from [[Mossy Fiber]]s (of the pontine nuclei/pons). Projects through the Purkinje layer into the molecular layer, then connects to dendrites of [[Purkinje Cell]], forming the image shown above depicting ‘Gcpc synapses’. It requires input from many mossy fibers, which receive much more gross sensory input. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gray-Matter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gray-Matter/ 10-18-2021: reference: Grey Matter # Contains a higher number of neurons and dendrites, contrasted with white matter which is moreso composed of axons. Neuropil is the dense tangle of axonal/dendritic branches and the synapses between them, inside the grey matter between somas. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GRIP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GRIP/ 2022-05-05: reference: GRIP # Associates with [[GluR2]] and [[GluR3]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GRK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GRK/ 2022-04-21: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6389790/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273606003774?via%3Dihub#fig1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin GRK ([[GPCR]] kinase) # GRK1: [[Rhodopsin]] kinase I guess it’s just selective for rhodopsin. GRK2: β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 The RGS-homology (RH) domain of GRK2 and GRK3 binds to heterotrimeric G protein subunits of the Gq family, but despite these RH domains being unable to act as GTPase-activating proteins like traditional RGS proteins to turn off G protein signaling, this binding reduces Gq signaling by sequestering active G proteins away from their effector proteins GRK3: β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 GRK4: Polymorphism associated with hypertension Most high expression at the mRNA level GRK5: Polymorphism associated with cardioprotection GRK6: Dopaminergic Supersensitivity in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6-Deficient Mice GRK7: Cone opsin kinase Non-visual GRKs are inhibited by [[Calmodulin]], (as opposed to recoverin) GRK2 and GRK5 phsophorlyate [[PDGF]] and [[IGF-1|IGF]] The C-terminus of [[GPCR]] contains serine/threonine residues which are phosphorlyated by GRK after Gα-GTP activates it, increase the affinity for β-[[Arrestin]] binding: Which prevents G-protein coupling and instead recruits other proteins: *Several GPCRs can signal in a G-protein independent way via the arrestin adaptor proteins (see Section 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Growth-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Growth-Hormone/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: https://benbest.com/nutrceut/GH_IGF1.html 4-24-2021 Growth Hormone (GH) # Released by the [[Pituitary Gland]]. [[Estrogen]] causes growth hormone to increase Peat Opposes [[Insulin]]. Anti-aging: increases hair growth, improves complexion Increases bone density, quality/duration of heart, kidneys, Knockout mice to not have age-related degeneration in [[Testosterone]] secretion. Transgenic overexpression of growth hormone in mice promotes significantly faster cognitive aging with 5 month old transgenic gh overexpression mice having the cognitive function of 25 month old wild type mice Spatial memory is enhanced in long-living Ames dwarf mice and maintained following kainic acid induced neurodegeneration Ames dwarf mice have no decline in cognitive function with age and live 70% longer than wild type. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GSK-3%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GSK-3%CE%B2/ 2022-04-12: reference: GSK (Glycogen synthase kinase-3) # Not exactly for glycogen - acts on >100 different proteins, including [[Glycogen Synthase]], which it inhibits. Exists as GSK-3α and GSK-3β. There is no GSK-1 or -2. Deactivated via phosphorylation at Ser9 (or Ser21 in GSK-3α): Inhibited by [[CAMK II]], [[VEGF]], [[PDGF]], Harmine, [[Lithium]], ([[Protein Kinase A|PKA]] and [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]] R). # Indeed, a lot of their effects are by proxy of inhibiting GSK, which prevents [[β-Catenin]] stabilization (and the whole complex). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GT20029/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GT20029/ 2024-09-06: GT20029 # Topical (non-permanent) androgen receptor degrader, applied once per week. Also developed by Kintor. Phase III just kicked off I think in mid 2024 It’s a PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimera). Rather than antagonizing them like [[RU-58841]], it markes them for deletion by the immune system. It does NOT go systemic for all intents and purposes. A loot of people on discord saying it’s cope/failed. Group buy for $465g and $65 for shipping. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GTP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GTP/ 2022-04-15: reference: GTP # (Compare to ATP: ) The cytosolic ratio of GTP to [[GDP]] is 10:1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GTS-21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/GTS-21/ 2022-03-02: [[Drugs]] reference: GTS-21 (DXMBA) # Partial agonist of [[α7 nAChR]]. Technically binds to [[α4β2 nAChR]] antagonizing it, but insignificant activation. Had no effect on locomotor activity in mice or dopamine turnover in rats. R Supplementation # 1.7 hour half life and really expensive. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanfacine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanfacine/ 2022-04-27: [[Nootropics]] reference: Guanfacine # ==Get some dopaminergic studies plz==. JC says it lowers mesolimbic DA for instance. How? [[α2A]] agonist Random reddit guy says it will upregulate NE in the long term. I only assume this is the point behind taking it, or else it’s used with adderall to combat physical sides like increased BP/racing heart. Increased norepinephrine in the frontal lobe. https://old.reddit.com/r/ADHD/comments/ut7mza/an_unofficial_guide_to_intuniv/?context=3 says it’s a pretty non-functional drug for weeks. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanine/ 2022-02-23: [[Purine]] reference: Guanine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanylate-Cyclase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guanylate-Cyclase/ 2023-03-12: Guanylate Cyclase # [[GTP]] -> [[cGMP]]. Soluble GC contains [[Heme]], and is activated when [[Nitric Oxide]] binds. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guarana/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Guarana/ 2023-04-01: [[Nootropics]] Guarana # Contains negligible amounts of caffeine. Contains [[Catechin|Epicatechin]] and other random antioxidants. Kind of just a different version of [[Coffee]]/caffeine. Theobromine, theophylline, tannin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gut/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gut/ links: reference: Check out Gut and Physiology Syndrome, by Natasha Campbell-McBride, MD. https://selfhacked.com/blog/depression-genetics-gut-microbes-inflammation/ maybe good not sure All gut bacteria is dangerous, their endotoxin drives liver cancer; antibiotics can cure. (obviously Haidut) 4-12-2021 Gut # Not sure what the best test for the microbiome is, but uBiome is one Hypoglycemia causes intestinal inflammation. Undigested food at night can make this a problem, especially when one considers the fact that gut inflammation prevents deep sleep. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gyno/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Gyno/ links: reference: 8-28-2021 Gyno # https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/ Estrogen promotes ductal growth (probably makes it pointy) while progesterone promotes alveolar differentiation (which only occurs in females?) which I think is basically what “gyno tissue” is. https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gynecomastia_pathophysiology Alveolar glands are the milk-proucing glands; “Progesterone has minimal effects in breast development without concominant anterior pituitary hormones.” Maximal cell proliferation in the luteal phase when P4 is high and E is low “Prolonged treatment of dogs with progestogens, such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or with proligestone, caused increased GH and IGF-1 levels, suggesting that progesterone may also have an effect on GH secretion. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H1/ links: [[Histamine]] reference: 9-18-2021 Histamine H1 Receptor # Gq excitatory. Ileum contraction, modulates circadian cycle, itching, sytemic [[Vasodilation]], bronchoconstriction. Some random H1 antagonists are diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, clemastine, rupatadine. Cocaine-Like Neurochemical Effects of Antihistaminic Medications Intravenous diphenhydramine (1.0–3.0 mg/kg), (+)- and (−)-chlorpheniramine (1.0–5.6 mg/kg), but not triprolidine (1.0–3.0 mg/kg) elicited a cocaine-like pattern of stimulation of DA transmission, with larger effects in the NAc shell than core. The absence of stereospecific effects with chlorpheniramine enantiomers, along with the lack of an effect with triprolidine suggest that the effects on DA transmission were not related to H1 receptor antagonism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H2/ links: [[Histamine]] [[GPCR]] reference: 9-20-2021 H2 (Gαs) # Speed up sinus rhythm, Stimulation of gastric acid secretion, Smooth muscle relaxation, Inhibit antibody synthesis, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production Activation of H2 releases serotonin and acetylcholine and inhibits release of GABA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H3/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Histamine]] [[GPCR]] reference: https://mybiohack.com/blog/histamine-h3r-receptor-agonists-genetics-antagonists H3 # Gi-coupled presynaptic autoreceptors. Found exclusively in CNS/PNS cells. Binding levels: Pars Reticula Nucleus accumbens Striatum Globus pallidus Pars Compacta Substantia Nigra mRNA signal intensity: Striatum Nucleus accumbens Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra Globus pallidus Decreases [[Acetylcholine]] (and increases AChE), [[Serotonin]] and [[Adrenaline]] neurotransmitter release in CNS. Central Histamine Boosts Perirhinal Cortex Activity and Restores Forgotten Object Memories H3 inverse agonist enhances memory retrieval in humans New procognitive enhancers acting at the histamine H3 and AMPA receptors reverse natural forgetting in mice: comparisons with donepezil and memantine in the object recognition task Drugs are called S3809 and S47445 respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/H4/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Histamine]] reference: H4 # Gi. Mediate mast cell chemotaxis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HA-FGL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HA-FGL/ links: [[Nootropics]] [[Neuropeptide]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/DrugNerds/comments/hydv2u/hafgl/ https://sci-hub.st/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168365919303426 11-14-2021 HA-FGL # Agonizes [[FGFR1]] and 2, and a concomitant increase in [[NCAM]]. It’s derived from NCAM. FGFR -> PLC -> PKC -> mediates AMPAR membrane insertion. PLC -> very marked influx of Ca2+ -> Apoptosis such that standard use every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks utterly destroyed half of the brain volume of mice despite their memory improving. WHAT THE FUCK? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hair-Loss/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hair-Loss/ links: reference: Saving my progress: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/hair-loss-thinktank-passionate-and-or-intellectual-people.40689/page-4 - https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/hair-loss-thinktank-passionate-and-or-intellectual-people.40689/post-649987 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMgN6hYQgZ8 To read: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/anyone-here-stopped-their-hairloss.19225/ Random oils If Calcification Is The Root Of Hair Loss - How To Reverse It? (Magnesium , D, A, K2, Potassium) (Taylor, 2008) Big head? Bald head! Skull expansion: alternative model for the primary mechanism of AGA https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/capilia-longa-for-hair-growth-derived-from-turmeric.25450/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/its-not-dht-its-a-metabolite-for-mpb.26672/ Topical Pirfenidone - The real answer to inflammation and fibrosis … https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/is-hairloss-mainly-a-growth-hormone-issue.40661/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/scalp-progesterone-for-hair-loss-experiment.5833/ - 89 page megathread https://folliclethought.com/updates/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/why-i-regret-giving-hair-loss-advice-and-a-major-breakthrough.19046/ [[Sebum]] 5-12-2021 [[Hair]] Loss # “The hair follicle itself is a complicated mini-organ that stands to be negatively affected by even subtle shifts in the efficiency with which energy is generated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Harmine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Harmine/ 2023-10-27: Harmine # Protective effect of harmaline and harmalol against dopamine- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative damage of brain mitochondria and synaptosomes, and viability loss of PC12 cells https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HCN/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HCN/ 2023-03-18: HCN (Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channel) # The pacemaker channel, making pacemaker currents. Opens by hyperpolarization and cAMP/cGMP/cCMP. It’s permeable to Na+ and K+, Thus it’s a $K_v$ [[Potassium Channel]], and a CNG (cyclic nucleotide-gated) channel. Wikipedia says they’re constitutively open at voltages near resting membrane potential? Four subunits with 6 domains, which form: a voltage sensor, cyclic nueleotide-binding domain (CNBD) in the C-terminus, and a region carrying the “GYG triplet signature of [[Potassium Channel|K+-permeable channel]]s,” All 3 nucleotides are potent agonists but there’s some specificity among the subtypes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: https://old.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/596gbi/i_wrote_an_article_on_hdac_inhibitors_geared/ 10-18-2021 Histone Deacetylase # Remove acetyl groups from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone, which allows [[DNA]] to wrap more tightly. Hyperacetylated chromatin (euchromatin) is transcriptionally active, and hypoacetylated chromatin is silent. This is a posttranslational modification, altering the chromatin structure such that it increases accessibility for transcriptional regulatory proteins. Subtypes: I: HDAC1-3, 8. IIA: HDAC4, 5, 7, 9 IIB: HDAC6, HDAC10 III: The [[Sirtuin]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC1/ 2023-10-19: HDAC1 # Represses GDNF https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDAC3/ 2024-11-22: HDAC3 # Apparently a huge regulator of [[Latent Inhibition]]. Activate with sodium butyrate. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HDL/ links: [[Serum Cholesterol]] reference: 6-28-2021 HDL # [[HDL]] (as well as VLDL and chylomicrons) carries cholesterol to the liver from the periphery. It binds (bacterial) [[Endotoxin]]s, alcohol, and breakdown products of PUFAs that have reached the bloodstream. According to some studies, all these things end up increasing HDL, which means it may not be a very good sign; I believe it is associated with all-cause mortality. [[Niacin]] increases it via inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heart/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heart/ links: reference: 9-4-2021 Heart # Contains high levels of [[Testosterone]] to prevent catabolism of cardiac muscle under the influence of cortisol. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heat-Shock-Protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heat-Shock-Protein/ 2022-09-03: reference: Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) # Released not only from heat stress but also cold, UV, and during wound healing. Induced by heat shock factor. Hsp72 AKA HSPA1A HSP105 prevents depression-like behavior by increasing hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in mice https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hedgehog/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hedgehog/ 2022-12-31: Hedgehog # Something cool is how it’s implicated in digit Development. Hedgehog signalling https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heme-Oxygenase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heme-Oxygenase/ 2022-05-31: reference: Heme Oxygenase # Located in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus, and membrane. Busts [[Heme]] down to ferrous iron + biliverdin, which is converted to [[Bilirubin]]. I think Pax is pro-heme oxygenase. Protective role of microglial HO-1 blockade in aging: Implication of iron metabolism Since HO produces free iron, it’s naughty. It is activated by [[Endotoxin]]. Results in increase of iron deposits, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, cognitive decline, etc. The sinister face of heme oxygenase-1 in brain aging and disease By converting pro-oxidant heme to the antioxidants, biliverdin and bilirubin, HO-1/biliverdin reductase may help restore a more favorable tissue redox microenvironment. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heme/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Heme/ 2022-06-04: reference: Heme # Iron bound to a porphyrin ring. Much more bioavailable than iron found in plants. [[Ferrochelatase]] complexes with [[Mfrn1]]. It contains two 2Fe-S moieties. Let’s just say I’m not remembering any of that shit. The last part regarding [[Heme Oxygenase]] is nice though: biliverdin and (-> biliverdin reductase) [[Bilirubin]] are free radical scavengers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hemoglobin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hemoglobin/ 2021-11-21 links: reference: Hemoglobin # A metalloprotein in red blood cells. Transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, as well as ~25% of the total [[CO2]], as carbaminohemoglobin. Marine animals use hemocyanin, which is based off [[Copper]] instead of iron. It’s blue when oxygenated! Also carries [[Nitric Oxide]]. 96% of [[Erythrocyte]] dry content by weight. Haldane effect: Oxygenation/high pH of blood in the lungs displaces CO2, increasing its removal and reducing its affinity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hepatocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hepatocyte/ 2022-03-31: [[Liver]] reference: Hepatocyte # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hepcidin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hepcidin/ 2022-05-30: reference: Hepcidin # Gene: HAMP It is released by the liver when iron stores are high. Binds to - inhibits - [[Ferroportin]], causing it to internalize in complex with hepcidin (and degrade, via lysosome/ubiquitin). So basically, it reduces iron release into plasma, but also [[Enterocyte]] absorption (does that retention fuck up the GI? I reckon it does) where tf does the iron go? Does that lysososmal degradation have something to do with ’endolysosomal deacidification'? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hephaestin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hephaestin/ 2022-05-31: reference: Hephaestin # [[Copper]]-dependent ferroxidase (like [[Ceruloplasmin]]) (Fe2+->Fe3+ with Cu2+->Cu+) expressed in [[Enterocyte]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hesperetin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hesperetin/ 2022-08-07: reference: Hesperetin # [[Flavanone]]. Hesperidin is found in [[Orange]] juice for the most part. ( https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/89600-the-remarkable-antidepressent-nootropic-properties-of-grapefruit/) Inhibits [[5-HT2C]], activates [[Ghrelin]]. Hesperetin Inhibits Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction by Regulating the Fyn/Rho-Kinase Pathway Comparative study of the vasorelaxant activity, superoxide-scavenging ability and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-inhibitory effects of hesperetin and hesperidin Hesperidin was pretty useless - although it inhibited basal and [[cGMP]]-activated [[PDE2]] isolated from platelets (IC50 values of 32±4 μM and 137±34 μM respectively). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hexarelin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hexarelin/ 2022-03-06: [[Peptide]] reference: Hexarelin (Examorelin) (EP-23905) (MF-6003) # Agonist of the [[Ghrelin]]/[[Growth Hormone]] secretagogue receptor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hexokinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hexokinase/ 2022-05-02: reference: Hexokinase # Phosphorylates [[Glucose]] into [[Glucose 6-Phosphate]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIF-1%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIF-1%CE%B1/ 2022-05-04: reference: HIF-1 (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1) # Under normoxia, it binds to pVHL (Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor) and is ubuquinated->degraded. Under [[Hypoxia]], pVHL is bound to [[Nitric Oxide]] and HIF-1α induces expression of genes like [[VEGF]], via p300/CBP. Reciprocal Regulation between the Circadian Clock and Hypoxia Signaling at the Genome Level in Mammals https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIF-2%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIF-2%CE%B1/ 2022-06-04: reference: HIF-2α # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hippocampus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hippocampus/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-4-2021 Hippocampus # Required for the reactivation of recent memories of 15 seconds to 2 years (bit of a broad definition of “recent”), but not remote memories of >2 years, or immediate (0-15s). Circuits # Trisynaptic circuit (literally consisting of 3 synapses) = DG (mossy fibers)→CA3 (Schaffer collaterals)→CA1. Pattern separation, pattern completion, and then an integration. But I don’t get it, exactly. It’s not a linear change of events like one may assume. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine-Intolerance/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine-Intolerance/ links: [[Histamine]] reference: 4-19-2021 Histamine Intolerance # Here’s what I’m thinking: I’m somewhat hypothyroid and eat low quality conventional animal products, which leads to high estrogen, which leads to higher levels serotonin and histamine, leading to SIBO, leading to Candida. When the body fails to break down histamine; responsible are the enyzmes: [[DAO]] (in the digestive tract) Histamine N-metyhltransferase (HMT) (in the CNS). Impaired methylation can cause a deficiency, naturally. B12, C, and iron are also important. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine-Methyltransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine-Methyltransferase/ 2022-06-25: reference: Histamine Methyltransferase (HNMT) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histamine/ links: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3389384/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/studies-on-histamines-effects.34971/post-556661 4-18-2021 Histamine # [[Monoamine]]. Created from [[Histidine]] via [[Histidine Decarboxylase]] expressed in the [[Tuberomamillary Nucleus]]. Deactivated by [[Histamine Methyltransferase]]/[[MAO-B]] or [[DAO]]. Receptors: [[H1]] (Gq), [[H2]] (Gs), [[H3]] (Gi), and [[H4]] (Gi; peripheral). Peaks during the day and gets lower the deeper sleep goes. Strongly triggers the release of stomach acid/[[Bile]]. High histamine can cause hypercalcemia R Significantly increases [[DHT]] synthesis R [[Estrogen]], [[Corticotrophin-releasing hormone]], and [[Serotonin]] promote release [[Vitamin D]] and [[Vitamin C]] can lower it Excess histamine can induce acidosis R https://men-elite. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histidine-Decarboxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histidine-Decarboxylase/ 2022-06-27: reference: Histidine Decarboxylase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histidine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Histidine/ links: reference: 9-8-2021 Histidine # Higher blood levels actually inhibit [[Mast Cell]] release of histamine. Tadaho Nakamura has interesting articles on [[Histamine]] and cognition. [Oral histidine intake improves working memory through the activation of histaminergic nervous system in mice.] Binds to Fe3+ and hydroxyl radicals. Role of dietary histidine in the prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome Obese middle-aged chinese women received 2g 2x/day for 12 weeks. Average fat loss in the histidine group was 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIV/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HIV/ 2023-01-03: HIV # Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection of Human Macrophages Is Increased by Dopamine: A Bridge between HIV-Associated Neurologic Disorders and Drug Abuse Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (with drugs like Truvada, aka Tenofovir/Emtricitabine) exists and reduces your chance of giving or receiving it to 0. 100 mg of doxycycline for practically anything else. You can also wash your cock with betadine (povidone-iodine) or things like defense body wipes apparently, post-sex as an antiseptic for chlamydia, herpes, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HMG-CoA-Reductase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HMG-CoA-Reductase/ 2023-11-05: HMG-CoA Reductase # NADPH dependent. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HMG-CoA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HMG-CoA/ 2022-12-29: HMG-CoA # Statins Inhibit Rho Kinase Activity in Patients with Atherosclerosis Atorvastatin is a [[ROCK]] inhibitor? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HNE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HNE/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE/4-HNE) # A α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal (0αβUA) (lol.) Redox proteomic identification of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified brain proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: insight into the role of lipid peroxidation in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease Previously we showed that HNE-modified proteins, markers of lipid peroxidation, are elevated in MCI (mild cognitive impairment) hippocampus and inferior parietal lobule 11 HNE-modified proteins that had significantly elevated HNE levels in MCI patients compared with controls that span both brain regions: Neuropolypeptide h3, carbonyl reductase (NADPH), alpha-enolase, [[Lactate Dehydrogenase]] B, phosphoglycerate kinase, [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp70]], ATP synthase alpha chain, [[Pyruvate Kinase]], [[Actin]], elongation factor Tu, and translation initiation factor alpha. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Holy-Basil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Holy-Basil/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: http://www.ergo-log.com/holybasil.html - Made [[Testosterone]] go off the fucking scales, and plummeted [[FSH]]. 9-1-2021 Holy Basil # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homer/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homer/ 2023-07-20: Homer # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homocysteine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homocysteine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 8-18-2021 Homocysteine # An α-amino acid. A homologue of [[Cysteine]]. Converted into [[Methionine]] and vice versa VIA [[B12]], [[Folate]], or [[Trimethylglycine]]. Many other B vitamins and minerals help, but they themselves are not methyl donors. Leads to DNA damage -> [[p53]] -> [[BAX]] -> [[Caspase]]s & [[Cytochrome C]] Reduced locomotor activities, [[Dopamine]], and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA. R [[D2]] allosteric antagonist, by decreasing affinity of agonists R Inhibits muscle protein synthesis and promotes inflammation? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homovanillic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Homovanillic-Acid/ links: reference: 10-1-2021 Homovanillic Acid (HVA) # A methoxyphenol and a catechol. [[Dopamine]] metabolite, produced by consecutive action of [[MAO]] and [[COMT]] on it - in either order. Smokers have lower plasma amounts. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Honey/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Honey/ links: [[Food]] [[Glucose]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/neurological-effects-of-honey-polyphenols-and-flavonoids.14197/#post-196924 4-12-2021 Honey # Alfalfa might be good? Usually pale Analysis and quantitation of the carbohydrates in honey using high-performance liquid chromatography *At slow crystallization rate many crystals grow from the base of each crystals, forming larger star-shaped masses, which give honey a gritty texture. This type of crystal is observed in jars of liquid honey in supermarket shelves. Natural crystallization in raw honey is usually fine grained, while heated honey crystallizes slowly and is coarse grained. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hormone-sensitive-lipase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hormone-sensitive-lipase/ 2022-12-16: Hormone-sensitive lipase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hormones/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hormones/ links: reference: https://www.selftestable.com/ 4-11-2021 Hormones # There are four types: [[Peptide Hormone]]: Short chains of linked amino acids. They are made of amines, peptides, and proteins. [[Protein]]: Kind of a subtype of peptides. [[Amine]]: [[Amino Acid]] with modified groups. Those derived from [[Tyrosine]] are further divied into [[Catecholamine]] and thyroid hormones. T3/T4 are steroids. Peptides act on the [[Membrane]]. [[Steroid]]: derived from [[Cholesterol]]. Steroids act intracellularly. Excretion # Degrading enzymes, kidneys, and liver. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HPA-Axis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/HPA-Axis/ links: reference: 4-23-2021 HP(T)A Axis # [[Hypothalamus]]-[[Pituitary Gland]]-[[Adrenal Gland]]. [[Insulin]], [[Prolactin]] R and [[Leptin]] stimulate the [[HPA Axis]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Human-Equivalent-Dose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Human-Equivalent-Dose/ 2021-11-28 links: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804402/ http://clymer.altervista.org/minor/allometry.html Interpretation of Animal Dose and Human Equivalent Dose for Drug Development ?Human Equivalent Dose # HED = mg/kg / conversion factor (which is human km (standard=37)/animal km) Km = body weight $\div$ body surface area (me: ~1.9; use online calculator) = 39.2. i.e 50mg/kg x (6/39.2 = 0.15333) = 7.65mg/kg More like 6.5ish for me for rat Freebasing # Conversion constant = HCL salt molecular weight / freebase molecular weight. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Huntingtons-disease/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Huntingtons-disease/ 2022-08-28: reference: Huntington’s # Autosomal dominant disease. Begins as mood and onto motor degeneration and then dementia. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Huperzine-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Huperzine-A/ links: reference: https://looksmax.org/threads/collaborative-research-guide-framemaxxing-clavicles-ribcage-shoulders.32951/ 8-26-2021 Huperzine A # [[Somatostatin]] inhibitor. Weak [[NMDAR]] antagonist. [[Acetylcholinesterase]] inhibitor. Pro-acetylcholine (can give people synesthesia, probably through that) and dopamine. I think AChEis are good for meditation https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hyaluronic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hyaluronic-Acid/ 2022-05-22: reference: Hyaluronic Acid # There are a lot of hyaluronate receptors in the nose. Hence, [[P6|HA-P6]] and so on. 10 kilodalton. It also reduces enzymatic degredation of the bound peptide, increasing the half-life. The “500 dalton rule” is the max size of a molecule to cross the skin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hydrogen-Peroxide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hydrogen-Peroxide/ 2022-09-03: reference: Hydrogen Peroxide # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hydroxyapatite/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hydroxyapatite/ 2022-04-03: reference: Hydroxyapatite $\ce{Ca5(PO4)3OH}$ # Notice the prevalence of [[Phosphate]] though. The $\ce{OH^-}$ can be replaced by [[Fluoride]], [[Chloride]], or [[Carbonate]]. When it incorporates fluoride, it forms calcium fluoroapatite, which has crystals larger, shinier, smoother, stronger, and is more shapely than typical enamels in the [[Teeth]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoglycemia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoglycemia/ links: [[Blood Glucose]] reference: 10-25-2021 Hypoglycemia # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypothalamus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypothalamus/ links: reference: Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease Hypothalamic pregnenolone mediates recognition memory in the context of metabolic disorders 4-27-2021 Hypothalamus # Links the nervous system to the [[Endocrine System]] via the [[Pituitary Gland]]. Secretes: [[Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone]] [[Corticotrophin-releasing hormone]] Growth-hormone-releasing hormone [[Somatostatin]] [[Dopamine]], regarded as ‘prolactin-inhibiting hormone’ The [[Arcuate Nucleus]] secretes: [[Neuropeptide Y]] Bear in mind the incretins, metabolic hormones that stimulate decrease of blood glucose levels. Namely [[GLP-1]] and GIP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypothyroidism/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypothyroidism/ links: reference: 4-20-2021 Hypothyroidism # We went from diagnosing 30-40% of Americans as hypothyroid in the ‘40s to only 1-5% now because of an inaccurate test. We also went from prescribing T3:T4 in a 1:4 ratio to prescribing isolated synthetic T4. https://twitter.com/Rizzenhouse/status/1749868568374804790 Hypothyroidism is a slowed conduction along nerves; slow recovery+readiness for new response. This leads to slow reaction time and its related mental deifcits (slowed memory, perception, etc.) Plasma noradrenaline and blood pressure in hypothyroid patients: effect of gradual thyroxine treatment https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoxemia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoxemia/ links: reference: 4-12-2021 Hypoxemia # (low oxygen transport by blood) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoxia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Hypoxia/ links: reference: https://www.dannyroddy.com/weblog/lifeasawalkingaquarium 4-12-2021 Hypoxia # Low tissue oxygenation from low [[CO2]] production, stemming from sugar metabolism getting stuck at the stage of anaerobic [[Glycolysis]]. Increases the cellular accumulation of calcium. Hypoxia can increase the intracellular accumulation of calcium Resultant signaling is mediated by HIF: [[HIF-1α]], [[HIF-2α]] etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ibogaine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ibogaine/ 2022-04-27: [[Drugs]] reference: Ibogaine (12-methoxyibogamine) # Used to treat drug addiction. Also popular are non-psychedelic derivatives like 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC): or [[Tabernanthalog]]. They are [[α3β4 nAChR]] antagonists. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ibudilast/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ibudilast/ 2022-11-21: Ibudilast # http://www.lostfalco.com/the-brain-fog-two-step/ [[PDE]] inhibitor, mainly [[PDE4]] and [[PDE10]]. [[TLR4]] antagonist. One of the best brain anti-inflammation drugs around. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Idebenone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Idebenone/ 2022-11-20: Idebenone # Synthetic [[CoQ10]] analogue by Takeda. Photobiomodulation + Methylene Blue + Idebenone = Peak Mitochondrial Optimization https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/z404cd/the_synergy_between_idebenone_and_carnosic_acid/ The idebenone metabolite QS10 restores electron transfer in complex I and coenzyme Q defects Its metabolites are relevant for its ETC activity: QS10 restores respiration in C1/CoQ deficient cells without inducing mitochondrial permeability transition - unlike idebenone. Dose-effect relationship of idebenone in an experimental cerebral deficit model. Pilot study in healthy young volunteers with piracetam as reference drug Due to low lipophilicity, idebenone can inhibit [[Complex I]], generating [[Superoxide]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IDRA-21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IDRA-21/ 2022-03-06: [[Nootropics]] reference: IDRA-21 # [[AMPAR]] positive allosteric modulator. More potent than CX-516, less potent than CX-546. Supplementation # Effects last up to 48 hours after single dose. Dose: <5mg or else it is anxiogenic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGF-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGF-1/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-26-2021 IGF-1 # Hormone consisting of 70 amino acids. Produced in the [[Liver]] after being signalled by [[Growth Hormone]]. Anabolic; important for growth spurts. Some mainstream dogmas believe it is bad. Stimulates [[5-AR]] Supports hyperplasia, lowers body fat, tightens up skin, aids in repair of bones/tendons/ligaments. When fasting, lowered 43%->76%->72% 24 hours each. GH increases though. Increases AMPAR EPSP and NMDAR trafficking. Optimizing IGF-I for skeletal muscle therapeutics Strength training and [[β-Carotene]] can promote lower systemic levels of IGF-1, while stil allowing for local production of IGF-1 for [[Muscle]] building. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGF-2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGF-2/ 2022-05-29: reference: IGF-2 # It’s magic. Completely reverses age-related cognitive decline past control in transgene administration. In [[APP]] models of alzheimers, IGF2 transgene administration completely reversed cognitive dysfunction in these mice and then their cognition and dendritic outgrowth was 50% longer than control mice and had stronger cognitive functions than young wildtype mice. Strong mechanistic data supporting IGF-2 gene repeats and IQ, and [[MGF]] overexpresson and significantly slowed neural stem cell niche decline. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGFBP-3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IGFBP-3/ 2022-09-23: IGFBP-3 (IGF-binding protein 3) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IKK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IKK/ 2022-08-25: reference: IKK (IκB Kinase) # (Uses ATP) IκBα is an inhibitor of [[NF-κB]] when bound, whereby phosphorylation dissociates them allowing NF-κB to impart expression, and then IκB is ubiquinated. The inflammatory activation of IKK is ultimately dependent on activation of IKKK: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: IL-1 # Divided into [[IL-1α]] and [[IL-1β]]. mice with a genetic deletion of the type I IL-1 receptor display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning IL-1α is also known as fibroblast-activating factor (FAF), lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF), B-cell-activating factor (BAF), leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF), serum amyloid A inducer or hepatocyte-stimulating factor (HSP), catabolin, hemopoetin-1 (H-1), endogenous pyrogen (EP), and proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF). Alrighty then… Interleukin-1 beta impairs brain derived neurotrophic factor-induced signal transduction https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-10/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-10/ 2022-07-03: reference: IL-10 # Antiinflammatory; promotes tissue repair. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1%CE%B1/ 2022-07-07: reference: IL-1α # [[Calpain]] is primarily responsible for cleaving the IL-1α precursor into the mature molecule. I guess it’s just random stuff on the N-terminus, because actually IL-1 doesn’t have a signal peptide fragment. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-1%CE%B2/ 2022-01-12 links: [[Interleukin]] reference: IL-1β # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-6/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Interleukin]] reference: IL-6 # Pro-inflammatory cytokine but anti-inflammatory myokine. Initiates hypothalamus [[PGE2]] synthesis. Circadian interleukin-6 secretion and quantity and depth of sleep Duration of sleep correlated negatively with amount of IL-6 plasma. Sleep-deprived subjects had daytime oversecretion and nighttime under-secretion of IL-6, leading to somnolence but better sleep depth/quality. IL-6R # A kind of type 1 cytokine receptor. Initiates [[JAK]]-[[STAT3]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-8/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IL-8/ 2023-05-06: IL-8 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Imidazoline-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Imidazoline-Receptor/ 2022-08-28: reference: Imidazoline Receptor # I1: GPCR, likely Gq. Inhibits sodium-hydrogen antiporter and induces catechoalmine synthesizing enzymes, suggesting it may be a neurocytokine receptor? I2: Supposedly an allosteric site on [[MAO]], and another on neural [[Creatine Kinase]]. I3: Regulates [[Beta Cell]] insulin secretion; associated with $K_{ATP}$ channels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Immunoglobin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Immunoglobin/ https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Indolamines/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Indolamines/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] [[Monoamine]] reference: 5-5-2021 Indolamines # Indole compounds with an amino group. Indole actually has a fecal odor. https://www.mizubrand.com/blogs/news/the-story-of-indole-in-natural-perfumery-white-florals There are many examples, including the [[Lysergamides]]. They are synthesized via [[Tryptophan]], an indolamine metabolite. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Indolepropionamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Indolepropionamide/ 2022-08-22: reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/indolepropionic-acid Indolepropionamide # Produced by [[Tryptophan]] by the gram-positive Clostridium sporogenes in the GI. 3-indolepropionic acid shares a structural homology and has similar antioxidant properties. Its benzene on the indole is just rotated once to the left. The gut metabolite indole-3 propionate promotes nerve regeneration and repair Inhibited [[Neutrophil]] chemotaxis. Mitochondrial [[Antioxidant]]. Binds to the rate-limiting component of OP in [[Complex I]]. A novel endogenous indole protects rodent mitochondria and extends rotifer lifespan Indole propionic acid induced Ca 2+ -dependent apoptosis in Candida albicans Dosing # ~3-5mg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inferior-Temporal/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inferior-Temporal/ 2023-01-06: http://www.scholarpidia.org/article/Inferior_temporal_cortex r Inferior Temporal Cortex/Gyrus # The final stage of the ventral cortical visual system. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inner-Mitochondrial-Membrane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inner-Mitochondrial-Membrane/ 2022-11-07: Mitochondrial Inner Membrane # Potential # ΔΨm = mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). High MMP (so low H+ relative to outsdie) = good; increased glycolysis instead of fatty acid oxidation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/iNOS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/iNOS/ 2022-06-20: reference: i[[NOS]] (Inducible NOS) # Is this an apple product? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inosine/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Inosine # Protects against [[Endotoxin]] and reverses leaky [[Gut]]. https://men-elite.com/2021/06/02/how-to-protect-yourself-against-exercise-induced-endotoxin-absorption/ A potent anti-inflammatory. Increases [[ATP]] in the salvage pathway. https://raypeatforum.com/community/tags/inosine/ Supplementation # 2g daily. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol-Monophosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol-Monophosphate/ 2022-08-24: reference: [[Inositol]] Monophosphate # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol-Triphosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol-Triphosphate/ 2022-03-13: reference: Inositol Triphosphate # Glutamate activates [[mGluR1]] on [[Astrocyte]]s and induces the phospholipase-dependent accumulation of IP3 which stimulates the release of Ca2+ from IP3-sensitive internal stores. [[Calcium]]-chelating properties, which gives insight regaring the [[G-protein|Gq]]/[[Phospholipase C]] cascade. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Inositol/ links: [[Monosaccharide]] reference: 10-8-2021 Inositol # A [[Sugar]] alcohol. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insular-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insular-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-18-2021 Insular Cortex/Insula # Responsible for awareness to stimuli. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Degrading-Enzyme/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Degrading-Enzyme/ 2023-03-10: Insulin Degrading Enzyme # It has a higher affinity for [[Insulin]] than [[Amyloid β]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Receptor/ 2022-04-12: reference: [[Insulin]] Receptor # Its ‘substrates’ are ligands that mediate its effects: [[IRS-1]], [[IRS-2]], 3P and 4P. After binding, [[PI3K]] is activated and [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]] activates SNARE proteins by means of AS160, triggering translocation of [[GLUT4]] vesicles from an internalized state to be merged into the membrane, whereby glucose can enter. β-Cell Hyperplasia Induced by Hepatic Insulin Resistance: Role of a Liver-Pancreas Endocrine Axis Through Insulin Receptor A Isoform [[Liver]] IR knockout mice presented progressive hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance without liver dysfunction. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Resistance/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin-Resistance/ 2022-05-03: reference: [[Insulin]] Resistance/Sensitivity # Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia Diabetes is a risk factor for stroke. Pituitary Contents of Beta-Endorphin, Dynorphin, Substance P, Cholecystokinin and Somatostatin in Rats with Streptozotocin-lnduced Diabetes Decreased [[Substance P]] in anterior and ’neurointermediate’ lobe of the [[Pituitary Gland]]; [[Cholecystokinin]], somatostatin, dynorphin in NIL, and increased [[Dynorphin]] in anterior lobe. All these changes were reversible with [[Insulin]] treatment! [[Hemoglobin]] HgBA1c - measures average blood sugar over 2-3 month period. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Insulin/ links: reference: [[@Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence (Chow et al. 2019)]] 4-22-2021 Insulin # [[Peptide Hormone]] produced by [[Beta Cell]]s. Can aggregate into hexamers. Insulin aspartate doesn’t do this. C-peptide administration does have some actions: Reversed TBI-induced movement disabilities. Sold kinda commercially as vargapeptide. Physiological effects and therapeutic potential of proinsulin C-peptide Effects of proinsulin C-peptide on oxygen transport, uptake and utilization in insulinopenic diabetic subjects–a review C-peptide, Na+,K(+)-ATPase, and diabetes Arguments have been developed showing that the diabetes-induced decrease in Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity compromises microvascular blood flow by two mechanisms: by affecting microvascular regulation and by decreasing red blood cell deformability, which leads to an increase in blood viscosity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Integrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Integrin/ 2022-12-30: Integrin # Integrin Signaling in Cancer: Mechanotransduction, Stemness, Epithelial Plasticity, and Therapeutic Resistance 8 epic figures: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intelligence/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intelligence/ links: reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/intelligence/ Don’t sleep on this http://www.iqscorner.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence https://unexaminedglitch.com/f/why-the-mouse-runs-the-lab-and-the-psychologist-is-in-the-maze https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Biological_Psychology/Biopsychology_(OERI)_-_DRAFT_for_Review/14%3A_Intelligence_and_Cognition this seems to be a pretty high-brow book despite having ‘psychology’ in the name. Some good chapters. https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/cLr6TJj2qRrBa3Wmu/intelligence-enhancement-monthly-thread-13-oct-2023 The Biointelligence Explosion (David Pearce 2012) The Computational Boundary of a “Self”: Developmental Bioelectricity Drives Multicellularity and Scale-Free Cognition (Levin 2019) https://www.reddit.com/r/cognitiveTesting/comments/146fmpr/comprehensive_online_resources_list/ 10-25-2021 Intelligence # Savantism often has damage to the left anterior [[Temporal Lobe]]; it can be artifically replicated by disabling via TMS https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interferon-%CE%B3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interferon-%CE%B3/ 2021-12-14 links: reference: IFNγ is a Renovator of β cells Interferon Gamma # Important activator of macrophages. Cytokine produced by natural killer cells. Effects: [[STAT]]1/2, [[NF-κB]]. In experiments, administration decreased serum [[Tryptophan]] by 50% with no significant effect on other amino acids. Induces liver tryptophan dioxygenase. Possibly related is its upregulation of indolamine dioxygenase everywhere else. This increases [[Quinolinic Acid (QA)]]. Interferon-gamma is a potent inducer of catagen-like changes in cultured human anagen hair follicles Overexpression in the skin leads to [[Hair Loss]] in mice; inhibiting [[DHT]] tanks levels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interferon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interferon/ 2022-03-11: reference: Interferon # In response to viruses, cells release these signaling proteins to heighten anti-viral measures. Type I (α, β, ε, κ, ω), II (aka [[Interferon-γ]]), III. Chronic Interferon-α Decreases Dopamine 2 Receptor Binding and Striatal Dopamine Release in Association with Anhedonia-Like Behavior in Nonhuman Primates https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interleukin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interleukin/ 2022-02-01 links: [[Cytokine]] reference: Interleukins # Families include: [[IL-1]]: pro-inflammatory [[IL-1α]] and [[IL-1β]]. [[IL-2]] 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17. [[IL-4]]: anti [[IL-6]]: mixed. Along with IL-8, it’s one of the important ones for [[Muscle]] hypertrophy. From exercise, and perhaps other kinds of stimuli, it takes/produces a TNF-independent pathway. [[IL-10]]: antiinflammatory IL-12: pro IL-27: pro IL-13: Inhibits TH1 cells and [[Macrophage]] cytokine production (i.e. -1, -6, -8, -10, -12) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intermolecular-Force/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Intermolecular-Force/ 2022-03-07: reference: Intermolecular Force # Recall the pictures of the states of matter, and realize that states of matter are no more than intermolecular density. The main physical properties are its volume and shape, that is, if particles are still in contact and if they’re moving. It then follows that the stronger the intermolecular force, the higher the boiling point - and the lower the vapor pressure (measured in Pascals - N/m$^2$. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interneuron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Interneuron/ 2022-04-09: reference: Interneuron # Reductions in gabaergic inhibition reduce the activity of emotional regulation and processing of sensory information leading to “Disinhibition” Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons contribute to sensory gating, memory encoding, emotional processing, attention processes, etc. They can still express various enzymes. But so do regular neurons obviously - I think the only real distinction is their nonconnection to sensorimotor inputs. Not always inhibitory via GABA; can be inhibitory with glycine, or can be glutamateric or acetylcholinergic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iodide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iodide/ 2022-01-22 links: reference: Iodide $(\ce{I-})$ # The reduced form. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iodine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iodine/ 4-12-2021 links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] [[Antioxidant]] reference: https://files.catbox.moe/n5sz7a.pdf https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-extrathyroidal-role-of-iodine.42658/ Iodine (I2) # Adequate levels are necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism. Diatomic iodine, I2, is neutral; inorganic iodine also eists as [[Iodide]] ($\ce I^-$), hypoiodate ($\ce{I^+^1}$), iodite ($\ce{I^+^3}$), iodate ($\ce{I^+^5}$), and periodate ($\ce{I^+^7}$). All positively charged iodines sans I2 have LD50s in the range of 35-2100 mg/kg due to the antioxidant cost of reducing them to iodide. In kelp, I believe it’s iodide. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ion-Channel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ion-Channel/ links: [[Ions]] reference: https://channelpedia.epfl.ch/wiki/ionchannels/188 5-7-2021 Ion Channels # Responsible for most of the voltage in neurons. They span the membrane, allowing ions to diffuse back and forth across it. Most neurons have higher concentrations of K+ inside (greater affinity) and Na+ outside. There are: Ionotropic [[Neuroreceptors]] (ligand-gated ion channel) Lipid gated Voltage-gated channels (respond to membrane potential) For example, a voltage-gated sodium channel will respond to incoming action potentials and allow flow of Na+, resulting in further depolarization, resulting in a positive feedback loop. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ionotropic-Glutamate-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ionotropic-Glutamate-Receptor/ 2022-03-04: [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor (iGluR) # [[AMPAR]], [[Kainate Receptor]] [[NMDAR]]s, and ‘delta receptors’. They are all tetramers (four different subunits) and all follow the same ion channel kinda structure. [[@Memantine a NMDA receptor antagonist that improves memory by restoration of homeostasis in the glutamatergic system - too little activation is bad, too much is even worse (Parsons et al. 2007)]] AMPA is characterized by very fast activation/inactivation (milliseconds) kinetics and is mostly postsynaptic and impermeable to Ca2+. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ions/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_ions 5-7-2021 Ions # Mg & K are mainly intracellular ions; Na & Ca extracellular. Whem cells are excited, stressed, or de-energized, they lose Mg & K, and take up Na & Ca. Thus, blood tests for Mg & K should be low. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Irisin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Irisin/ 2022-08-12: reference: Irisin ([[Fibronectin]] type III domain-containing protein 5/FNDC5) # FNDC5 is cleaved at the C terminus to give rise to a 112-aa-long secreted hormone known as irisin. Small amoutns are synthesized in adipose tissue and the liver, but is mostly a myokine. It’s weird. It’s increased in both hyper and hypothyroidism, and in both diabetes and I believe insulin sensitivity? (considering it promotes) Irisin enhances longevity by boosting SIRT1, AMPK, autophagy and telomerase Inhibits [[Caspase 3]] The Role of PGC-1α/UCP2 Signaling in the Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise on the Brain Increases [[BDNF]], which provides negative feedback loop to FNDC5. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IRL752/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IRL752/ 2024-02-19: [[Nootropics]] IRL752 # [[α2C]] antagonist and [[5-HT7]] antagonist. (3S)‐3‐(2,3‐difluorophenyl)‐3‐methoxypyrrolidine (IRL752) —a Novel Cortical-Preferring Catecholamine Transmission- and Cognition-Promoting Agent # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Iron/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/iron-dangers.shtml 4-12-2021 Iron # The RDI is a little too high according to Peat and the Root Cause guys. Interferes with [[Vitamin E]] uptake/absorption. Competes with [[Copper]] for absorption. http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/cholesterol-longevity.shtml ““Especially when the lining of the blood vessel is too permeable, because of the influence of [[PUFA]], [[Prostaglandin]]s, [[Estrogen]], etc., the heme and iron will enter the endothelial cells, where the iron will catalyze the formation of [[Free radicals]], and the heme will be broken down by the enzyme heme oxygenase, into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide, which can contribute to the oxidative stress of the cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IRS-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/IRS-1/ 2022-05-16: reference: [[Insulin Receptor]] Substrate 1 (IRS1) # A binding site and signaling protein of the insulin receptor. It is the means by which the insulin receptor goes to active PI3K. I believe it is directyl inhibited by free fatty acids. Phosphorylation # Insulin receptor -> autophosphorylation -> intrinsic kinase -> IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, where these tyrosine residues serve as docking sites for SH2 ([[Src]] homology 2) domain-containing proteins, namely [[PI3K]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isoflavone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isoflavone/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: Isoflavone # One of the more common phytoestrogens. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isotretinoin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isotretinoin/ links: [[Retinoic Acid]] reference: 10-11-2021 Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) (Accutane) # I think it lowers [[IGF-1]] to an extreme degree (hopefully that’s temporary) considering accutane rapes the liver. [[IGF-1]] returns to normal after a few months. R Impaired locomotion and dopamine signaling in retinoid receptor mutant mice “Isotretinoin and psychopathology: a review” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637283/ Reduces [[D2]] and D1 expresion Retinoic acid finds itself in higher concentration in the [[Striatum]] and [[Nucleus Accumbens]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isoxazole-9/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Isoxazole-9/ 2022-08-17: [[Nootropics]] reference: Metamind reddit longpost: The role of Isoxazole-9 on invitro & invivo neurogenesis and cognitive enhancement Isoxazole-9 # Effects of Isx-9 and stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Experimental considerations and future perspectives It is also noteworthy that Isx-9-induced activation of endogenous neuronal gene programs is able to inhibit differentiation of neural progenitors into other cell types, even in the presence of strong gliogenic signals Isoxazole-9 reduces enhanced fear responses and retrieval in ethanol-dependent male rats Differential Effects of Isoxazole-9 on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells, Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells, and Endothelial Progenitor Cells Slightly increased the number of NSPCs and effectively induced neuronal differentiation of NSPCs. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ISRIB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ISRIB/ 2022-01-12 links: reference: https://scienceofparkinsons.com/2021/04/24/isrib/ ISRIB (Integrated [[Stress]] response inhibitor) # People develop problems with it. Some people recommend against it quite strongly due to it causing autism-like symptoms (due to GABA agonism?) People have been hospitalized from cardiovascular effects. Its purpose is to inhibit general translation (synthesis of proteins of all kinds) Basically. it converges on the phosphorylation→activation of [[eIF2α]]. So I guess the ‘Integrated stress response’ is just an abstraction in that way, but I’m sure there’s more to it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Istradefylline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Istradefylline/ 2022-12-15: Istradefylline (KW-6002) # [[A2A]] antagonist. Wikipedia mentions how this eventually leads to D2 disinhibition, and so does brenden’s anecdotes. Disrupting [[A2A]]-CB1 heterodimers will actually upregulate [[CB1]]. Weak [[CYP3A4]] inducer (in vitro)? Metabolized by CYP1A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5. Istradefylline, an adenosine A2a receptor antagonist, inhibits the CD4+ T-cell hypersecretion of IL-17A and IL-8 in humans Doesn’t even affect sleep: Istradefylline improves daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson’s disease: An open-label, 3-month study JC says it will have an additive effect on striatal dopamine and partially restoring normal frontal DA (I guess that depends on parkinson’s/excess GDNF as in the study) whereas it’s guanfacine that will really balance out striatal and frontal. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ivermectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ivermectin/ 2022-12-01: Ivermectin # Ivermectin: A Positive Allosteric Effector of the α7 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/J-147/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/J-147/ 2022-05-16: [[Drugs]] reference: J-147 # Inhibits [[ATP Synthase]] and increases [[AMPK]]. Derived from [[Curcumin]]. Upregulates [[NGF]] and Egr mRNA. Whitens skin: suppresses α-[[MSH]]-induced melanogenesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JAK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JAK/ 2022-07-03: reference: JAK # Consists of JAK1-3 and Tyk2. Its ligands are typically [[Cytokine]]s. JAK-STAT is involved in immunity, proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenesis (regulating/inhibiting), etc. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase, however, they still localize(/attach I assume) to the C-terminus of… receptors. But they are not a receptor themselves and are found in the cytosol. pSTAT then activates [[PI3K]], [[Ras]] pathway, and the proteasome @ ISRE and GAS. Increases [[p21]] expression. JAK2 has no [[Src]] domains. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JNK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JNK/ 2022-04-19: reference: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) # Stress stimulates its production. Activates [[TNF-α]]. Activation is ultimately carried out by MKK7 and MKK4. Downstream molecules that are activated by JNK include: c-Jun, [[ATF2]], ELK1, SMAD4, p53 and HSF1 JIP1-Mediated JNK Activation Negatively Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JunD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/JunD/ 2022-04-19: reference: JunD # Protects against [[p53]]-dependent senescence/apoptosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kaempferol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kaempferol/ 2022-08-17: reference: Kaempferol # [[Flavonol]], [[Phytoestrogen]], mutagen. Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between kaempferol intake and cancer. Inhibits [[Src]], [[Fatty Acid Synthase]], [[HIF-1α]], [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]], ESRRA, cMyc.but binds to [[GLUT4]] and inhibits its function. NAUGHTY!! but: The small polyphenolic molecule kaempferol increases cellular energy expenditure and thyroid hormone activation. 2-20 μM. ([[Deiodinase]] II) So other [[Flavonol]]s are looking pro-thyroid. … This indicates that the presence of an OH group at position C‐#3 negatively correlates with T4‐[[Deiodinase]] stimulating potency within the flavonol group ([[Catechin]] for example has this) 3x upregulation of [[Deiodinase]] II and dramatic increase in its half-life, making DII activity ~10x, with a concurrent 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kainate-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kainate-Receptor/ links: reference: 4-30-2021 Kainate Receptor # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kanna/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kanna/ 2022-04-30: reference: [[2022-02-04]] Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum) # Very rare. Have to go on reddit to find actual growers like from South Africa; the other stuff is just a different plant with similar alkaloids. Contains a few non-psychedelic alkaloids. Inhibits [[Acetylcholinesterase]]. VP doesn’t consider it much of an SSRI, I guess due to the dose required. Upregulates [[VMAT2]], making it a monoamine-releasing agent (MRA) - this also includes histamine and GABA. VP says the VMAT2 upregulation might only be on serotonergic neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KCNH3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KCNH3/ 2022-04-12: [[Potassium Channel]] reference: KCNH3 # Concentrated in the forebrain; only found in the [[Frontal Lobe]]. Polymorphisms in it are associated with cognitive ability and education attainment. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KCNIP3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KCNIP3/ 2022-05-20: reference: KCNIP3 (Kv-channel interacting protein 3) # AKA Calsenilin or DREAM. DREAM (Downstream Regulatory Element Antagonist Modulator) contributes to synaptic depression and contextual fear memory Overexpression impaired LTD but not LTP. Interacts with [[PSD-95]]; probably the mechanism by which it decreases NMDAR EPSC intensity. No difference in the subunits. Ca2+-binding protein that binds to the DNA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Keratin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Keratin/ 2022-02-01 links: reference: Keratin # There are 54 genes in humans. Keratins have large amounts of [[Cysteine]] (14% of human [[Hair]]), required for disulfide bridges. More flexible and elastic keratins of hair have fewer interchain disulfide bridges. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketamine/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Drugs]] reference: Ketamine # [[NMDAR]] non-competitive antagonist (at the dizocilpine site). I believe it has actions on [[5-HT2A]]. S-Ketamine # 3 to 4-fold greater affinity for the NMDA receptor. 8x more affinity for DAT inhibition. No significant affinity for σ1. Esketamine increases glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex, while arketamine decreases glucose metabolism in the brain Cube Flipper: s-ket is better for studying your own phenomenology/mixing with other things because it’s less “noisy”. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Keto-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Keto-Acid/ 2022-08-16: reference: Keto Acid # Contains a carboxyl + ketone. α, β, and γ keto acids denotes how many carbons there are between the carboxly and ketone: The α-keto acids notably include [[Pyruvate|Pyruvic acid]], oxaloacetic acid, and [[α-Ketoglutarate]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketone-Body/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketone-Body/ 2022-05-04: reference: Ketone Body # Liver-derived, there’s just 3: [[β-hydroxybutyrate]], Acetoacetate, and from its breakdown, acetone. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketotifen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ketotifen/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/ketotifen-can-reverse-pancreatic-damage-and-improve-digestion.18489/ 4-20-2021 Ketotifen # Can be helpful for the [[Histamine Intolerance]] journey. Analogue of [[Cyproheptadine]]. [[PDE4C]] agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KH176/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KH176/ 2024-02-08: KH176 (Sonlicromanol) # [[mPGES-1]] inhibitor. Mitochondrial antioxidant. In phase II clinical trials. KH176 Safeguards Mitochondrial Diseased Cells from Redox Stress-Induced Cell Death by Interacting with the Thioredoxin System/Peroxiredoxin Enzyme Machinery https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kidneys/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kidneys/ links: reference: 4-11-2021 Kidneys # Having sodium+potassium levels on the high end may inicate your kidneys are having a hard time. High (healthy) salt intake increases DA synthesis in the kidneys via upregulating dopamine-producing enzymes. You heard that right. Dopamine’s role in the kidney is to regulate salt and water excretion and prevent hypertension. R R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kinase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: http://www.kinasenet.ca/ 11-3-2021 Kinase # An enzyme which catalyzes transfer of [[Phosphate]] groups from ‘high-energy molecules’ onto a substrate. (Probs 99% of the time it’s ATP, i.e: ATP + sub. -> ADP + sub. MP) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kinesin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kinesin/ 2022-03-11: reference: Kinesin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kir2.1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kir2.1/ 2023-04-07: Kir2.1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kir6.2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kir6.2/ 2022-03-29: reference: $\color{pink}{K_{ir}6.2}$ # Lipid-gated ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Alzheimer’s disease found to be a diabetic disorder of the brain [[Pancreas]] Kir6.2 channel blockade increases [[Insulin]] signaling, decreasing blood glucose levels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kisspeptin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kisspeptin/ 2022-09-23: Kisspeptin # Ligand of GPR54 (which stimulates [[Luteinizing Hormone]].) Metastasis inhibitor. Plays a role in initiating [[Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone|GnRH]] secretion in puberty. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Klotho/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Klotho/ 2022-05-16: reference: Klotho # Κλωθώ: one of the three goddesses that controls the thread of life. Transmembrane enzyme. Binds to [[FGFR]]. [[α-Klotho]]: Brain and liver. Activates FGF23. [[β-Klotho]]: Liver. FGF15/19 & FGF21. γ-: Skin. Life extension factor klotho enhances cognition Increased serum klotho in transgenic mice increasd net NMDAR subunit, especially [[NR2B]] , and NR2B blockade abolished klotho-mediated effects (on cognition). It enhanced cognition even in young (3-4 m.) mice https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kupffer-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kupffer-Cell/ 2022-09-03: reference: Kupffer Cell # AKA stellate [[Macrophage]]s. Localized in the [[Liver]]. Naturally, an M1 phenotype can promote insulin resistance and steatosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kv1.3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kv1.3/ 2022-03-31: reference: Kv1.3 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KW-6356/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/KW-6356/ 2024-09-09: KW-6356 # [[A2A]] inverse agonist. In vitro pharmacological profile of KW-6356, a novel adenosine A2A receptor antagonist/inverse agonist https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kynurenic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kynurenic-Acid/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ 4-21-2021 Kynurenic Acid (KA) # [[NMDAR]] antagonist and [[α7 nAChR]] antagonist. Neuroprotective. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kynurenine-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Kynurenine-Pathway/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/02_16/pdf/3_02_16_article.pdf 4-21-2021 Kynurenine Pathway # Uses 95% of all the [[Tryptophan]] in the body, to make the end product [[NAD+]]. Along the way, it creates [[3-Hydroxykynurenine (3HK)]], [[Quinolinic Acid (QA)]], and [[Kynurenic Acid]]. People with low KA and/or high QA and prone to anxiety and depression. This pathway starts with indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase, which is activated by inflammation and endotoxins, which leads to a buildup of QA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lacrimation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lacrimation/ 2022-03-05: reference: Lacrimation # Emotional tears contain [[Prolactin]], [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]], and Leu-[[Enkephalin]]. [[Histamine]], as well as [[Acetylcholine]] activation (M or N) stimulates lacrimal glands. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactate-Dehydrogenase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactate-Dehydrogenase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2019/11/08/best-ways-to-reduce-exercise-induced-serotonin-and-optimize-carbon-dioxide-production/ 4-21-2021 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) # Reversibly catalyzes the conversion of [[Lactate]] to [[Pyruvate]], as it converts [[NAD+]] to [[NADH]] and back. Can be inhibited by [[B1]], [[Methylene Blue]]. On 4-12 I got 143 IU/L. Reference range 121-224. High levels more or less mean one is leaning to the side of anaerobic glycolysis. Isoenzymes # Interesting how there’s something of an inverse correlation (or whatever you call it) here. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactate/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid#Exercise_and_lactate https://www.livestrong.com/article/470283-what-is-the-difference-between-lactic-acid-lactate/ 6-4-2021 Lactate # During [[Exercise]], glucose is broken down and oxidized into pyruvate, and lactate is produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it. The production of lactate is beneficial for the regeneration of [[NAD+]], which is used up in oxidation of the intermediate [[Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate]] during the production of pyruvate from glucose. During intense exercise, NAD+ cannot regenerate quickly enough. The resulting lactate is either: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactic-Acid/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/greek-yogurt-and-lactic-acid.20075/post-467012 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/using-the-term-lactic-acid-in-physiology-is-dangerous-should-be-regulated-as-drugs.36118/#post-554843 4-12-2021 Lactic Acid # There is no such entity as lactic acid in any living cell or physiological system. To maintain cellular energy, it must be removed through the kidneys, or in the absence of electrolytes/kidney function, the skin. C3H6O3 # Hygyoscopic. Lactic acid is chiral. S-lactic acid, +, and D- or R-lactic acid, -. A mixture of the two in equal amounts os racemic. Lactic acid produced by fermentation of [[Dairy]] (milk) is usually all racemic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactobacillus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactobacillus/ 2023-04-04: Lactobacillus # It’s even Peaty https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/lactobacillus-pl-increases-endurance-subjects-by-58-percent.31589/ Lactobacillus reuteri: A Diet-Sensitive Commensal Lactobacillus Strain Mediates TLR7-Dependent Systemic Autoimmunity - https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/a-common-probiotic-strain-lactobacillus-may-cause-lupus.27085/ So why would you ever want more lactic acid? I guess lowering pH is an advantage; beneficial bacteria also thrive therein - supposedly Swiss chad post: https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/12qj0rv/probiotics_for_athletic_performance/ [Lactobacillus salivarius Subspecies salicinius SA-03 is a New Probiotic Capable of Enhancing Exercise Performance and Decreasing Fatigu] Significantly improved muscle strength and endurance performance, increased hepatic and muscular glycogen storage, and decreased lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels after exercise. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactoferrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactoferrin/ 2022-04-30: reference: Lactoferrin # Reversibly binds two metal ions ([[Iron]], [[Aluminum]], Zinc, Copper) [[Dairy]] is actually very rich in it. Astrocyte-specific loss of lactoferrin influences neuronal structure and function by interfering with cholesterol synthesis LF deficiency led to decreased [[SREBP]]-2 activation and cholesterol production. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lactose/ links: [[Dairy]] [[Glucose]] [[Carbohydrate]] reference: 10-30-2021 Lactose # Lactose intolerance can be due to gut damage from gluten, protein deficiency, or low thyroid. The slowest-digesting sugar. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Laminin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Laminin/ 2022-06-22: reference: Laminin # They make up the basal lamina of the basement membrane of the extracellular matrix. A family of glycoproteins; Subtypes are named Laminin-nnn corresponding to the number of α β and γ LAMA chains. Covalent bonding of YIGSR and RGD to PEDOT/PSS/MWCNT-COOH composite material to improve the neural interface Designer Self-Assemble Peptides Maximize the Therapeutic Benefits of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for Alzheimer’s Disease via Enhancing Neuron Differentiation and Paracrine Action Laminin-1 induces endocytosis of 67KDa laminin receptor and protects Neuroscreen-1 cells against death induced by serum withdrawal Treatment with soluble (“neuronal”) laminin-1 or YIGSR (ligand fo the 67KDa laminin-1 receptor) or forskolin caused 67LR internalization. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Large-Intestine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Large-Intestine/ 2022-09-02: reference: Large Intestine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Latent-Inhibition/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Latent-Inhibition/ 2022-01-11 links: reference: https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Latent_inhibition Latent Inhibition # Exposure to a stimulus of little or no consequence prevents conditioned associations with the stimulus being formed. Without regulating this, we’d have information overload, psychosis, or perhaps creativity. Basically how organisms are less likely to associate familiar stimuli with an uconditioned sitmulus compared with novel stimuli. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lateral-geniculate-nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lateral-geniculate-nucleus/ 2022-05-30: reference: Lateral geniculate nucleus # Part of the [[Thalamus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ 2022-09-12: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lauric-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lauric-Acid/ links: reference: 9-2-2021 Lauric Acid # Kills the strain(s) of bacteria linked to [[Acne]] R. Really good for your microbiome overall. When applied topically, lauric acid can prevent [[Testosterone]] production. This may be a good thing for hair loss if we’re talking local only?, But you basically probably don’t want coconut oil near the balls. I believe it is a [[5-AR]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LDL-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LDL-Receptor/ 2023-05-07: [[LDL]] Receptor # They are synthesized by cells and diffuse freely in the plasma membrane, until they associate with [[Clathrin]] and endocytose back into the cell. [[Apolipoprotein]] B encricles triglycerides and cholesterol to form LDL. Important to consider lab results with respect to [[Apolipoprotein]] B and Apo-A1. If ApoB is low, there’s not much concern about having high LDL. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LDL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LDL/ links: [[Cholesterol]] reference: 4-12-2021 LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) # ‘Bad cholesterol’ Deboonked # Apparently the idea of it being causative isn’t really mainstream anymore. https://jayfeldmanwellness.com/the-cholesterol-nonsense-continues/ Low-density lipoprotein in the setting of congestive heart failure: is lower really better? In a 2003 publication, this group analyzed two cohorts of Heart Failure patients (a derivation cohort in a metabolic study and a second independent group of HF patients) and also found that higher TC, LDL, and triglycerides (but not HDL) were significantly associated with improved survival The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure Increasing total serum cholesterol was a predictor of survival Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review Lack of Association Between Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality and Morbidity and All-Cause Mortality in Persons Older Than 70 Years LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to the periphery, to be used in repair or converted to steroids, among other things. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Learning/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Learning/ 2021-11-27 links: reference: http://www.scholarpedia.org/ Learning # Active recall (as in spaced repetition) > re-reading R “Learning styles” are mostly a meme R R I truly wonder if taking notes on everything I find novel is dulling my sorting algorithm for useful information and leading me to just arbitrarily seek novelty and not totally internalize what I’m learning into a specialized mental toolkit but rather makes me a shitty swiss army knife. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lecithin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lecithin/ 2021-12-31 links: reference: Lecithin # Both hydro- and lipophilic. Any mixture of glycerophospholipids, including egg yolks (λέκιθος). Emulsifiers can damage the intestinal barrier and stomach permanently. Would avoid. Phospholipid (%) Sunflower Soybean Rapeseed [[Phosphatidylcholine]] 16 15 17 [[Phosphatidylethanolamine]] 6 11 9 [[Phosphatidylinositol]] 17 10 10 [[Phosphatidic Acid]] 2 4 4 Others 1 7 6 All phospholipids 42 47 46 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lectin/ 2022-12-17: Lectin # Do dietary lectins cause disease? Lectins stimulate class II HLA antigens on cells that do not normally display them, such as pancreatic islet and thyroid cells https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lentiform-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lentiform-Nucleus/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Lentiform Nucleus # Comprises the [[Putamen]] and [[Globus Pallidus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leptin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leptin/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ 4-18-2021 Leptin # Inhibits hunger in order to regulate energy balance and diminish fat storage in [[Adipocyte]]s. It is released when you are satiated. Produced by adipose cells and [[Enterocyte]]s in the small intestine. Leptin receptor activates [[JAK]]2-STAT One would improve leptin sensitivity basically the same way one would with insulin; basal levels are correlated with body fat. What are low levels of leptin (taking into account resistance; I reckon it has good homeostasis, or at least compared to insulin) = starvation mode/fasting, where appetite is increased and metabolism is decreased. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leucine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leucine/ 2021-12-15 links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: Leucine # Metabolic fate of leucine: a significant sterol precursor in adipose tissue and muscle The muscle may be the major extrahepatic site where leucine is converted into [[Cholesterol]] prior to release into the circulation. Leucine Metabolites Do Not Enhance Training-induced Performance or Muscle Thickness Indirectly activates [[S6K]], eIF4. Leucine Stimulates Insulin Secretion via Down-regulation of Surface Expression of Adrenergic α2A Receptor through the mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) Pathway https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leukocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leukocyte/ 2022-05-31: reference: Leukocyte # There’s heaps of them. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leukotriene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Leukotriene/ 2023-01-09: Leukotrine # Mead Acid (20∶3ω−9) ⟶ leukotriene B3 Arachidonic Acid (20∶4ω−6) ⟶ leukotriene B4 [[Neutrophil]] chemotaxis Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20∶5ω−3) ⟶ leukotriene B₅ 5-[[LOX]] converts it into 5-H(p)EPE, ⟶ LTA5 ⟶ LTA4H ⟶ LTB5 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-travis-corner.21611/post-350297 B4 is 3x more potent than B3, and 5000x more potent than B5. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Levoamphetamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Levoamphetamine/ links: [[Amphetamine]] reference: 11-7-2021 Levoamphetamine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Levomethamphetamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Levomethamphetamine/ links: [[Methamphetamine]] reference: 10-19-2021 Levomethamphetamine # AKA L-methamphetamine. Sold OTC as a nasal spray. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LIMK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LIMK/ 2022-12-21: LIMK # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Linoleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Linoleic-Acid/ 2021-12-13 links: [[Omega-6]] reference: Linoleic Acid (18:2) # Able to form [[Arachidonic Acid]]. Increasing dietary linoleic acid does not increase tissue arachidonic acid content in adults consuming Western-type diets: a systematic review +551% or -90% did not change AA concentrations in plasma, serum, or RBC. BUT it does increase membrane phospholipid LA content. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lions-Mane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lions-Mane/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: Neurohealth properties of lion’s mane mycelia https://libredd.it/r/Nootropics/comments/buespg/lions_mane_is_a_godsend/ Its increase in [[NGF]] is probably the reason for vivid memory recall - and this may be due to the brain considering recycling those neurons for other tasks. 4-13-2021 Lion’s Mane # Raised muscle glycogen and decreased malodialdehyde in mice administered over 28 days. Downregulates D2? Decreases [[DHT]]. It’s over. Quite potent [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] agonism can cause dysphoria [[5-AR]] inhibitor. I swear nobody has proved this, though. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipid-Peroxidation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipid-Peroxidation/ links: reference: 10-27-2021 Lipid peroxidation # An autocatalytic chain reaction that produces [[ROS]], requiring [[Antioxidant]]s to be halted. Effects of Linoleic Acid Position in Phosphatidylcholines and Cholesterol Addition on Their Rates of Peroxidation in Unilamellar Liposomes The unsaturated acyl moiety attached at the sn-2 position of PC might be relatively stable against free radicals attacking from the inner part of lipid membranes, whereas this position is more sensitive to attack from the aqueous side https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipid-Raft/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipid-Raft/ 2022-08-28: reference: Lipid Raft # An acyl chain = when -ic acid is replaced with -yl/-oyl or something. Their existence is apparently somewhat controversial. Consists of [[Glycosphingolipid]]s Lipid Rafts in the Maintenance of Synapses, Dendritic Spines, and Surface AMPA Receptor Stability we show that lipid rafts exist abundantly in dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons, in which they are associated with several postsynaptic proteins including surface AMPA receptors. Depletion of cholesterol/sphingolipid leads to instability of surface AMPA receptors and gradual loss of synapses Caveolae are distinguished by the presence of caveolins. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipofuscin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipofuscin/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/is-it-possible-to-increase-your-intelligence.18445/post-319094 10-27-2021 Lipofuscin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipogenesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipogenesis/ links: reference: 11-4-2021 Lipogenesis # Promoted by [[Lactate]], [[ROS]], [[Endotoxin]], excessive [[Iron]], [[Corticotrophin-releasing hormone]], [[Prolactin]], [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]], and [[Cortisol]]. https://men-elite.com/2020/02/25/improve-liver-function-for-a-faster-metabolism-higher-testosterone-and-more-energy/ And [[Serotonin]] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07287-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6015967/ Torpor, Sloth and Gluttony Part 1: Americans ate a LOT in 1939 Notice the attitude at the time: the more spent on food, the better the diet. There is literally zero hand-wringing in this article about “but watch your calories.” Calories weren’t a problem then. If you made more money, if you were a wealthy person working a sedentary job (bankers, ad executives, lawyers, wall street), you bought and presumably ate more food and it was all to the good. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoic-Acid/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: (α-)Lipoic Acid # Derived from [[Caprylic Acid]]. Cofactor for: [[Pyruvate Dehydrogenase]], α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase, the alpa-oxo(keto)adipate dehydrogenase, and the glycine cleavage system. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/iv-ala-has-ruined-me-and-i-have-a-brief-due-thursday-advice-on-how-to-treat-potential-mercury-redistribution-caused-by-iv-ala-use.49862/ this guy is pretty schizo and got in a big lawsuit for some kind of cheical warfare mycotoxin poisoning, oh and also has PSSD. Good discussions in the thread though. Reversal of Selective Toxicity of (-)-ot-Lipoic Acid by Thiamine in Thiamine-deficient Rats Extremely toxic in [[B1|Thiamine]] deficiency. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipolysis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipolysis/ links: reference: 8-19-2021 Lipolysis # [[Adipose]] is released from fat stores via lipolysis. This doesn’t always lead to fat loss if it’s induced merely by a fast metabolism. Low lipolysis can make you skinny-fat. Increasing lipolysis converts more glucose to fat, rather than being used for energy production. Probably due to some kind of feedback loop Lipolysis may be downregulated while asleep, which forces the body to produce sugar, even if it isn’t being rapidly consumed. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoproteina/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoproteina/ 2023-01-10: Lipoprotein(a) # Has a lysine kringle domain, similar to the one found on [[Fibrinogen]]. They both have affinity towards damaged [[Collagen]]. According to Linus Pauling, it is upregulated in low Vitamin C conditions. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoprotein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lipoprotein/ 2022-08-28: reference: Lipoprotein # Their role is to transport lipids in what is our water-based bloodstream. As you can see: inverse relationship between density and size; lower density has a higher proportion of fats than water/proteins. The apolipoproteins serve as enzyme activators, ligands for cell receptors, and provide structural stability. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liposome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liposome/ 2022-11-07: Liposome # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liquiritigenin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liquiritigenin/ 2022-05-02: reference: Liquiritigenin # [[Flavonone]]. [[ERβ]] selective agonist. Sufficient concentrations are [[ERα]] partial agonist. The Memory-Enhancing Effects of Liquiritigenin by Activation of NMDA Receptors and the CREB Signaling Pathway in Mice https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lisuride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lisuride/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 9-19-2021 Lisuride # ‘A non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD’. Treats high [[Prolactin]], as it is a [[Dopamine]] agonist - one of the most potent in clinical/research use. Active on [[D1]] and [[D5]], and a good deal less on [[D2]], [[D3]], and [[D4]]. D3 antagonized at 8 nM/L, which is like 1.25mg? https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/lisuride-liquid-lisuride-for-lab-r-d.12099/post-216361 Effective as [[Bromocriptine]] for hyperprolactinemia, and lasts longer. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3566845 An “inactive” antagonist of [[5-HT2B]] (unlike other ergot derivatives) [[Biochemistry/5-HT6]], and [[5-HT7]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lithium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lithium/ links: reference: 10-28-2021 Lithium # Lithium citrate for Canavan disease Dcreases levels of [[N-Acetylaspartate]] in Canavan disease, increases levels in Bipolar (where NAA levels are abnormally low) and does not appear to affect levels in normal subjects. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/brain-metabolism-predicts-fluid-intelligence-and-creativity.10241/post-144234 Insulin signaling as a therapeutic mechanism of lithium in bipolar disorder https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liver/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Liver/ links: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163782/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/i-have-liver-issues-and-i-am-not-making-progress.18796/ Great thread with lots of [[!Travis Corner]] action 4-16-2021 Liver # In addition to these, it also produces other proteins and enzymes essential for survival (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin). The liver is also responsible for the catabolism of endogenous toxicants, For the storage of [[Glycogen]], [[B12]], [[Iron]] and [[Copper]], and it mainly contributes to the function of the immune system (antibodies/immune cells are produced in the liver) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LMX1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LMX1/ 2023-06-29: LMX1A/B # Homeobox transcription factor: binds an A/T-rich sequence in the insulin promoter and stimulates transcription of insulin Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeo domain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex We conclude that beta-cell lmx-1 functions by binding to the FLAT element and interacting through the LIM-containing amino terminus with shPan-1 bound at the Far element. These proteins form the minimal components for a functional minienhancer complex Cited by Evidence That Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Dopaminergic Neurons Are Selectively Vulnerable to Oxidative Stress Because They Are Highly Metabolically Active (2022) LMX1A/B, NR4A2, EN1/2, OTX1/2, CORIN, PITX3, and FOXA1/2 are probably the best described TFs that have a role in SNpc fate specification Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development at the Single Cell Level: In vivo and in Stem Cells Lmx1a specifically mediates the differentiation of floor plate dopaminergic progenitors Whereas Lmx1b is involved in the establishment of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and mediates the differentiation of lateral, non-floor plate, dopaminergic progenitors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Local-Field-Potential/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Local-Field-Potential/ 2024-01-22: Local Field Potential # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Locus-Coeruleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Locus-Coeruleus/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] [[Reticular Formation]] reference: 11-7-2021 Locus Coeruleus # Located in the pons of the brainstem. Principle region of [[Noradrenaline|Norepinephrine]] synthesis… so I assume [[Dopamine β-hydroxylase]] expression? From pupil to the brain: New insights for studying cortical plasticity through pupillometry https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Longevity/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Longevity/ 2021-11-22 reference: https://www.lifespan.io/road-maps/the-rejuvenation-roadmap/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/younging1-age-reversal-is-real.35967/#post-552395 https://legendarypharma.com/ https://benbest.com/lifeext/lifeext.html it’s not exactly amazing but this is what I would give this to someone with a very high IQ and they would get up to speed on the standard literature and biology super quickly. https://forum.longevitybase.org/ https://www.pinterest.com/inquilinekea/biochemistry-of-aging/ pretty pictures! https://www.quora.com/profile/Jatinder-Bhatia-1 https://blueprint.bryanjohnson.co/ https://www.mikhailblagosklonny.com/blog/ https://www.valterlongo.com/scientific-articles/ Lovely sitemap hub thing https://agingbiotech.info/ https://www.senescence.info/ https://en.longevitywiki.org/wiki/Longevity_Wiki https://nintil.com/longevity/ https://tomerlan.github.io/longevity/2023/03/25/longevity-resources.html https://tomerlan.github.io/longevity/2023/07/09/what-causes-aging.html For finding your physical age https://trudiagnostic.com/products/truage-complete-epigenetic-collection Longevity # Bit of a MOC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LOX/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LOX/ 2023-01-03: LOX # 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease (2014) 6 Subtypes: ALOX (Archidonate x-lipoxygenase) includes 5-LOX, 12-LOX, ALOX12B 15-LOX, ALOX15B, and ALOXE3 (epidermis type) and then the uncapitalized mouse genes. 5-LOX converts [[Arachidonic Acid]] through a number of subtypes, but then into [[Leukotriene]] A4. 5-LOX also metabolizes [[EPA]] into subtypes-> [[Leukotriene]] A5. The above 2 pics still aren’t comprehensive. Stimulates [[Superoxide]] formation? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LRP1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LRP1/ 2022-06-29: reference: LRP1 ([[LDL]] receptor-related protein 1) # The major [[Apolipoprotein E]] receptor. It interacts with a pile of proteins as a co-receptor, tagging along during their endocytosis. With regards to ApoE, it stimulates cAMP influx. Neuronal LRP1 Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Signaling in the Brain [[Insulin]] treatment rapidly increases surface LRP1. LRP1 deficiency leads to impaired insulin signaling and reduced GLUT3/4 levels. [[Blood Glucose|Hyperglycemia]] suppresses expression, is decreased in [[Alzheimer’s]] and correlates with age at onset of disease. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LRP6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LRP6/ 2022-12-30: LRP6 # Component of the LRP5/LRP6/Frizzled complex/‘co-receptor group’. LRP6 is critical in bone’s anabolic response to [[Parathyroid Hormone]] treatment. (but not LRP5) but the converse is true for mechanotransduction. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LSD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LSD/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/babies-experience-life-as-an-lsd-trip-as-a-result-of-their-high-metabolism.24941/ [Trips and Neurotransmitters: Discovering Principled Patterns across 6,850 Hallucinogenic Experiences] drug-induced changes of conscious awareness (e.g., dissolving self-world boundaries or fractal distortion of visual perception) are linked to cortex-wide anatomical distributions of receptor density proxies. The dominant explanatory factor related ego-dissolution-like phenomena to a constellation of 5-HT2A, D2, KOR, and NMDA receptors, anchored especially in the brain’s deep hierarchy (epitomized by the associative higher-order cortex) and shallow hierarchy (epitomized by the visual cortex). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LTD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LTD/ 2022-05-01: reference: Long-term depression # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LTP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LTP/ 2022-04-19: reference: LTP # LTP can be descibed as something like: NMDAR activation in causes a persistent increase in synaptic transmission via modification of postsynaptic AMPARs, whether by: Increase in number Probability of being open Kinetics Single-channel conductance (γ) Modulation of AMPA receptor unitary conductance by synaptic activity: Here we show that the induction of LTP in the [[CA1]] region of the hippocampus is often associated with an increase in single-channel conductance of [[AMPAR]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lutein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lutein/ 2022-09-17: Lutein # Xanthophyll/[[Carotenoid]]. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/lutein-free-diet-to-cure-autism.26684/ https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Luteinizing-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Luteinizing-Hormone/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone https://men-elite.com/2020/01/08/how-to-interpret-your-testosterone-blood-test-results-in-order-to-focus-on-whats-most-important/ 4-28-2021 Luteinizing Hormone # Produced by gonadotropic cells in anterior [[Pituitary Gland]], in response to [[Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone]] from the hypothalamus. Signals endocrine cells in the gonads to produce androgens. In men: leydig cells. It binds to LH receptors, causing an increase in [[cAMP]], activating [[StAR]]. Acts synergistically with [[FSH]] to produce sperm from test and ABP (androgen binding protein). Both LH and FSH are secreted in pulses, so measuring blood level should be at specific times. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Luteolin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Luteolin/ 2022-08-29: reference: Luteolin # [[Flavone]]. Forms glycosides. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LXR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/LXR/ 2023-03-16: LXR # Brain endogenous liver X receptor ligands selectively promote midbrain neurogenesis Most potent and abundant ligand in the developing mouse midbrain = 24S,25-epoxycholesterol. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lycopene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lycopene/ 2022-02-25: reference: Lycopene # [[Carotenoid]] found in [[Tomato]], watermelon, papaya. Antioxidant. Protects the skin. Travis: I’ve concluded that it’s an androgen inhibitor. Protective effect of lycopene on serum cholesterol and blood pressure: meta-analyses of intervention trials lowers serum cholesterol; dunno why Supplementation # More absorbable when cooked. 4.7mg per tablespoon of tomato paste is pretty solid! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lymphatic-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lymphatic-System/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph 10-11-2021 Lymphatic System # The lymphatic system moves lymph through lymph vessels. Interstitial fluid and plasma make up ~97% of extracellular fluid, a small percentage of which is lymph. Lymph # Lymph’s function is to return fluid from the tissues to the central circulation. Its composition is similar but not identical to blood plasma. Interstitial Fluid # A type of extracellular fluid. Consists of a water solvent containing sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, white blood cells and cell waste-products. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lymphocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lymphocyte/ 2022-06-06: reference: Lymphocyte # A [[Leukocyte]], the main cell type in lymph of the [[Lymphatic System]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysergamides/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysergamides/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergamides#/References 5-5-2021 Lysergamides # They have potent agonist/antagonist activity at various serotonin and dopamine receptors. Includes, of course, [[LSD]] and all the random research chemicals like 1P-LSD, LSA, ALD-52, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysophosphatidylcholine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysophosphatidylcholine/ 2022-02-28: [[Phospholipid]] reference: Lysophosphatidylcholine # Advanced Nootropics (LPC EPA/DHA) Produced via [[Phospholipase A2]]. One of the main components in oxidized [[LDL]]. Activates [[AhR]] (target genes) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Lysosome/ 2022-04-15: reference: Lysosome # Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes: they break down materials via endocytosis and autophagy. The enzymes in its internal environment require a low pH of 4.5-5.5 to fold correctly. Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents *The normal pH inside macrophage lysosomes seems to be 4.7-4.8, although it can drop transiently as low as 4.5. * Inhibitors of glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose) and of oxidative phosphorylation (cyanide or azide) added together, but not separately, cause the intralysosomal pH to increase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M-CSF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M-CSF/ 2022-07-03: reference: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1/M-CSF) # A [[Cytokine]] which mediates hematopoietic differentiation into [[Macrophage]]s. Binds to CSF1R, which are increased in number in microglia in neurodegenerative disease like [[Alzheimer’s]] and brain injury. Colony-stimulating factors are glycoproteins that each bind to a corresponding receptor. Upon addition to cultured hematopoietic [[Stem Cell]]s, they differentiate. Soluble Also CSF2 aka GM-CSF (granuocyte macrophage) and CSF3 aka G-CSF (granulocyte) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M1-AChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M1-AChR/ 2022-03-04: [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: M1 AChR # Gq-excitatory. Enhanced [[NMDAR]] responsiveness in [[CA1]] following presynaptic [[M1 AChR]] activation R. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M2-AChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M2-AChR/ 2021-11-19 links: [[Neuroreceptors]] reference: M2 AChR (Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M2) # Gi-coupled Found in the heart, where it mediates brachycardia. (Not exclusively, or anything) [[Intelligence]] # Correlations have been associated between the CHRM2 gene and adult IQ: Association of CHRM2 with IQ: Converging Evidence for a Gene Influencing Intelligence Role of the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor (CHRM2) gene in cognition Association between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence in a sample of 304 Dutch families https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M3-AChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M3-AChR/ 2022-12-19: M3 AChR # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M4-AChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/M4-AChR/ 2022-05-28: reference: M4 AChR # Gi-coupled. Knockout increases cocaine self-administration. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maca/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maca/ 2023-10-12: Maca # aka purivean [[Ginseng]]. Mild [[FAAH]] inhibitor is its main MOA. This potently increases libido. A source of [[Calcium]] and is generally pretty nutritious Dose # https://www.themacateam.com/premium-gelatinized-black-maca Gelatinized = no GI side effects https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mAChR/ links: [[Acetylcholine Receptor]] reference: 9-18-2021 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR) # 5 Types: [[M1 AChR]] (Gq excitatory) found in CNS, salivary glands, gastric glands. Mediates excitation, salivation, and sweating. [[M2 AChR]] (Gi) Heart: Mediates contracticle force, like parasympathetic decreases in heart rate [[M3 AChR]] (Gq) Exocrine glands: [[Lacrimation]], salivation This is why vaping can cause the shits for some people - it contracts the smooth muscle. Lungs: bronchoconstriction Eyes: miosis GI tract: found in smooth muscles, it stimulates motility. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Macronutrients/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Macronutrients/ 2022-01-13 links: reference: Macronutrients # [[Carbohydrate]]s and [[Dietary Protein]]s have 4 calories/g, and [[Fatty Acid]]s have 9 cal/g. ([[Ethanol]] actually has ~6 calories/g and is technically a carbohydrate) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Macrophage/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Macrophage/ 2022-05-31: reference: Macrophage # [[Leukocyte]]. Contains a lot of [[Lysosome]]s. I’m a bit confused as for what activates and what releases but basically they’re all categooriezd appropriately regardless M1 phenotype is neurotoxic: stimulated by [[Endotoxin]], [[Interferon-γ]], [[TNF-α]], IL-17. Releases: [[IL-6]], [[IL-1β]], [[NF-κB]], IL-12, IL-23, [[iNOS]], etc. M2 phenotype is neuroprotective: stimulated by [[Neurotrophic Factors]]… like all of them I guess including [[TGF-β]], IGF-1, etc as well as [[IL-4]], IL-13, Releases: Arg-1, IGF-1, Ym-1, FIZZ1, [[IL-10]] Uses fatty acid oxidation as opposed to aerobic glycolysis? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Magnesium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Magnesium/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/magnesium-oxide-is-surprisingly-better-than-citrate.11719/ https://d1aettbyeyfilo.cloudfront.net/thercp/16666784_1612095838946rcp-instruction-manual-v9.3.pdf 4-12-2021 Magnesium # Magnesium is required to convert B1 to its active form. As thiamine is a cofactor for magnesium, high doses of magnesium can lower thiamine, and vice versa. Take the two together. Oral absorption can be quite low. It’s fat soluble, by the way. Synergistic uptake with [[B6]]. Increases [[17β-HSD]] Synergizes with [[Vitamin D]], which drastically increases requirements for magnesium. Decreases [[Aromatase]] activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Malic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Malic-Acid/ 2022-01-22 links: reference: Malic Acid # Contributes to the sour taste of fruit. TCA intermediate. In rats, exercise-induced mitochondrial respiration was associated with increased malate levels only, with the other key metabolites remaining unchanged Potent [[Aluminum]] chelator, but it increases iron absorptio from meals R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Malondialdehyde/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Malondialdehyde/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Malondialdehyde (MDA) # A biomarker of oxidative stress; its production sesults from [[Lipid Peroxidation]] of [[PUFA]]s, such as due to degredation from [[ROS]]. Reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine forming DNA adducts (idk bout this as I write) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maltose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maltose/ 2022-08-27: reference: Maltose # Glycemic index of 105! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MANF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MANF/ 2024-02-19: MANF # MANF Promotes Differentiation and Migration of Neural Progenitor Cells with Potential Neural Regenerative Effects in Stroke MANF is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of pancreatic β cells MANF: an emerging therapeutic target for metabolic diseases Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) prevents the neuroinflammation induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Manganese/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Manganese/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 4-12-2021 Manganese # [[Zinc]] inhibits uptake High levels of manganese inhibits [[Iron]] absorption and uptake and vice versa in a dose-dependent manner Supplementation of manganese and [[Calcium]] compete for absorption High levels are neurotoxic? Promotes bacterial grwoth? RPF Involved in cholesterol synthesis. Correlated with hepatic liver levels and gut ethanol metabolism. The inhibitory effect of manganese on acetylcholinesterase activity enhances oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the rat brain https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mango/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mango/ 2023-02-15: [[Fruit]] Mango # Cultivars # Kent: the common generic one Ataulfo: the yelow ones sold at Whole Foods some time of the year. Alphonso: king of mangos? Keitt: pretty green Carabao/Philippine mango: guiness book of world records 1995 sweetest mango. 14 different strains! Mango Butter # https://www.walmart.com/ip/Organic-Mango-Butter-100-Pure/304037388 FAs in Mango Butter % Palmitic acid, C16:0 5.5 Stearic acid, C18:0 40-45 Oleic Acid, C18:1 40-46 Linoleic Acid, C18:2 3-4 Arachidic acid, C20:0 2-2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mannose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mannose/ 2022-08-28: reference: Mannose # Either mannopyranose ( ) or mannofuranose (five) ring. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO-A/ links: reference: Autism severity is associated with child and maternal MAOA genotypes 9-18-2021 MAO-A # Degrades all amines, notably [[Serotonin]] and [[Tyramine]]. If you were MAO-A inhibited and you ate a lot of - especially aged - cheese, you’d get hypertensive crisis. Hope this isn’t the case for -B, homie! Serotonin -> 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde [[Depression]]: 34% elevation of MAO-A in major depressive disorder Selective inhibition of MAO-A but not MAO-B activity increases rat pineal melatonin https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO-B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO-B/ links: [[MAO]] reference: 10-4-2021 MAO-B # “While people lacking the gene for MAO-A display mental retardation and behavioral abnormalities, people lacking the gene for MAO-B display no abnormalities except elevated [[Phenethylamine]] levels in urine, raising the question of whether MAO-B is actually a necessary enzyme.” Located in outer mitochonrial membrane. Catalyzes oxidative deamination and catabolism/degredation of amines (including amphetamines), but mainly [[Dopamine]]. The resulting metabolites are significantly neurotoxic, as they are [[ROS]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAO/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 4-16-2021 MAO # Located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. It is a large source of [[Hydrogen Peroxide]]. [[MAO-A]] degades all amines. MAO-A can safely metabolize a lot of what MAO-B can, but not vice versa. ? JC says that all monoamines should be used/raised in tandem, and this is kinda reflected in the fact MAO degrades all 3. Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesiis They aim to investigate the effects of A on this (nigrostriatal) tonic GABAergic inhibition that B has come to be characterized by. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP/ 2024-02-18: MAP ([[Microtubule]]-associated protein) # “Type 1”: MAP1A, [[MAP1B]] “Type 2”: MAP2. Mostly present during early axon formation, disappearing later. But they still exist in mature dendrites [[Tau]] is a kind of MAP. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP1B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP1B/ 2023-12-23: MAP1B ([[Microtubule]]-associated protein 1B) # MAP1B Light Chain Modulates Synaptic Transmission via AMPA Receptor Intracellular Trapping accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment of hippocampal neurons, where it forms immobile complexes on microtubules that limit vesicular transport Requires [[GRIP]]1 interaction with MAP1B: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAP2/ 2023-10-07: Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) # High molecular weight isoforms: MAP2A/MAP2B. Low molecular weight: MAP2C/MAP2D. Impairs sleep https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAPK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAPK/ 2022-04-12: reference: MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase.) # Phosphorylated by MAPKK/MAP2K/MEK, itself phosphorylated by MAP3K and so on: (It stops at MAP4K: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase. What were they thinking man?) Cascades: [[ERK]] MAPK3 aka [[ERK1]] MAPK1 AKA [[ERK2]] Activated by [[Ca2+]] influx… at least part of it. [[JNK]] (1-3) [[p38]] (α, β, γ, δ) So this is a clusterfuck: [[MAPKAPK2]] is MAPK-activating protein kinase, but there is also MAP2K which is MAPK kinase, and MAP3K which is MAP2K kinase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAPKAPK2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MAPKAPK2/ 2022-04-20: reference: MAPKAPK2 ([[MAPK]]-activating protein kinase) # Not to be confused with MAPKK/MAP2K. I love this name lmao. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maple-Syrup/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Maple-Syrup/ links: [[Food]] [[Glucose]] [[Carbohydrate]] reference: 9-16-2021 Maple Syrup # Great source of [[Manganese]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mast-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mast-Cell/ links: reference: 6-6-2021 Mast Cells # Accounts for up to 90% of [[Brain]] [[Histamine]] in rats, but the number of cells ranges from zero to thousands in all species; mast cells migrate. [[Hypothyroidism]] can cause an increase in number of mast cells R [[Zinc]] inhibits degredation In the brain, they are the first responders to inflammation: Suppression of Brain Mast Cells Degranulation Inhibits Microglial Activation and Central Nervous System Inflammation Interestingly, a mast cell stabilizer inhibited MAPK/AKT. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT/ 2021-12-19 links: [[Saturated Fat]] reference: Medium-Chain Triglyceride # Supposedly synergizes with [[Glucose Oxidation]]. There are four types: Caproic acid (C6) Oily at room temperature. Slightly water soluble and unpleasant odor. [[Caprylic Acid]] (C8) Capric Acid (C10) [[Lauric Acid]] (C12) The effects of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) supplementation using a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70 on cognitive performance in healthy young adults [[Coconut]] oil: peaked at 12g. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT1/ 2022-05-03: reference: Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) # Transfers lactate, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT2/ 2022-05-04: reference: MCT2 (Monocarboxylate transporter 2) # The MCT with highest affinity for [[Lactate]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MCT4/ 2022-12-18: MCT4 # Extrudes lactate from cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MDMA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MDMA/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: Disposition of methylenedioxymethamphetamine and three metabolites in the brains of different rat strains and their possible roles in acute serotonin depletion 11-7-2021 MDMA # Reverses the direction of [[SERT]], [[DAT]], and [[NET]]. [[TAAR1]] agonist. Weak MAO-I. [[Tryptophan Hydroxylase]] inhibitor! A big potential MOA for its toxicity is binding to - perhaps reversing [[VMAT2]]! Meaning, unloading vesicles inside of the neuron, whereby the monoamines leave via the reversed transporters, since I guess we don’t need vesicular transport where we’re going. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MDR2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MDR2/ 2022-08-08: reference: MDR2 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mead-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mead-Acid/ 2022-02-08 links: [[Omega-9]] reference: Mead Acid # First characterized by James F. Mead. The most unsaturated lipid the human body can naturally produce. [[Oleic Acid]] via [[Δ6 Desaturase]] -> 18:2 ω-9, then elongase into 20:2 ω-9, then [[Δ5 Desaturase]] into Mead acid. Identification of genes and pathways involved in the synthesis of Mead acid (20:3n − 9), an indicator of essential fatty acid deficiency https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Dorsal-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Dorsal-Nucleus/ 2023-03-18: Medial Dorsal Nucleus # Part of the [[Thalamus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ links: [[Prefrontal Cortex]] reference: 10-18-2021 Medial Prefrontal Cortex # Involved in error detection/monitoring. Along with the [[Posterior Cingulate Cortex]], involved in ‘self-reflective thought’. R Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Temporal-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medial-Temporal-Lobe/ 2023-01-03: Medial [[Temporal Lobe]] # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medium-Spiny-Neuron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medium-Spiny-Neuron/ 2022-04-16: reference: Medium Spiny Neuron # Inhibitory [[GABA]]ergic; key characteristic of the [[Striatum]]. They do not function as interneurons though they are connected to them. Projections are diveded into direct or indirect pathway: Direct: Disinhibitory, as it inhibits inhibitory regions. These express D1-type, [[Adenosine A1]] (Gi), [[Dynorphin]], and [[Substance P]]. Indirect: Dis-dis-inhibitory, as it inhibits regions that are themselves disinhibitory. As depicted below, D2 seems to inhibit the firing dis-disinhibition. Therefore the lack of dopaminergic input blocks both direct and indirect. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medulla/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Medulla/ 2021-11-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Medulla (Oblongata) # Makes up the lower part of the [[Brain Stem]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanin/ 2022-06-13: reference: Melanin # A class of various polymers, such as pheomelanin. Eumelanin is made from 5,6-dihydroxyindole -> quinone: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanocortin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanocortin-Receptor/ 2022-03-02: reference: Melanocortin Receptor # (They bind to these receptors) Melanocortins are a class of [[Peptide Hormone]]s, includes: [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]] [[MSH]] and its related forms: γ- and β-MSH. [[Leptin]] an [[Ghrelin]] regulate the melanocortin system upstream. MC1R: AKA MSHR, though ACTH binds to it as well. Gs-coupled. Weird pigmentation stuff. It produces brown/black eumelanin from the default yellow/red, like in hair. MC2: Activates [[Adenylyl Cyclase]] MC3 MC4: Agonists are used for sexual dysfunction and promotes pair bond formation <3 awww (I’m talking animals here not chemical bonds). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanotan/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melanotan/ 2023-05-21: Melanotan II # Greatly increases sex drive & erections. Darkens everything including lips and hair. Can make freckles/moles kind of appear out of nowhere if they were originally light, but they’ll go away with everything else. I believe this is unlike regular tanning, is the thing. Seizures and encephalopathy is possible? You actually do need some UV exposure. It just accelerates. Too much will obviously make you purple, but it can also give you nausea. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melatonin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melatonin-Receptor/ 2022-09-12: Melatonin Receptor # MTNR1A (MT1) Coupled to both Gq and Gsi. MTNR1B (MT2). MT3 in birds and amphibians. Gi-coupled. Possibly Gq as well? There are heteromers of: MT1-MT2, MT2-[[5-HT2C]]. Activation of melatonin receptor 1 by CRISPR-Cas9 activator ameliorates cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model Expression decreases with aging and AD progression Expressed on [[Pancreas]] islets, and inhibit [[Insulin]] production. This seems like a good way for keeping blood glucose at a healthy high level at night without having to secrete [[Glucocorticoid]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melatonin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Melatonin/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-11-2021 Melatonin # Made from [[N-Acetylserotonin]] via HOMT; acetylserotonin being made from serotonin via [[Serotonin N-Acetlytransferase]] Converted back to NAS via [[CYP1A2]], CYP2C19 CYP1A1 metabolism as well, which it also inhibits. Peaks at 3AM, and hits 0 at about 6-7AM. Apparently it exists for sleep initiation, not so much for staying asleep. That’s brutal if you have to get up at 5AM when it’s still high. I guess person by person you can offset this by an hour or 2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memantine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memantine/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: [[@Memantine a NMDA receptor antagonist that improves memory by restoration of homeostasis in the glutamatergic system - too little activation is bad, too much is even worse (Parsons et al. 2007)]] 10-5-2021 Memantine # [[NMDAR]] uncompetitive antagonist (meaning it only binds when glutamate is bound); it binds to an open-channel binding site. “Memantine is distinct from most other dissociatives due to its fast, voltage-dependent binding kinetics that allow for functional ionic transmission through the NMDA receptors unless in the presence of a large enough concentration of agonists, causing memantine to be more similar in pharmacodynamical profile at the NMDA receptor to endogenous magnesium than to other dissociatives. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Membrane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Membrane/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Membrane # All transmembrane proteins are integral membrane proteins, but not vice versa. Lipids # https://www.lipidmaps.org/resources/lipidweb/lipidweb_html/lipids/lipids.html ==One of these days I need to assemble an ordered list of least to most polar.== Lipids are amiphipilic (one end is water-soluble/polar, another is not) allowing them in water to spontaneously form bilayers The main constituents are: Glycerol-based Glycosylglycerides (More abundant than phospholipids) Phospholipids Cholesterol [[Ceramide]]-based sphingolipids A ceramide is [[Sphingosine]] + a fatty acid. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memory/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Memory/ links: [[Neuroplasticity]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Shereshevsky Myelin makes memories 10-22-2021 Memory # (Working) memory basically consists of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval: ‘Pattern separation’ minimizes overlaps between the memories encoded in certain. This… pattern, is hypothesized to be executed by the dentate gyrus. Time feeling like it goes by faster and faster = proportionate to memory (novelty, and so on). The Mechanical Basis of Memory – the MeshCODE Theory (Goult 2021) [Memory suppressor genes: Modulating acquisition, consolidation, and forgetting] Almost 100 have been identified: GABAergic inhibition limits potency of learned stimuli for aquisition Rin1, GABRAα5, [[KCNIP3]], WT1, JIP1-[[JNK]], Tet2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Menstural-Cycle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Menstural-Cycle/ 2022-10-26: [[Nutrition for Women]] Menstural Cycle # Mensturation: Discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. Part of the follicular phase. This is being ‘on your period’ Ovulation: Release of eggs from the ovaries after the ovarian follicles rupture. Promotes implantation of the fewrtilized egg and development of the corpus luteum, which secretes [[Progesterone]] and some [[Estradiol]]. Luteal Phase If pregnancy occurs, the zygote produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which prevents the involution of the corpus luteum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mesocortical-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mesocortical-Pathway/ 2022-02-10 links: reference: Mesocortical pathway # Consider the ‘mesocorticolimbic’ system as well. Dopaminergic [[Neural Pathway]] pathway connects the [[Ventral Tegmental Area]] to the [[Prefrontal Cortex]]. Involved in the [[Executive Network]], motivation, and motivation. Abnormal in psychosis/[[Schizophrenia]] - it is associated with many negative psychological symptoms of it. Dopamine and Cognitive Control in Prefrontal Cortex (Ott & Nieder 201) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mesolimbic-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mesolimbic-Pathway/ 2022-02-10 links: [[Neural Pathway]] reference: Mesolimbic pathway # Consider the ‘mesocorticolimbic’ system as well. Connects the [[Ventral Tegmental Area]] to the ventral Striatum of the [[Basal Ganglia]]. Includes the [[Nucleus Accumbens]], whereto [[Dopamine]] is released. Social defeat sensitizes/increases baseline activity? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Met-Enkephalin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Met-Enkephalin/ 2022-04-25: reference: Met-[[Enkephalin]] # Met-Enkephalin analog levels rise in the [[Hippocampus]] during a stress response, while leu-enkephalin analogs are downregulated. (Met/Leu = [[Methionine]]/[[Leucine]].) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metalloproteinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metalloproteinase/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: Metalloproteinase # Protease [[Enzyme]]. Most require [[Zinc]]. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are calcium-dependent and zinc-containing, and degrade extracellular matrix proteins. Inactivate [[Cytokine]]s, and play a major role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc. Genes include MMP1, 2, 3, 7-23A/B-28. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metergoline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metergoline/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 9-20-2021 Metergoline # On idealabs (43 pages): https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/metergoline-liquid-serotonin-antagonist-for-lab-r-d.12908/ Required a period of acclimation for the first day or two. This guy did a drop a day, one week on, one week off. Increases appetite. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/ray-peat-email-advice-depository.1035/exportthread Improves glucose tolerance in diabetics; reduced fasting blood glucose, associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area. Probably the safest ergot derivative, considering it antagonizes all of 5-HT and so on. [[Serotonin]] antagonist, specifically [[5-HT1]], [[5-HT2]], [[Biochemistry/5-HT6]], and [[5-HT7]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metformin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Metformin/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: Metformin # [[AMPK]] activator, by means of inhibiting [[Complex I]], mimicking caloric restriction. It’s fucked. Blocks uptake and lowers ATP production. So yeah - lactic acidosis. Decreases bactieral TMA/[[TMAO]] production. R Decreases testosterone significantly in men and women May not be all bad https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8400152/#sec3-nutrients-13-02873title Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Lokzo is a fan for whatever reason. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methamphetamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methamphetamine/ links: [[Amphetamine]] reference: 10-11-2021 Methamphetamine # https://old.reddit.com/r/Stims/comments/3mbp3n/be_very_careful_with_low_doses_of_stimulants/ is reverse tolerance at low doses legit bro? I dont think the sensitization lasts nearly as long as the rat studies, and the side effects people report are greatly exaggerated. I believe its still safe at least if done no longer than a week straight. I cycle off with GDNF enhancers and PGC-1A activators. Currently trying [[Methamphetamine]] instead, lmao. Apparently it’s smoother without the midday comedown. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methionine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methionine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: https://acidicbody.com/histamine-toxicity-high-histamine/ 4-20-2021 Methionine # Once it donates its methyl group, methionine becomes [[Homocysteine]]. Anti-folate, adding a methyl group to help histamine mobilization. As a methyl donor, it is used to create polyamines, [[Creatine]], and [[Phosphatidylcholine]]. Readily Restriction # Short-term methionine deprivation improves metabolic health via sexually dimorphic, mTORC1-independent mechanisms - in obese, prediabetic mice. Induces energy expenditure -> lean mass & metabolic health via inducing [[FGF21]]-[[UCP1]] axis, and only in males. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methyglyoxal/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methyglyoxal/ 2022-12-08: Methyglyoxal (Pyruvaldehyde) # Formed via [[Lipid Peroxidation]], or nonenzymatic phosphate elimination from [[Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate]]. Broken down via [[Glyoxylase]] I into Lactoylglutathione → D-Lactate via [[Glyoxylase]] II. Reacts with [[Lysine]] and [[Arginine]]’s amino groups, and with [[Cysteine]] thiol groups to form [[AGE]]s (advanced glycation end products.): [[Arginine]] is the most common amino acid found in the catalytic domains on enzymes? Damages [[LDL]]; it is found in higher concentrations in diabetes. It binds to [[Nerves]] endings, directly contributing to diabetic neuropathy. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methyl-Group/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methyl-Group/ links: [[Functional Group]] reference: 8-18-2021 Methyl Group # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylation/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Methylation # Undermethylation $\approx$ histadelia. Caused by lack of methionine, choline, betaine, homocysteine, B12, B9, B2, B3, B6, Zinc. Overmethylation corresponds to higher norepinephrine, while undermethylation has a more dopaminergic tone. How to induce undermethylation? With methyl traps like Cyano/hydroxy/adenosyl-B12, [[Folate]], glutahione, cysteine, and restriction of stuff like methionine. https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/blog/2019/03/01/start-here-for-mthfr-and-methylation Methylation helps rid of histamine. Overmethylation can lead to ADHD-like symptoms due to being so mentally flexible. Methylation consumes [[Glycine]]; it is the buffer. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylene-Blue/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylene-Blue/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 Methylene Blue # [[Aromatase]] inhibitor. [[5-HT1A]] receptor agonist? It’s used for TBI for cerebral [[Vasoconstriction]] (probably due to serotonin from bein MAO-AI?) A [[MAO-A]]I in miligram dosages and a potent anti-inflammatory. Neuroprotective and energy-boosting. Doesn’t increase serotonin though. This guy claimed it made him fat RPF Can help with SIBO? RPF Functions as an electron donor by receiving electrons from [[Complex I]] and bringing them to [[Cytochrome C]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylfolate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylfolate/ 2021-11-18 links: reference: Methylfolate # The active form of [[Folate]]. Can be supplemented. Used for methylating [[Homocysteine]] into [[Methionine]] and [[THF (Tetrahydrofolate)]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylphenidate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Methylphenidate/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIgISomLl1o 5-6-2021 Methylphenidate # 2-4 hours instant release is Ritalin; 3-8 hours sustained release is Ritalin SR; 8-12 hours for extended release is Concerta. DNRI. Or rather, an inverse agonist of [[DAT]]? Not a silent antagonist like I think I’ve heard bupropion, or modafinil, characterized as. Dysregulates [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] Protein dl-MPH d-MPH l-MPH IPPH DAT (Ki) 121 161 2250 DAT (IC50) 20 23 1600 NET (Ki) 788 206 >10,000 NET (IC50) 51 39 980 SERT (Ki) >10,000 >10,000 >6700 5-HT1A (Ki) 5000 3400 5-HT2B (Ki) >10000 4900 >10,000? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mfrn1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mfrn1/ 2022-06-04: reference: Mfrn1 # Not to be confused with Mfn1 (mitofusin). Also [[Mfrn2]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MGF/ 2022-09-05: reference: Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) ([[IGF-1]]Ec) # Mechano growth factor, a splice variant of IGF-1, promotes neurogenesis in the aging mouse brain Mice overexpressing have 50% more neurons at birth, extending into late life, and older mice have similar cognitive functions to young wildtype (9 months vs 1) C-terminal mechano growth factor protects dopamine neurons: a novel peptide that induces heme oxygenase-1 This shortened 24-AA peptide MGF24 upregulates [[Heme Oxygenase]], and its blockade (via Zinc protoporphyrin IX) prevents the neuroprotection. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR/ 2022-01-12 links: reference: mGluR # Metabotropic [[Glutamate]] [[Neuroreceptors|receptor]]s. Group I (Gαq): Increases NMDAR activity [[mGluR1]]: enhances excitability, plasticity; LTP/LTD Primarily postsynaptic. [[mGluR5]]: elevates intracellular calcium Primarily postsynaptic, and [[Astrocyte]] Group II (Gαi): [[mGluR2]]: inhibit presynaptic glutamate; LTP Mainly presynaptic. mGluR2 postsynaptically senses granule cell inputs at Golgi cell synapses [[mGluR3]]: inhibits cystine/glutamate antiporter Mainly presynaptic. In [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex|dlPFC]] layer III, it is concentrated postsynapitcally. (and mGluR2 still mainly presynaptic with a minor postsynaptic component) The metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3, show unique postsynaptic, presynaptic and glial localizations Group III (Gαi): mGluR4 (Primarily presynaptic), mGluR6 (retinal). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR1/ 2022-06-30: reference: mGluR1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR2/ links: [[Neuroreceptors]] [[mGluR]] [[Glutamate]] reference: 11-4-2021 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) # [[Glutamate]] autoreceptor. Inhibits the emptying of vesiular contents at the presynaptic terminal of glutamatergic neurons, but is also expressed postsynaptically. [[Rapamycin]] blocks the antidepressant effects of its inhibition (by LY379268) in the forced swim test Anticognitive. Sirsad said when it isn’t inhibited, LTP literally can’t even form, and learning is abolished. mGluR2 inhibition: Mediates the cognition enhancement by Aldosterone, which is demonstrated to elevate cognition in healthy people, and is a limiting factor in the cognition enhancement by AMPA PAMs which are the most well documented nootropics Mind the gap: glucocorticoids modulate hippocampal glutamate tone underlying individual differences in stress susceptibility “Why do some individuals succumb to stress and develop debilitating psychiatric disorders, whereas others adapt well in the face of adversity? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR3/ 2023-03-27: mGluR3 # mGlu3 – New hope for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia shortish Activation of mGlu3 switches mGlu5-mediated plasticity towards the generation of LTP by promoting [[2-Arachidonylglycerol]]-mediated inhibition of GABAergic interneurons (disinhibition) [The Evolutionary Expansion of mGluR3-NAAG-GCPII Signaling: Relevance to Human Intelligence and Cognitive Disorders (2020)] #Read The previous view on mGluR3 in research emphasized their action on presynaptic glutamate terminals, doing Gαi stuff. Lame! mGluR3 are localized on astrocytes where they enhance glutamate uptake via EAAT mGluR3 (located on dendritic spines) activation is key for evolutionarily novel, layer III [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex|dlPFC]] microcircuits that subserve [[Working Memory]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mGluR5/ 2022-12-03: mGluR5 # Gq Upregulated in astrocytes by [[Amyloid β|Aβ]] Inhibition of the ISR abrogates mGluR5-dependent long-term depression and spatial memory deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease [[ISRIB]] Increasing eIF2α phosphorylation, the core event of ISR, facilitates metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD), https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microglia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microglia/ 2022-05-30: reference: Microglia # Technically a kind of [[Macrophage]]. M1 microglia play a role in the excessive synaptic pruning seen in the pathogenesis of [[Schizophrenia]]. Microglia Plasticity During Health and Disease: An Immunological Perspective They travel freely throughout the brain, surveiling brain cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microplastics/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microplastics/ 2023-08-16: Microplastics # https://www.rapamycin.news/t/the-microplastics-thread-195-500-particles-of-microplastics-per-gram-of-apple-126-150-particles-gm-of-broccoli-coffee-etc/4734/1 5 trillion nanoparticles per liter of coffee from the ‘paper’ cup (lined with plastic film) https://consumer.healthday.com/5-2-your-take-out-coffee-cup-may-shed-trillions-of-plastic-nanoparticles-2657224727.html https://forum.longevitybase.org/t/how-to-reduce-microplastics/126/9 Stay away from food packaged in plastic containers for long periods of time (esp when in contact with water for a long time) - the amount of microplastics that leech into food from storage containers can only increase over time - it may be better to remove food from the package and immediately pour into a non-plastic container for storage. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microtubule/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Microtubule/ links: reference: [Cytoskeletal regulation guides neuronal trafficking to effectively supply the synapse] 8-24-2021 Microtubule # Made up of the monomer proteins α-[[Tubulin]] and β-tubulin, joining to form a dimer, creating polymers put together into a sheet, and rolled into a tube. One end is anchored to the microtubule organizing center. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-travis-corner.21611/post-302172 [[LSD]] has a peculair affinity for the serotonin receptor yet also an unusually high molecular orbital energy. I’m not sure exactly what to think (actually, I know exactly what to think). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MIF-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MIF-1/ links: [[Peptide]] [[Nootropics]] reference: 11-10-2021 MIF-1 (Melanocyte-inhibiting factor) (Melanostatin) # Derived from cleavage of [[Oxytocin]] Blocks the effects of [[Opioid Receptor]] activation. [[D2]]/[[D4]] PAM. Inhibits release of certain neuropeptides such as α-[[MSH]]. Thus it has a skin-whitening effect Potentiates [[Melatonin]] activity. Supplementation # I think it has to be injected. Cyclo-MIF is orally available though. Couple hundred per gram. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mildronate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mildronate/ links: reference: 10-29-2021 Mildronate (trade name of Meldonium) # Contained in [[Coconut]] apparently. Protects cells against stress partly by antagonizing [[Carnitine]] synthesis and transport. Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids into the cell - therefore this inhibits [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|Beta-oxidation]]. Specifically, I think it inhibits γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. For other [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|FAO]] inhibitors, see also Trimetazidine. Banned by WADA for its endurance-enhancing effects. Long-term mildronate treatment increased Proteobacteria level in gut microbiome, and caused behavioral deviations and transcriptome change in liver, heart and brain of healthy mice 100mg/kg for 8 weeks. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Milk-Thistle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Milk-Thistle/ links: reference: 10-26-2021 Milk Thistle (Silymarin) # Pretty sure it’s an androgen antagonist or is estrogenic. https://men-elite.com/2020/07/27/how-to-make-sure-you-detox-estrogen-properly/ Intake inversely corelated with [[β-Glucuronidase]] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165515/ Increases [[Catalase]] and [[Glutamine]] levels, scavenges free lipid peroxyl radicals in hepatocytes, restoring [[NAD+]] homeostasis. Reduces [[Liver]] de novo [[Lipogenesis]]. Reduces steatosis and [[Insulin Resistance]]. Supplementation # 700mg 3x/day or 210mg silymarin/day https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Minocycline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Minocycline/ 2022-02-24: reference: Minocycline # Antibiotic frequently used for treating [[Acne]] fulgaris amongst other things. Inhibits [[TNF-α]] and i[[NOS]] R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Minoxidil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Minoxidil/ 2023-01-27: Minoxidil # Ruins collagen formation (bloating, wrinkles, eye bags, etc.) Also exists orally. Promotes water retention; like pounds. Actually a pro-drug for minoxidil sulfate, which requires [[SULT]]A1 for conversion, hence the [[Tretinoin]] tactic. You can mix them together, like in a shot glass. Use gel. Noone is sure what its MOA even is: New Target for Minoxidil in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia (2023) in vitro. Suppresses [[Androgen Receptor]] expression and [[17α-Hydroxylase]] expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mirodenafil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mirodenafil/ 2024-09-14: Mirodenafil # [[PDE5]] inhibitor hitting the scene. Jarvoss thinks it’s the most suitable PDE5i for topical application for [[Hair Loss]] - it is also a [[WNT]] activator. Highly selective otherwise. And potent. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mirtazapine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mirtazapine/ 2022-02-08 links: [[Drugs]] reference: Crazy. Can’t say this wouldn’t be interesting. https://mad.science.blog/2021/11/12/remeron-the-dream-drug/ A few papers Mirtazapine # Apparently not discussed too often in [[Lucid Dreaming]] communities but it ought to be. Also frequently used in bodybuilding. Blocks the effects of psychedelics. [[5-HT2B]] inverse agonist, [[5-HT2A]] [[5-HT2C]], and [[5-HT3]] antagonist. [[5-HT1A]] agonist, and induced lower lip retraction in rats (characteristic of 5-HT1A - it’s kinda like smiling??) R 5-HT1A agonism makes you eat carbs like a horse Increases serotonergic cell-firing in the dorsal raphe and 5-HT release in the hippocampus Explained by noradrenergic enhancement of 5-HT cell-firing and blockade of noradrenaline-mediated inhibition of hippocampal 5-HT release. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Misophonia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Misophonia/ 2023-09-25: Misophonia # Hyperactivation of the [[Insular Cortex]], causing more projecting activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitochondria/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitochondria/ 2022-05-17: reference: Mitochondria # Notice there is DNA present. It is able to synthesize a limited set of proteins. They can produce vesicles containing oxidized proteins/lipids to be transported to a endosome. Mitochondria as central regulators of neural stem cell fate and cognitive function Membrane # The [[Outer Mitochondrial Membrane]] is highly permeable to ions, while the [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane]] is impermeable. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitochondrial-Fission/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitochondrial-Fission/ 2022-05-28: reference: Mitochondrial Fission # Overall it’s what it sounds like. Mitochondria are constantly changing shape. One use of fusion is for genetic completion - if the two mitochondria have damaged genomes, they may overlp to encode what the other lacks. Regulated by [[Dynamin]] proteins, GTPases: [[Drp1]], OPA1/Mgm1, and mitofusins (Mfn1, Mfn2). Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Individuals with insulin resistance, both with established T2D and high-risk individuals, have consistently demonstrated a diverse array of defects in mitochondrial function (i. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitophagy/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mitophagy/ 2022-08-22: reference: Mitophagy # Either mediated by PINK ([[PTEN]]-induced kinase 1)-/[[Parkin]] or receptor-mediated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MK-677/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MK-677/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://moreplatesmoredates.com/mk-677-best-hgh-alternative/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/ibutamoren-mk-677-can-now-be-prescribed-in-hong-kong.28247/#post-420157 https://www.reddit.com/r/PEDs/comments/14pbi3k/mk677_causes_permanent_epigenetic_changes_by/?share_id=tqiCHHRry0VrjTO1ijnvj 4-18-2021 MK-677 (Ibutamoren) # Half life of 24 hours. Mimics [[Ghrelin]] primarily in order to raise secretion of GH. Can cause [[Insulin Resistance]] since Growth hormone and insulin levels oppose eachother. Pumping [[Growth Hormone]] and [[IGF-1]] doesn’t increase muscle hypertrophy: https://www.reddit.com/r/PEDsR/comments/82jdye/supraphysiological_dose_of_growth_hormone_and/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app It seems this makes people sleep like a rock, but some only sleep for a few hours. Increases water retention and improves skin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MMP9/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MMP9/ 2022-12-30: Matrix [[Metalloproteinase]] 9 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Modafinil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Modafinil/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://www.gwern.net/docs/modafinil/index 5-6-2021 Modafinil # Pharmacology # [[NET]]/[[DAT]] inhibitor. Modafinil lacked wake-promoting activity in DAT knockout mice: Dopaminergic Role in Stimulant-Induced Wakefulness Non-amphetaminic mechanism of stimulant locomotor effect of modafinil in mice Wake-promoting activity was not reduced by a dopamine receptor antagonist in rats, like it does for amphetamine. α-methyl-p-tyrosine, a dopamine synthesis inhibitor, did not block modafinil-induced locomotor activity… like it does for amphetamine. Modafinil Occupies Dopamine and Norepinephrine Transporters in Vivo and Modulates the Transporters and Trace Amine Activity in Vitro In Rhesus monkeys, 5mg and 8mg/kg (~115 & 180 HED) occupied 16 $\pm$ 7. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Molybdenum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Molybdenum/ 2022-09-17: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] Molybdenum # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monoamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monoamine/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 Monoamine # Derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and [[Tryptophan]]. [[MAO]]s deactivate them by clipping off their amine group via oxidation. Examples are: [[Catecholamine]]: [[Dopamine]] [[Noradrenaline]] [[Adrenaline]]; Indolamines: [[Serotonin]] [[Melatonin]] amongst other things; Imidazoleamines: [[Histamine]] Metabolism # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monocarboxylate-Transporter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monocarboxylate-Transporter/ 2022-05-04: reference: Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT) # Quite interesting. Notice it’s strictly carboxylate in the name - this protein is ‘proton-coupled’; it binds a H+ and then a [[Lactate]], or perhaps Wikipedia: Can be upregulated by [[PPAR]]-α, [[HIF-1α]], [[NRF2]], and [[AMPK]]. there are 14 of them (SLC16A1-14) [[MCT1]]: BBB and astrocytes. [[MCT2]]: Neurons. [[MCT4]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monosaccharide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monosaccharide/ 2022-02-25: reference: Monosaccharide # Monosaccharides contain 4-6 carbons with multiple alcohol grups, and 1 [[Aldehyde]]/ketone. $\ce{C_nH_{2n}O_n}$. [[Glucose]] [[Fructose]] [[Ribose]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monounsaturated-Fat/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Monounsaturated-Fat/ links: reference: 4-12-2021 Monounsaturated Fat # Fatty Acids # [[Oleic Acid]] (18:1) Eicosenoic Acid (20:1) Eruic Acid (22:1) Nervonic Acid (24:1) [[Sapienic Acid]] (cis-6-hexadecenoic acid) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Morphine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Morphine/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Opioid]] [[Drugs]] reference: Morphine # Compound Affinity: [[μ-Opioid Receptor|μ]] [[δ-Opioid Receptor|δ]] [[κ-Opioid Receptor|κ]] Ratio Morphine 1.8 nM 90 nM 317 nM 1:50:176 (−)-Morphine 1.24 nM 145 nM 23.4 nM 1:117:19 (+)-Morphine >10 μM >100 μM >300 μM ND Equianalgesic doses: Compound Route Dose Codeine PO 200 mg Hydrocodone PO 20–30 mg Hydromorphone PO 7.5 mg Hydromorphone IV 1.5 mg Morphine PO 30 mg Morphine IV 10 mg Oxycodone PO 20 mg Oxycodone IV 10 mg Oxymorphone PO 10 mg Oxymorphone IV 1mg https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mossy-Fiber/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mossy-Fiber/ 2022-09-25: Mossy Fiber # At least in the hippocampus, mossy fibers are axons projecting from [[Dentate Gyrus]] [[Granule Cell]]s that terminate on the [[CA3]]. There are also mossy fibers that terminate in the cerebellum, which originate from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and some other areas. Unmyelinated. So I’m gonna guess they have a high degree of ephatic coupling ( Ephaptic coupling in cortical neurons (epthatic: adjacent fibers exchanging ions)) On Rhythms of the Brain: Jhanas, Local Field Potentials, and Electromagnetic Theories of Consciousness Consciousness Is a Thing, Not a Process (Pockett, 2017) In this she specifically talks about neocortical [[Pyramidal Neuron|Pyramidal Cells]] Feed-back produces relatively large [[Local Field Potential|LFP]]s, while feed-forward activity doesn’t. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Motor-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Motor-Cortex/ 2022-03-21: reference: (Sensori)Motor Cortex # or in case I need some nightmare fuel: The motor cortex is obviously important for conscious control of any skeletal movements, especially the fin(g)er ones. But it also helps encoding cognitive tasks and their logical sequence. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Motor-Neuron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Motor-Neuron/ links: [[Neuron]] reference: 8-22-2021 Motor Neuron # Vision and movement take up a lot of real estate in the brain; primitive animals lack many upper motor neurons for precise, deliberate movements. Central pattern generators are responsible for rhythmic movements like walking. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mPGES-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mPGES-1/ 2024-02-08: mPGES-1 (microsomal [[Prostaglandin]] E synthase-1) # [[Glutathione]]-dependent [[PGE2]] synthase. Induced by [[IL-1β]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mRNA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mRNA/ 2022-04-15: reference: mRNA # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MSH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MSH/ 2022-04-08: reference: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-melanotropin) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MSM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MSM/ links: reference: 5-8-2021 Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) # Biologically active form of sulfur. Helps tendon recovery & accelerates nail growwth, and hair growth via lengthening the anagen phase. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/msm-and-gynecomastia.24481/ only bad thing I’ve found about the stuff - women take it to get bigger breasts??? Some GI side effects? Somehow antagonistic to copper? Chelator? Considering it’s a methyl donor, we’ve got some anecdotes of giving vivid dreams when taken at night. Increases pheo[[Melanin]] for skin redness? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MTHFR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MTHFR/ links: reference: [[Methylation]] 9-6-2021 Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase # Pterin is a [[Chromophore]] in 5,10-MTHF Rate-limiting [[Enzyme]]; uses [[Folate]], to convert it into [[Methylfolate]]. With [[B12]] as cofactor, it is then used to recycle [[Homocysteine]] back into [[Methionine]]: So therefore, the TLDR as for what this gene means pragmatically is Shut down by [[SAM-e]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTOR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTOR/ links: [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] reference: 11-3-2021 mTOR # AKA FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1). I guess mTORC1 is more for classic anabolism, while mTORC2 is more involved in ‘survival’ type things, including immunity, which is why lower doses of rapamycin are quite safe and saying “immunosuppressant” could be misleading. As you’d assume, it is activated during abundance of [[Amino Acid]]s (and inactivated with their deprivation), perhaps especially by [[Leucine]] (so maybe other BCAAs? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTORC1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTORC1/ 2022-05-10: reference: mTORC1 # Activates translation of proteins; overall anabolism. mTORC1 in the orbitofrontal cortex promotes habitual alcohol seeking Inhibition indeed attenuates it, and it requires NR2B. Did not mediate habitual response to sucrose. Yeah, alcohol promotes phosphorylation of NR2B in hippocampus/striatum Degraded [[Orbitofrontal Cortex]] white matter/reduced neuronal density are associated with alcohol-dependence - causative. Promotes [[Neuropeptide Y]] expression. A Central role for mTOR in lipid homeostasis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTORC2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/mTORC2/ 2022-05-18: reference: mTORC2 # Insensitive to nutrients, but it still responds to growth factors like mTORC1. Inhibited by [[S6K]]… which is an effector of mTORC1 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mucormycosis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mucormycosis/ 2022-06-07: reference: Mucormycosis # It inoculates disrupted skin/mucosa. The causticity to the nose by snorting DFO along with the ferrioxamine is a real double whammy. Thereby it becomes angioinvasive and causes thrombosis. Its link to diabetes, apart from dialysis and wounds from insulin injections, is hypergylcemia-induced immunosuppression. I’m not sure what effect insulin has. Deferoxamine is itself derived from some kind of bacteria. Ferrioxamine is a siderophore of Rhizopus (iron chelators secreted by microorganisms that help itself accumulate iron to stimulate growth). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Multiple-Sclerosis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Multiple-Sclerosis/ 2022-04-07: reference: Multiple Sclerosis # Supposedly “autoimmune”. Antibodies against the CNS [[Myelin]] sheath. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is the equivalent occuring in the PNS. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Muscle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Muscle/ links: reference: Andy Galpin 1/3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyKrc-fheBw https://www.physio-pedia.com/Golgi_Tendon_Organ 6-3-2021 Muscle # Phosphoproteomics of three exercise modalities identifies canonical signaling and C18ORF25 as an AMPK substrate regulating skeletal muscle function C180ORF25… KO decreases exercise capacity, muscle function, and PKA signaling. Phosphorylated on S67 by AMPK. Supposedly only contributes to ~20% of the TDEE, at ~15cal/kg per day. At rest, muscles use fat for ~90% of their energy. They use about 144g of glucose a day. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mushrooms/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Mushrooms/ links: [[Food]] reference: 7-5-2021 Mushrooms # https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/kick-experience-with-white-button-mushrooms.17812/page-7 Seems to be potent anti-[[Aromatase]]. A guy on a bodybuilding forum even experimented for 10 days and brought his E2 from 51->7. Mature mushrooms may have the strongest AI activity. Increased stomach secretions [[5-AR]] type I/II inhibitor, in negligible amounts? A phase I trial of mushroom powder in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: Roles of cytokines and myeloid-derived suppressor cells for Agaricus bisporus–induced prostate-specific antigen responses No detected changes in T/DHT/DHEA levels though. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myc/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myc/ 2022-12-31: Myc # The family of genes inclydes c-myc (MYC), l-myc (MYCL) and n-myc (MYCN) c-Myc is a proto-oncogene. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myelin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myelin/ 2022-02-04 links: reference: Myelin # Ranvier channels are rich in Na+ channels, and this is where the action potentials become regenerated. This type of conduction is known as saltatory conduction. Myelin in the CNS is created by [[Oligodendrocyte]]s; in the PNS: Schwann Cells. ~40% water. The remaining dry mass is 60-75% lipid (Mostly galacto[[Cerebroside]], then sphingomyelin and 25% [[Cholesterol]].) And 15-25% protein (many specified types). [[Cholesterol]] is not imported into the brain from the circulation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MyoD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/MyoD/ 2023-08-24: MyoD # Binds to [[E-box]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myokine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myokine/ 2023-03-18: Myokine # Includes: [[IL-6]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myosin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myosin/ links: reference: 8-22-2021 Myosin # A superfamily of motor [[Protein]]s. A single myosin II contains two heavy chains of about 2000 amino acids in length. Composed of a head, neck, and tail domain: The base of the head of [[Myosin]] binds to active sites (holes) inside F-actin (filamentous; as opposed to G-actin, globular) (F-actin gives rise to the helix-like shape of the thin filament due to it being a polymer), allowing for movement. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myostatin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myostatin/ 2022-05-18: reference: Myostatin # Technically part of the [[TGF-β]] family. Myostatin is a negative regulator of adult neurogenesis after spinal cord injury in zebrafish https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myricetin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myricetin/ 2023-10-05: Myricetin # Active compound of Bayberry (Myrica), along with [[Myricitrin]], and a little bit of quercetin Bayberry extract: makes you a LOT stronger apparently. It also has something of a headspace. Wonder if it has anything to do with [[Brain Glycogen|brain lactate]]? Judas and Amdu say it’s basically the best performance enhancer they’ve ever tried; almost SARM level Myricetin Totally changed the game for noname. Anxiolytic, possibly improved visuospatial ability. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myricitrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myricitrin/ 2024-02-23: Myricitrin # Myricitrin - a flavonoid isolated from the Indian olive tree ( Elaeocarpus floribundus) - inhibits Monoamine oxidase in the brain and elevates striatal dopamine levels: therapeutic implications against Parkinson’s disease Myricitrin Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice lowered glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression and activity in the liver liver weight, hepatic triglyceride content, and lipid droplet accumulation were markedly decreased decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose intolerance, and increased pancreatic β-cell mass Converts Type II [[Muscle]] fibers to Type I: “Biqi” Bayberry Extract Promotes Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Remodeling by Increasing Fast Myofiber Formation via the Akt/FoxO1 Pathway in Mice The mechanism really isn’t known. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myristic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Myristic-Acid/ 2022-02-18 links: [[Saturated Fat]] reference: Myristic Acid (C14) # Myristic acid increases Δ6 Desaturase activity in cultured rat hepatocytes In cultured hepatocytes, RXRα and PPAR-α mRNA and protein levels were shown to be synergistically up-regulated by myristic acid and dexamethasone and down-regulated by the simultaneous treatment with myristic acid and insulin https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/N-Acetylaspartate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/N-Acetylaspartate/ links: reference: 6-26-2021 N-Acetylaspartic acid (NAA) # Derivative of [[Aspartic Acid]] and precursor to N-Acetylaspartylglutamate. The second-most-concentrated molecule in the brain, after glutamate. Detected in [[Neuron]]s, [[Oligodendrocyte]]s (NAA supplies acetate for lipid/myelin synthesis) and in the [[Myelin]] itself. Contributes to the energy production from [[Glutamate]] in neuronal mitochondria. May function as a [[Neurotransmitter]] by acting on metabotropic glutamate receptors. Gives off the largest signal in MRS, so it is a useful marker for neural energy production and efficiency. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/N-Acetylserotonin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/N-Acetylserotonin/ 2022-08-07: reference: N-Acetylserotonin # AKA normelatonin (hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase (or just (N-)acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase) catalyzes reversible conversion to [[Melatonin]]). Synthesized from [[Serotonin]] via [[Serotonin N-Acetlytransferase]]. [[TrkB]] agonist and [[Melatonin Receptor]] (MT1-3) agonist https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Na+K+-ATPase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Na+K+-ATPase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 6-12-2021 Na+/K+-ATPase or Sodium-Potassium Pump # Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Gilbert Ling says it’s fake news. Uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to actively transport, in each cycle, 3 Na+ out of the cell, and 2 K+ into it. In most neurons, the concentration of K+ is higher inside, and Na+ is higher oustide. I’m hearing multiple stories here… Wikipedia, which cites Guyton (2006) has a different order. Gilbert - help me out. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAAG/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAAG/ 2023-09-08: NAAG # Whereas the ability of NAAG to interact with NMDA receptors in a manner relevant to physiology is controversial, its primary receptor was long believed to be [[mGluR3]]. Synthesized in neurons and glia. Synthesis is regulated by NAA availabilty. PKA and PKC increase and decrease, respectively, quantity of NAAG in neuroblastoma cells. Positive correlation between depression and thalamic NAAG. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAC/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: One Type Of Antioxidant May Not Be As Safe As Once Thought NAC, NAC, Knockin’ on Heaven’s door: Interpreting the mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine in tumor and immune cells 4-13-2021 NAC (N-acetylcysteine) # Both NAC and NACET smell fucking terrible. Maybe glutathione is a good compromise. Probably safe. It can be undesirable due to cysteine content, but NACET fixes that. Direct antioxidant: eliminates free radicals, and in excess, tells the body to lower natural antioxidant production. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/nAChR/ links: [[Acetylcholine Receptor]] reference: [Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Control Encoding and Retrieval of Associative Recognition Memory through Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex] - encoding vs. retrieval paradigm 9-18-2021 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) # Two subtypes: N1 and N2. This division is really only relevant for physiology at large and not relevant to neuroscience, since N1/NM is only found in the PNS the [[Neuromuscular Junction]] on skeletal muscle, and N2 is found only in the CNS. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAD+/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAD+/ 2021-12-03 links: reference: NAD+ # Oxidized form of [[NAD]], which is stored in the liver. Created from [[Niacinamide]] via NAMPT. SARM1 is a metabolic sensor activated by an increased NMN-NAD+ ratio to trigger axon degeneration SARM1 is a [[NAD+]] cleaving enzyme whose activation triggers Wallerian degeneration (axon destruction/de[[Myelin]]ation). Loss of [[NMNAT]]2, which converts [[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide]] to [[NAD+]], activates SARM1 via an unknown mechanism, But it’s known it isn’t preventing SARM1 NAD+ depletion R. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NAD/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 Nicontinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) # Produced from Tryptophan or [[B3]] The oxidized form is [[NAD+]], and the reduced form is [[NADH]]. Technically then NAD is an abstract concept and not these individual molecules… Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is expressed in a circadian manner. Increasing the hepatocyte [[NADH]]/[[NAD+]] ratio increased cytotoxicity R NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADH/ 2021-12-03 links: reference: NADH # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADP/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 NADP # Like [[NAD]], it exists in an oxidized and reduced form, NADP+ and NADPH respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADPH-Oxidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADPH-Oxidase/ 2022-08-28: reference: NADPH Oxidase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADPH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NADPH/ links: [[NADP]] reference: 11-4-2021 NADPH # Cofactor for [[5-AR]] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9658376 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naltrexone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naltrexone/ 2022-04-21: [[Drugs]] reference: Naltrexone (Vivitrol) # [[Opioid Receptor]] partial agonist with something like a 1:6:97 affinity and a 14-29%, 16-39%, 14-25% Emax for μ, κ, δ respectively. This Naltrexone Facilitates Learning and Delays Extinction by Increasing AMPA Receptor Phosphorylation and Membrane Insertion - Increases [[GluR1]] Ser845 phosphorylation. Possibly toxic Supplementation # 96% oral absorption. 5-60% bioavailability. Taken in low doses for some reason: “LDN” (~4.5mg) High suicide rate in people who took it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naringenin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naringenin/ links: [[Orange]] reference: 6-6-2021 Naringenin # Flavanone in grapefruit/oranges. I think it has a lot of interesting anti-inflammatory properties. Phyto-progestogen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naringin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Naringin/ 2022-08-23: reference: Naringin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NCAM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NCAM/ 2022-04-28: reference: NCAM (Neural cell adhesion molecule) (CD56) # Glycoprotein. As the name suggests it’s for cell-cell adhesion, plasticity, etc. in neurons/glia, lymphoid cells, etc. and skeletal muscle. NCAM1 associates with [[FGFR]] to induce neurite outhgrowth. Aβ-dependent reduction of NCAM2-mediated synaptic adhesion contributes to synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease [[Amyloid β]] binds to NCAM2 and induces their removal from synapses. This cleavage is increased in [[Alzheimer’s]]. Knockdown of NCAM2 expression or incubation with NCAM2-ED induces disassembly of [[GluR1]]-containing glutamatergic synapses in cultured hippocampal neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NCOA4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NCOA4/ 2022-12-10: NCOA4 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 4) # AKA androgen receptor activator (ARA70)! Interacts/coimmunoprecipitates with [[PPAR-γ]]. Identification of ARA70 as a Ligand-enhanced Coactivator for the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ PPARγ and ARA70 interact in the absence of the PPARγ ligand 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, although the addition of exogenous ligand enhances this interaction. Androgen receptor squelches (WTF? - halts) PPARγ-ARA70 coactivation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neboglamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neboglamine/ 2023-06-28: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://beta.nootropicswiki.org/details/neboglamine Neboglamine (Nebostinel) (CR22-49, XY-2401) # The only known [[NMDAR]] glycine site PAM, enhancing the binding of [[D-Serine]]. Specifically, it’s selective for [[NR2A]]. According to sirsad, oral [[D-Serine]] causing molecular-level oxidative stress could be due to it ending up in extrasynaptic regions it doesn’t normally exist in. [[NR3]] agonist, which unfortunately is anti-cognitive. That’s why noname thinks it inhibits PFC function. CR 2249: a new putative memory enhancer. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nerves/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nerves/ links: reference: 10-25-2021 Nerves # Axons in the [[Peripheral Nervous System]] are known as nerves. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NET/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NET/ links: [[Adrenaline]] reference: 11-7-2021 NET (Norepinephrine Transporter) # Apparently, the difference between NET and [[DAT]] isn’t what it does but where it is; NET still acts on all [[Catecholamine]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Circuit/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Circuit/ links: reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11154/ https://transformer-circuits.pub/2022/toy_model/index.html 11-2-2021 Neural Circuit # Not much to say unto itself, however there are obviously specific neural circuits to note. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Oscillations/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Oscillations/ links: reference: Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks The functional role of cross-frequency coupling (Canolty & Knight, 2010) 5-1-2021 Neutral Oscillations # They are not epiphenomena. This is something I want to look into. Neurons as oscillators (2015) On the neuronal level, it seems ‘oscillation’ refers to literal oscillatory activity in [[Action Potential]], or a regular frequency of otherwise normal APs. An oscillator here is a neuron assumed to be, or its activity simplified to be - spiking at regular intervals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neural-Pathway/ 2022-02-10 links: reference: Neural Pathway # Is this a useful page? I mean it’s a useful categorzation. Not a fascinating concept in itself I guess https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroanatomy/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroanatomy/ links: [[Brodmann Areas]] reference: http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Nnont.aspx https://scicrunch.org/scicrunch/interlex/dashboard 6-3-2021 Neuroanatomy # ‘Orbito-’ actually refers to ‘by the orbits of the eyes’, and seems to be below what is referred to as ‘ventral’, i.e. the prefrontal cortex. (These are not BA numbers). But the ‘major lobe’z are a good place to begin as a table of contents: [[Occipital Lobe]]: Occ. Contains most of the visual cortex (containing entirely BA17/V1, the primary visual cortex) [[Temporal Lobe]]: Processes sensory input; superior contains the primary auditory cortex (A1), which includes Wernicke’s Area. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurofeedback/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurofeedback/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: Samatha Meditation and Neurofeedback (Dennison, 2014) Meditation and neurofeedback (Brandmeyer Delorme, 2013) Lucid Loop: A Virtual Deep Learning Biofeedback System for Lucid Dreaming Practice https://www.shift.is/2017/10/ultimate-guide-brainwave-entrainment/ Jeff Tarrant, sens.ai & Biocybernaut Instititute youtube channel Raising Our Vibration - Youtube https://healthvibed.com/neuro-programmer-3-reviews/ https://openbci.com/forum/ Neurofeedback/Neuromodulation # There is also tPBM (Photobiomodulation), tDCS (direct current stimulation) and TUS (transcranial ultrasound stimulation) Formerly known as EEG biofeedback. Supposedly Lubar’s research from the 70s and 80s is quite important. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurogenesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurogenesis/ links: reference:nv 10-21-2021 Neurogenesis # I think a lot of comes down to the prevalence of [[Stem Cell]]s - areas like the [[Hippocampus]] are rife with them, while areas like the prefrontal cortex have less and less. Transcriptome # Common pitfalls of stem cell diferentiation: A guide to improving protocols for neurodegenerative disease models and research In vivo Direct Conversion of Astrocytes to Neurons Maybe a Potential Alternative Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases Introducing NeAL218. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurogranin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurogranin/ 2022-04-12: reference: Neurogranin # [[Calmodulin]]-binding protein (yeah so a calcium binding protein binding protein). In the absence of calcium, it binds here. Phosphorylation by [[Protein Kinase C]] lowers binding ability. Increased Prefrontal Cortex Neurogranin Enhances Plasticity and Extinction Learning Neurogranin overexpression in the PFC enhanced long-term potentiation and increased the rates of extinction learning of both fear conditioning and sucrose self-administration. Our results indicate that elevated neurogranin function within the PFC can enhance local plasticity and increase the rate of extinction learning across different behavioral tasks. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroligin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroligin/ 2022-06-02: reference: Neuroligin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuromelanin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuromelanin/ 2022-06-13: reference: Neuromelanin # It is formed out of 5,6-dihydroxyindole: It’s a sort of polymer; eventually it gets so large it cannot leave the neuron, causing cell death and disrupting other cells. Makes the [[Locus Coeruleus]] BLUE, and the [[Substantia Nigra]] black. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuromuscular-Junction/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuromuscular-Junction/ 2022-04-07: reference: Neuromuscular Junction # Where [[Motor Neuron]] axons innervate skeletal [[Muscle]] fibers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuron/ links: reference: https://andrewtmckenzie.com/neuron-typing 6-13-2021 Neuron # Book Notes # Sensory neurons -> interneurons -> motor neurons. Sensory neurons look like the typical example, while interneurons are highly branched: some neurons can receive input from tens of thousands of synapses. The neurons that carry info in and out of the CNS make up the PNS. Glia nourish neurons, insulate axons, and regulate the surrounding extracellular fluid, but they can also transmit information themselves. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide-FF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide-FF/ 2022-06-16: reference: Neuropeptide FF # [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] antagonist. But get this, an antagonist given to mice who were given heroin and fentanyl for 14 days never developed tolerance or dependence. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide-Y/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide-Y/ 2022-06-25: reference: Neuropeptide Y # Actually the most abundant peptide in mammalian CNS. Increases food intake and fat storage, anxiolytic, analgesic, vasoconstrictor. Acts upon [[Neuropeptide Y]] GPCRs, of which there are at least 5. I believe serotonin lowers it - this is how the effects of antagonists like [[Cyproheptadine]] come to fruition. Activated by some [[S6K]]-mediated pathway in the hypothalamus Stimulates the [[Neurogenesis|rostral migratory stream]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuropeptide/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Neuropeptide # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroplasticity/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroplasticity/ links: reference: 10-21-2021 Neuroplasticity # Synaptic Plasticity # The ability for [[Synapse]]s to strengthen or weaken over time. Memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength. t=0 is when the presynaptic receptor fires. Essentially, LTD is induced when the posynaptic fires before it, and LTP occurs if it fires after the presynaptic receptor (or did I mean synapse?. [[LTP]] (Long-term potentiation) # Persistent strengthening of synapses, based on recent patterns of activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroreceptors/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroreceptors/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] reference: The role of receptor diffusion in the organization of the postsynaptic membrane 4-29-2021 Neurotransmitter Receptor # Autoreceptors are located in the membranes of presynaptic nerve cells. Can only be sensitive to the neurotransmitters/hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Their purpose is for negative feedback loops. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex There are two main types of receptors: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroscience/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neuroscience/ links: reference: https://biorender.com/ Hille’s [[Ion Channel]]s of Excitable Membranes - an 847-page atlas on all things electrophysiology. The titles are declarative like Andy Matuschak’s notes - interesting The Concise guide to Pharmacology 2013/2014 Novel Players in the Aging Synapse: Impact on Cognition https://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_nervous_system https://yewtu.be/channel/UC-x6Um1AmOxWbMTmxXDSjVw amazing videos on proteins involved in [[Synapse]]s and stuff Youtube - Science With Tal - basic things like synapses and conductance with a computational leaning to it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurosteroid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurosteroid/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid 4-29-2021 Neurosteroids # Endogenous/exogenous [[Steroid]] that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ionotropic receptors and other cell surface receptors. Synthesis # They are synthesized in the brain from [[Cholesterol]]->[[Pregnenolone]], and then into all other endogenous steroids. (Can also be produced from conversion peripherally-derived adrenal/gonadal steroids.) ‘Neuroactive steroids’ aren’t all produced in the brain, the qualifier being they modify neural activities. In rat brain/glial cultures, Adrenodoxin, [[CYP11A]], [[11β-HSD]] were detected. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotransmitter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotransmitter/ links: reference: 5-4-2021 Neurotransmitters # The main types are: [[Amino Acid]], such as [[Glutamate]] and [[Glycine]]. [[Monoamine]]s (biogenic amines) such as [[Dopamine]]. [[Indolamines]] Imiadazole amine(s): [[Histamine]]. [[Purine]]s such as [[ATP]] or [[Adenosine]]. Doesn’t count as a classical NT since it is not stored in vesicles. Others such as [[Acetylcholine]], [[Endocannabinoid]]s. [[Gasotransmitters]], such as [[Nitric Oxide]] and carbon monoxide. Lipid-soluble, so they can pass the cellular membrane. [[Neuropeptide]]/Peptides, such as [[Oxytocin]]. Their excitatory or inhibitory effect ultimately depends on the [[Neuroreceptors]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotrophic-Factors/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotrophic-Factors/ 2022-03-11: reference: Neurotrophic Factors # NOT neurotrophins. Usually peptides/small proteins, and usually through [[RTK]]: promote growth/survival/differentation of [[Neuron]]s. They block apoptosis-triggering processes. Seems to be quite esoteric whow they’re even synthesized and transported. Neurotrophins: [[BDNF]] [[NGF]] Neurotrophin-3/4 [[GDNF]] (Glial cell-line derived): Artemin Neurturin Persephin [[CNTF]] (ciliary neurotrophic factor): LIF [[IL-6]] [[Prolactin]] [[Growth Hormone]] [[Leptin]] [[Interferon]] Oncostatin M EGF/TGF [[TGF-β]]/α, EGF There are also numerous proteins wit ‘EGF-like domains’ Ephrins [[VGF]] (not even an acronym). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotyping/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neurotyping/ links: [[Cognition]] reference: Commentary: The Nature of Unsymbolized Thinking https://ouroborista.neocities.org/articles/neurotyping His writing on Classpecting, Homestuck’s extended astrology thing 11-3-2021 Neurotyping # The brainweb: Phase synchronizaton and large-scale integration “the large-scale integration and the well-known visual-binding problem address the same question but at opposite ends of the spatial continuum. It is parsimonious to assume that they share common mechanisms.” Neural synchrony is associated with cognitive integration and a big picture compression of information; neural asynchrony the opposite: a greater focus on details. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neutrophil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Neutrophil/ 2022-08-22: reference: Neutrophil # Rich in enzymes like [[NADPH Oxidase]] and release ROS. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NF-%CE%BAB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NF-%CE%BAB/ 2022-04-19: reference: NF-κB (Nuclear factor κB) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NFAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NFAT/ 2022-05-16: reference: Nuclear factory of activated [[T Cell]]s (NFAT) # Activates [[IL-2]] transcription. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NGF/ links: reference: 5-7-2021 Nerve Growth Factor # NGF can impair focus and decrease pain tolerance via upregulating calcium channel activity. This in turn increases [[Histamine]]. Binds to [[TrkA]]. Nerve growth factor rapidly prolongs the action potential of mature sensory ganglion neurons in culture, and this effect requires activation of Gs-coupled excitatory κ-opioid receptors on these cells NGF-induced APD (action potential duration) prolongation is prevented by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and the specific [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (but not by specific mu- and delta-opioid antagonists). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niacin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niacin/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 4-12-2021 Niacin # Niacin supplementation (I suppose due to the flush, however subtle) can boost [[Adenosine]]? https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ High doses can be [[Liver]] toxic, since it depletes [[Methyl Group]]s/SAM-e from it. [Co-administration of equimolar doses aof betaine may alleviate the ahepatotoxic risk associated with aniacin therapy] Niacin reduces [[LDL]] and raises [[HDL]]. Decreases lipoprotein A levels and increases [[LDL]] particle size. After catabolism of [[NAD]], the released free [[Niacinamide]] is N-methylated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niacinamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niacinamide/ links: [[Niacin]] reference: Lots of virtues listed: https://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/03/20/ray-peat-phd-on-therapeutic-effect-of-niacinamide/ 4-12-2021 Niacinamide # Another no-flush form of supplemented niacin is Inositol hexanicotinate. It increases cell membrane permeability. Readily converts into the bioactive forms of niacin: [[NAD+]], [[NADH]], [[NADP]], and [[NADPH]]. Lowers temperature and stress hormones. Can lower free fatty acids. Inhibits [[Lipolysis]]/[[Fatty Acid Oxidation]] at least in large doses. Nicotinamide reprograms adipose cellular metabolism and increases mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate obesity The Influence of Nicotinamide on Health and Disease in the Central Nervous System https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niclosamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Niclosamide/ 2022-05-02: [[Drugs]] reference: Niclosamide # Mitochondrial uncoupler. It’s normally used for parasitic infections, where it inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation in tapeworms. Ironically though I think it bloats you. Canonical Wnt Signaling Drives Myopia Development and Can Be Pharmacologically Modulated Myopia saw decreased levels of [[DKK-1]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinamide-Mononucleotide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinamide-Mononucleotide/ 2021-12-02 links: reference: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide # [[Nicotinamide Riboside]] with a phosphate on it. Compounds with phosphates can’t get into cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinamide-Riboside/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotinamide-Riboside/ links: [[B3]] reference: https://www.geneticlifehacks.com/nad-reversing-aging-overview-of-nr-and-nmn/ 8-18-2021 Nicotinamide Riboside # A pyidine-nucleoside, similar to [[Niacin]] and [[Niacinamide]]. A precursor to [[NAD+]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nicotine/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: Pubmed - Beneficial effects of nicotine https://www.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/ryo2sn/exploring_the_mystery_of_nicotine_gts21/ 4-29-2021 Nicotine # Out of all the [[nAChR]] subtypes, its highest binding affinity is for [[α4β2 nAChR]], representing >90% of its binding in brain tissue, supposedly the primary mediatory of its addictiveness, since they release dopamine. Another mechanism of its addiction is [[α4 nAChR]] upregulating inhibitory GABAergic neurons. α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Dopaminergic Neurons Mediate Nicotine Reward and Anxiety Relief Mice lacking [[α4 nAChR]]s have elevated levels of basal anxiety. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nigella-Sativa/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nigella-Sativa/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/10/09/black-cumin-seed-and-its-amazing-compound-thymoquinone/ Anti-[[Prolactin]], anti-[[Cancer]], but probably [[Estrogen]]ic. Antihistamine, maybe. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/black-cumin-helped-then-downhill-what-happened.37042/post-572571 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/black-cumin-seed-and-its-amazing-compound-thymoquinone.36788/#post-567108 Estrogenic?? Don’t overdo it at least, like methylene blue. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/nigella-sativa-only-pufa-i-consume-with-bliss.32783/ Many people noticing great improvements from it. “Thymoquinone … attenuation of oxidative stress, retreiving the reduced concentration of [[Glutathione]] (does this mean concentration of reduced glutathione?), blocks elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, restores [[Cytochrome C Oxidase]] activity, and reducing the apoptosis markers in the brain tissues of rats. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nigrostriatal-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nigrostriatal-Pathway/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Neural Pathway]] reference: Nigrostriatal Pathway # Connects the [[Pars Compacta]] with the dorsal [[Striatum]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nitric-Oxide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nitric-Oxide/ links: reference: 4-16-2021 Nitric Oxide # Causes [[Insulin Resistance]]? Methylxanthines and calcium-mobilizing agents inhibit the expression of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in murine microvascular endothelial cells “Our results suggest that NO produced by [[iNOS]] acts as a metabolic switch during inflammation by inhibiting [[Electron Transport Chain|Oxidative Phosphorylation]] and forcing vascular endothelial cells to temporarily utilize anaerobic energy metabolism.” Is a retrograde messenger which stimulates glutamate release. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NLRP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NLRP/ 2022-08-16: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/nlrp3-inflammasome-cause-of-male-pattern-baldness.37563/ [[Hair Loss]] NLRP (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine rich Repeat) # NLRP: previously known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3. This is all one damn gene?! Asc = Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains) Pro-[[Caspase 1]] is a ASC attached to p20+p10. NACHT = neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein. LRR = leucine-rich repeat; PYD = Pyrin domain. It’s a bit complicated; some sources suggest different structures: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NLRP3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NLRP3/ 2022-12-07: NLRP3 # When inactive, it complexes with SGT1 and [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp90]], which dissociates whereby ASC-Pro-[[Caspase 1]] is recruited to the complex. Downregulator of [[AMPAR]]. Deletion ameliorates ameliorates mouse models of diseases like gout, type 2 [[Insulin Resistance|Diabetes]], [[Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Alzheimer’s]], and atherosclerosis. [[Ginseng]] downregulates it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMDA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMDA/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 4-21-2021 NMDA # N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid. Mimicks the action of [[Glutamate]] on [[NMDAR]]s, which despite the naming convention here, GLU is normally the molecule that binds to it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMDAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMDAR/ links: [[NMDA]], [[Neuroreceptors]], [[eNMDAR]] reference: https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/73159-signs-and-symptoms-of-low-nmda-activity-n-methyl-d-aspartate/ 9-18-2021 NMDA Receptor # Blocking NMDA receptors inhibits release of dopamine bursts during stress (which leads to a drop after the stress has passed.) Both its hypo- and hyperfunction is implicated in Alzheimer’s and other neurological disorders. Positive allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors: mechanisms, physiological impact and therapeutic potential NMDA activation increases extracellular choline, associated with a reduction of [[Membrane]] [[Phosphatidylcholine]] preceding cell death. R About 20 per [[Postsynaptic Density]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMNAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NMNAT/ 2022-01-19 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) # Converts [[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide]] to [[NAD+]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/nNOS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/nNOS/ 2022-09-04: reference: nNOS (neuronal NOS) # Activation of calcium signaling through Trpv1 by nNOS and peroxynitrite as a key trigger of skeletal muscle hypertrophy https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nobiletin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nobiletin/ 2022-09-16: [[Nootropics]] Nobiletin # Interactions with AMPAR. Modulates the [[Circadian Rhythm]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nociceptin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nociceptin-Receptor/ 2022-04-19: reference: [[Nociceptin]] Receptor (OPRL1) # AKA [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] 3? Gi-coupled. It’s similar in sequence to the opioid receptors, but it has little affinity for opioid peptides or morphine-like compounds. Activates K+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channels. It can activate [[Phospholipase A2]]. Inhibits α[[CAMK II]] and [[Adenylyl Cyclase]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nociceptin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nociceptin/ 2022-04-19: reference: Nociceptin # Nociception is the sensory detection of painful stimuli. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NOGO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NOGO/ 2022-08-07: reference: https://mybiohack.com/blog/nogo-a-reticulon-4-ngr-myelin-ms-alzheimers-cancer-stem-cells-plasticity-switch-ltp apparently some serious shit NOGO (Neurite outgrowht inhibitor) (RTN4) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Noopept/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Noopept/ links: [[Nootropics]] [[Racetams]] reference: 4-13-2021 Noopept (Omberacetam) (GVS-111) # AKA (N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) Converted into phenylacetic acid, prolylglycine, and [[Cycloprolylglycine]], a naturally-produced neurodipeptide which I think is how noopept exerts its effects. I believe it is much more glutamatergic than the other racetams; its vasodilatory effects can cause headaches which seem to be not uncommon. It can be used to kill [[NMDA]] antagonist trips (like [[Ketamine]]). The drug action is based on the [[Antioxidant]] effect, the antiinflammatory action, and the ability to inhibit the neurotoxicity of excess calcium and glutamate, and to improve the blood rheology. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nootropics/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nootropics/ links: [[Cognition]] reference: https://www.longecity.org/forum/forum/6-supplements/ Neuroenhancement in Healthy Adults, Part I: Pharmaceutical Cognitive Enhancement: A Systematic Review The Families of Cognition Enhancers (1989) Cognitive enhancers (Nootropics). Part 1: drugs interacting with receptors. Update 2014 (part 1 of 3). Very similar, but different authors. Understanding the mechanism of learning enhancement - NMDA and GABA receptor expression A Biophysical Approach to Altered Consciousness (Ray Peat 1975) [Peripheral inflammation induces neuroinflammation that alters neurotransmission and cognitive and motor function in hepatic encephalopathy: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications] https://www. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Noradrenaline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Noradrenaline/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] [[Hormones]] reference: 4-12-2021 Noradrenaline # Converted from [[Dopamine]] via [[Dopamine β-hydroxylase]] with [[Vitamin C]], [[Copper]], and [[B3]] as cofactors. Prerequisite to [[Adrenaline]]: [[PNMT]] catalyzes the conversion, with [[SAM-e]], [[Magnesium]], and [[Cortisol]] as cofactors. Receptors include α1 (Gq), [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]] (Gi), β1 (Gs), [[β2]] (Gs). Norepinephrine stimulates testosterone [[Aromatase|aromatization]] and inhibits [[5-AR]] beta-adrenoceptors in rat pineal gland. Increases estrogen and lowers DHT by 72% and 39% respectively. R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Norbinaltorphimine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Norbinaltorphimine/ 2023-10-12: [[Drugs]] Norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI) # Selective [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] antagonist (“collateral agonist eficiency”) No upregulation found in the rodent studies. Agonists however do downregulate. μ and δ antagonists show upregulation. I think this is because it’s a channel blocker maybe? Brendan: it acts like a partial agonist in a small portion of the receptor, which allows for [[JNK]] to build up within the receptor, which traps it in a desensitized state for an even longer duration. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NOS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NOS/ 2022-02-24: reference: NOS # [[Enzyme]] catalyzing production of [[Nitric Oxide]] from L-[[Arginine]]. [[iNOS]], [[eNOS]], and [[nNOS]] eNOS and nNOS are dependent on Ca-[[Calmodulin]]. iNOS technically needs calmodulin binding, but this happens even at low intracellular calcium levels, and thus is constitutively active. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Notch/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Notch/ 2022-09-10: Notch # I wanted to make a minecraft reference but it’s too cringe. Pretty sure its principal action is initiating proliferation. Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Glioblastoma Pathogenesis notch-pathway.png]] # Cleaved successively by [[ADAM17]] and [[γ-Secretase]] to yield the intracellular domain (NICD), the active form of notch? It translocates to the nucleus for its transcriptional activity. Somehow stimulated by [[eNOS]]. Notch1 inhibited by [[mTOR]]. Inhibited by [[Numb]]. Involvement of notch signaling pathway in amyloid precursor protein induced glial differentiation https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NPAS2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NPAS2/ 2023-10-09: NPAS2 (MOP4) # Paralogous to [[CLOCK]]. Thus, it interacts with [[BMAL1]], [[SHP]], RARα and RXRα, et al. Impaired Cued and Contextual Memory in NPAS2-Deficient Mice https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR1A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR1A/ 2022-05-21: reference: NR1A # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2A/ 2022-05-01: reference: NR2A # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2B/ 2022-03-06: reference: some BRB stuff jus to get rid of the tab spam (these look really good though - they’re all connected somehow in some train of understanding so take good care of them!) NMDA receptors: Recent insights and clinical correlations Differential Roles of NR2A and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Cortical Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression Targeting the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B for treating or preventing age-related memory decline Flux-Independent NMDAR Signaling: Molecular Mediators, Cellular Functions, and Complexities Memory Enhancement by Targeting Cdk5 Regulation of NR2B Cogmetics’ peptide is “SIP”. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2C/ 2022-04-12: reference: NR2C # Underrated! Along with [[NR2D]]. They have even slower kinetics than NR2B or NR2A PTC-174, a positive allosteric modulator of NMDA receptors containing GluN2C or GluN2D subunits PTC-174 has questionable toxicity though https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR2D/ 2024-01-22: NR2D # Localizes to [[eNMDAR]], like NR2B. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NR3/ 2023-10-14: NR3 # Only requires [[Glycine]] for activation. Has a co-agonist site, etc.: Characterization of a Soluble Ligand Binding Domain of the NMDA Receptor Regulatory Subunit NR3A Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits https://penchant.bio/pages/the-nootropic-potential-of-nmda-nr3a-inhibition Not all good: Impaired Social Behaviors and Minimized Oxytocin Signaling of the Adult Mice Deficient in the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor GluN3A Subunit reversed with . Also bear in mind that KO isn’t equivalent to NAM/antagonism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NREM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NREM/ 2021-11-28 links: [[Sleep]] reference: NREM # NREM 1: Extremely light stage of sleep. Brainwaves begin to go from [[Alpha waves]] to [[Theta waves]]. Sometimes you don’t even realize you were asleep if woken up from this state. This is when ‘hypnic jerks’ occur. NREM 2: Still quite light. Brainwaves are in [[Theta waves]] frequency, exhibiting sleep spindles (burst of fast waves, which last for <1s) and K-complexes (single long delta wave that lasts ~1s). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRF1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRF1/ 2022-08-25: reference: NRF1 # Activated by estrogen receptor and [[PGC-1α]]. Its effectors include certain mitochondrial genes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRF2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRF2/ 2022-05-08: reference: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) (NRF2) # Gene regulating antioxidant proteins, and [[Detoxification]] phase II. Enhance with [[Curcumin]], Carnosic Acid, broccoli constituents, garlic, ginger, [[Isoflavone]]s, [[Coffee]], [[Naringenin]], [[γ-tocopherol]], blueberries, et al. Should not be overexpressed though. Activated by various forms of stress, and it serves to protect. A serious master regulator of increasing antioxidant production. Inhibits [[Δ9 Desaturase|SCD1]]. Induces: [[Heme Oxygenase]], https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRG1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NRG1/ 2022-12-08: NRG1 (Neuregulin 1) # There is NRG-1 through 4, and NRG-1 types I-VI. Neuregulin contains an EGF-like domain. Impaired maturation of dendritic spines without disorganization of cortical cell layers in mice lacking NRG1/ErbB signaling in the central nervous system Its downregulation produces a disruption in glutamatergic signaling, and this is seen in schizophrenia. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NSF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NSF/ 2022-05-05: reference: NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor/fusion proteins) # An ATPase and non-PDZ. Interacts with the [[AMPAR]] subunits. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NSI-189/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/NSI-189/ [[Nootropics]] [[Drugs]] reference: https://mybiohack.com/blog/nsi-189-mechanism-action-buy 10-4-2021 NSI-189 (4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl) # A novel drug, with an epic history. Neuralstem received virtually unlimited funding from DARPA, and it was selected out of 10,000 other compounds for optimal increase in hippocampal volume. It’s unknown what receptors it binds to but as one would assume it raises [[Neurotrophic Factors]]. Not a good generic antidepressant, apparently, but works amazingly for some people. Induces modest (not significant) increase in left [[Hippocampus]] volume. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleic-Acid/ 2022-02-25: reference: Nucleic Acid # Just [[RNA]] (and its various types) and [[DNA]]. The nucleobases are [[Adenine]], [[Guanine]], Cytosine, and then DNA uses thymine, while RNA uses uracil. Since G-C has 3 bonds instead of 2, it has a higher melting temperature than A-T. The stability is mainly due to molecular interactions of base stacking: Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix Sometimes GC-content (proportion to AT/AU) of a nucleic acid molecule/gene/whatever is measured to do stuff like this being relevant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleoside/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleoside/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 Nucleoside # They are denoted as such I suppose due to the importance of [[Nucleotide]]s, in that they just lack their phosphate group. DNA uses thymine (T) and RNA additionally uses uracil (U), both pyrimidines: There are concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporters; CNT(1-3)/ENT(1-4). I believe they are both unidirectional, but more commonly the former is shown to be unidirectional, while ENT is bidirectional. There is a to-be-identified vesicular transporter. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleotide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleotide/ 2022-02-13 links: reference: Nucleotide # [[Nucleoside]] + [[Phosphate]]. [[Guanine]] -> Guanosine [[Adenine]] -> [[Adenosine]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleus-Accumbens/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Nucleus-Accumbens/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 4-30-2021 Nucleus Accumbens # Region in the [[Basal Forebrain]]; part of the ventral [[Striatum]]. Dopaminergic neurons from the [[Ventral Tegmental Area]] project onto [[Medium Spiny Neuron]]s here. Outputs to the other areas of the [[Basal Ganglia]] like the substantia nigra, to the tail of the [[Ventral Tegmental Area]], and reticular formation. Also has glutamatergic inputs from limbic cortices, ventral hippocampus, thalamus, and other stuff Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with hypertrophy of medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens Thus naturally an increase in BDNF, NCAM, synapsin 1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Occipital-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Occipital-Lobe/ 2021-11-18 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Occipital Lobe # Visual memories, accurate reading. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/OCD/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/OCD/ links: reference: 5-14-2021 OCD # Acetylcholine/Glutamate # Elevated growth hormone responses to pyridostigmine in obsessive- compulsive disorder: evidence of cholinergic supersensitivity (Pyridostigmine inhibits synaptic cleft acetylcholinesterase) Treated by [[NMDA]] antagonists/correlated with higher levels of glutamate. R The data suggest that cholinergic supersensitivity is present in obsessive-compulsive disorder Attenuation of Compulsive-Like Behavior Through Positive Allosteric Modulation of α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Non-Induced Compulsive-Like Mice [[α4β2 nAChR]] is the most abundant nAChR subtype in brain areas implicated in OCD. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Octreotide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Octreotide/ 2022-03-31: reference: Octreotide (Sandostatin) # [[Somatostatin]] mimetic, except even more potent at inhibiting [[Growth Hormone]], [[Glucagon]], and [[Insulin]]. Octreotide administration, under particular temporal conditions, enhances the responses of growth hormone to growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal subjects https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oleic-Acid/ 2022-02-08 links: [[Omega-9]] reference: Oleic Acid (18:1 cis-9) # Oleamide: - acts in the cannabinoid system somehow? https://stephenskolnick.substack.com/p/the-spice-melange-exercise-capsaicin Activates [[SREBP]]-1c. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oleoylethanolamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oleoylethanolamine/ 2023-03-23: Oleoylethanolamide/N-Oleoyl-Ethanolamine (OEA) # [[PPAR-α]] agonist. Makes you FAT https://fireinabottle.net/dietary-monounsaturated-fat-the-scd1-theory-of-obesity-part-3/ OEA sets in motion a series of events which saturates incoming dietary MUFA by limiting the amount consumed, increasing fat oxidation rates to burn the MUFA off and increasing saturated fat production and export from the liver. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Olfactory-Tubercle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Olfactory-Tubercle/ 2022-04-16: reference: Olfactory Tubercle # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oligodendrocyte/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oligodendrocyte/ links: reference: 6-27-2021 Oligodendrocyte # CNS equivalent to the PNS’s Schwann cells: a type of glia whose main function is to create the [[Myelin]] sheath. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oligomycin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oligomycin/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Oligomycin # [[ATP Synthase]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Olive-Leaf/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Olive-Leaf/ 2022-10-12: Olive Oil & Olive Extracts Olive Leaf (Extract) # Active ingredient is oleanolic acid, a [[TGR5]] agonist, and oleuropein. Promotes [[Orexin]]. Activates [[PPAR-α]]. I think it’s a [[GLP-1]] agonist? Effect of freeze dried extract of Olea europaea on the pituitary-thyroid axis in rats Oleuropein supplementation increases urinary noradrenaline and testicular testosterone levels and decreases plasma corticosterone level in rats fed high-protein diet Oleuropein, a phenolic compound in extra virgin olive oil, increases uncoupling protein 1 content in brown adipose tissue and enhances noradrenaline and adrenaline secretions in rats Olive leaf extract prevents obesity, cognitive decline, and depression and improves exercise capacity in mice (In physically inactive mice fed a high-fat diet) Oleanolic acid: [[TGR5]] agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-3/ 2022-02-08 links: [[PUFA]] reference: [Polyunsaturated fats, membrane lipids and animal longevity] Omega-3 # Ray Peat says that they may lower inflammatory markers in studies because they’re immunosuppressant, but don’t actual heal and reduce the need for inflammation. http://haidut.me/?p=1393 - Polyunsaturated fatty acids, membrane organization, T cells, and antigen presentation Types # ![[PUFA#Omega-3]] So yeah when it comes to eicosanoids there’s a lot of classes to deal with: Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, Lipoxin, Resolvin, Leukotriene, Maresin, Protectin, and other weird species of this or that lipid. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-6/ 2022-02-08 links: [[PUFA]] reference: Omega-6 # Types # ![[PUFA#Omega-6]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-9/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Omega-9/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Omega-9 # All nonessential. [[Oleic Acid]] (18:1) Eicosenoic Acid (20:1) Eruic Acid (22:1) Nervonic Acid (24:1) [[Mead Acid]] (20:3), a PUFA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Opioid-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Opioid-Receptor/ links: reference: 11-10-2021 Opioid Receptor # Main subtypes: [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] (1-3) (Gi) [[κ-Opioid Receptor]] (1-3) (Gi) [[δ-Opioid Receptor]] (1-2) (Gi) [[Nociceptin Receptor]] (ORL) Wikipedia calls this kappa type-3. But the kappa page does not acknowledge this. Far less known is the ζ-opioid receptor which does much different things. µ-receptors mediate many neuroendocrine functions, whereas δ-receptors prevail in peripheral tissue, particularly gastro-intestinal mucosa and intestine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Opioid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Opioid/ 2022-02-14 links: [[Drugs]] reference: Opioid # [[Endorphin]]s, [[Enkephalin]]s, and [[Dynorphin]]s are the 3 opioid peptides, endomorphins, and [[Nociceptin]]. Hedonic processing in humans is mediated by an opioidergic mechanism in a mesocorticolimbic system The hedonic effect linked to the outcome phase was exclusively opioid dependent, whereas the effect of incentive salience during anticipation was also [[Dopamine]] dependent. Chronic oxycodone induces axonal degeneration in rat brain https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orange/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orange/ links: [[Food]] [[Fruit]] reference: 4-29-2021 Orange (..Juice) # A quart is rich in all B vitamins (besides 12) especially thiamine. Rich in folate, vitamin A, 500mg C, 0.4mg of copper, 2g of potassium, and 100mg of magnesium. Also has ~80-100g sugar. and is 450 calories. The fiber in the pulp can produce butyrate. Riper citrus [[Fruit]] are less acidic/damaging to the [[Teeth|enamel]]. They’re naturally yellowish-green, but turn orange under cold temperatures. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orbitofrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orbitofrontal-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 10-24-2021 Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex # An inhibitory center; allows the ability to suppress behavior. Maintains/updates and manipulates information about the rewardfulness/usefulness of a stimulus/outcome, integrating it with sensory information. Stimulus-outcome association. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orch-OR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orch-OR/ 2021-11-18 links: reference: https://sites.google.com/site/notesonphysics/ https://sites.google.com/site/biosystemnotes/cell-structures/microtubules [FRACTAL COGNITIVE TRIAD: THE THEORETICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND NEURAL OSCILLATIONS] Quantum effects in the brain: A review Orchestrated Object Reduction (Orch OR) # Subjective reduction is when an ‘observer’ sends magical perception rays toward a particle to cause wave functinon collapse. Objective reaction postulates that wave function collapse is consciousness. Consciousness originates via objective reduction (wave function collapse), which is a quantum process inside neurons orchestrated by [[Microtubule]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orexin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orexin/ links: [[Neuropeptide]] reference: 4-21-2021 Orexin (Hypocretin) # There’s 2 proteins of the Hcrt gene: orexin-A and orexin-B. The gene encodes prepro-orexin. A has equal affinity to OX1 and OX2. B has 5x more affinity for OX2. 2 receptors; OX1R/HCRTR1 and OX2R/HCRTR2. (OXA binds to OX1/OX2 with equal affinity, while OXB binds to OX2 with 5x more affinity than OX1.) Stimulating; regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. Sensitizes [[NMDA]]. High during the day, and low at night; reduction promotes deep sleep. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Organic-Chemistry/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Organic-Chemistry/ 2022-03-24: reference: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael) https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Structure_and_Reactivity_in_Organic_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Schaller) http://www.probechem.com/ - ultimate ligand search. I saw it in that drug design video Drug synth forums (lots of great stickies): https://the-hive.archive.erowid.org/forum/forums.pl, https://chemforum.info/index.php, http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/ Determine solubility: http://www.vcclab.org/web/alogps/ Organic Chemistry # Organic Chemistry with a Biological Emphasis # pKa (acid dossication constant) + pKb (base) = 14 1: Structure and Bonding # Bonding Rules # Formal charge = # v.e. of isolated atom - # of nonbonding electrons - 1/2 # of bonding electrons on bound atom. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ornithine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ornithine/ links: reference: https://men-elite.com/2017/11/14/ornithine-anti-cortisol-anti-anxiety-growth-hormone-and-sleep/ Might be risky? RPF 4-18-2021 Ornithine # L-ornithine is a non-essential [[Amino Acid]] synthesized from [[Arginine]]. Clams are rich in it. Administration increases ketone bodies, as well as free amino acids and their oxdation. Lowers blood ammonia levels by activating the urea cycle and increases ammonia detoxification from the liver. Anti-cortisol, anti-fatigue, pro-sleep. Binds with GABA receptors Synergistic with caffeine Increases GH and IGF-1 Improves gains https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orotate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Orotate/ 2022-02-15 links: reference: Orotate # [[Uridine]] precursor R contained in [[Dairy]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oroxylin-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oroxylin-A/ 2022-06-29: reference: Oroxylin A # [[Flavone]]. NAM of the [[GABA-A]] benzodiazepine site and [[DAT]] inhibitor. Elevates BDNF. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osbond-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osbond-Acid/ 2022-03-29: reference: Osbond Acid (22:5[[Omega-6|ω-6]]) # Straight-chain af? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osmolysis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osmolysis/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Osmolysis # Compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Affect the viscocity, melting point, and ionic strength of aqueous solutions. Some osmolytes are: [[Creatine]], [[Glycine]], [[Trimethylglycine]], [[Taurine]], glycerophosphorlcholine, inositol, [[Insulin]], and [[Glutamate]]. Roughly speaking though, it’s cellular hydration. This can induce hypertrophy and inhibit muscle catabolism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osteoblast/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osteoblast/ links: reference: 10-30-2021 Osteoblast # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osteocalcin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Osteocalcin/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 8-18-2021 Osteocalcin # AKA Bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP). Its synthesis is dependent on [[Vitamin K]] due to its GLA (Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic) domains. Acts on Leydig cells to stimulate [[Testosterone]] biosynthesis. Essential part of the fight-or-flight response. Serum osteocalcin levels at 4 months of age were associated with neurodevelopment at 4 years of age in term-born children https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Outer-Mitochondrial-Membrane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Outer-Mitochondrial-Membrane/ 2022-09-25: Mitochondrial Outer Membrane # The fredian alias https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxalic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxalic-Acid/ links: reference: 8-12-2021 Oxalic Acid # When a dicarboxylic acid, it’s an antinutrient that binds to [[Calcium]]. Urine levels are much higher in individuals with autism; mean 15.7 vs 90.1 mmol/mol creatinine. Supposedly a burning sensation during urination indicates a high oxalate content. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxiracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxiracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: Oxiracetam and aniracetam increase acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampus in vivo Oxiracetam and Zinc Ameliorates Autism-Like Symptoms in Propionic Acid Model of Rats 4-13-2021 Oxiracetam # Increases LTP and [[Choline Acetyltransferase]] Excitatory amino acids and neuronal plasticity: modulation of AMPA receptors as a novel substrate for the action of nootropic drugs Increases [[AMPAR]] binding site density. Anecdote # The most reliable racetam I have taken so far. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxytocin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Oxytocin/ 9-7-2021 links: reference: Oxytocin # Might incease [[5-AR]] R Exposure to exogenous oxytocin prenatal/in early life disrupts the development of the system. Pitocin is a heavily abused synthetic oxytocin given to women to induce/augment labour, and is highly linked with postnatal depression and (when used during labor) the incidence of [[Autism]] in offspring. Oxytocin has been shown to promote ethnocentrism and preference for emotional bonding/preference for familiar people/objects. OT KO mice have reduced social recognition, and central OT administration into the amygdala restores social cognition. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p21/ 2022-06-02: reference: p21 Waf1/Cip1 # I’m pushing it with the capitalization. But there’s also p21/Ras as well. AKA [[CDK]] inhibitor 1. In order of affinity I suppose, 2, 1, and 4/6. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p25/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p25/ 2022-05-25: reference: p25 # After its conception from [[p35]], it relocalizes from the periphery to the nuclear region, whereby it binds to [[CDK5]] and deregulates CDK5 (= prolonging its activation). I believe the two also form a complex with [[CAMK II]] and other things.[] Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 governs learning and synaptic plasticity via control of NMDAR degradation # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P2X7/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P2X7/ 2022-04-30 P2RX7 (P2X purinoreceptor 7) # [[ATP]] receptor; ionotropic. Found in microglia, macrophage, retina, endometrium. Requires higher ATP levels than other P2X, but response is potentiated by reducing concentration of divalent cations, as they block it. Some P2X receptors rapidly desensitize ATP, while ones like P2X2 remain open as long as ATP is bound. Technically, ADP and AMP are weak agonists. The ionotropic ATP receptor subunits P2X1–6 receptors play important roles in synaptic transmission, yet the P2X7 receptor has been reported as absent from neurons in the normal adult brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p35/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p35/ 2022-05-02: reference: p35 ([[CDK5]] activator 1 (CDK5R1)/CDK5 regulatory subunit 1) # [[Calpain]] proteolyzes it into [[p25]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p38/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p38/ 20022-04-19: reference: p38 [[MAPK]] # They respond to physically-cellularly stressful stimuli like osmotic shock and oxidative stress. Linked to NMDA-evoked [[Prostaglandin]] release. But it’s just linked to excessive NMDA activation via MAPKK. [Astrocytic p38α MAPK drives NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression and modulates long-term memory] LTD induction enhances astrocyte-to-neuron communication mediated by glutamate, and that Ca2+ signaling and SNARE-dependent vesicular release from the astrocyte are required for LTD expression… low-frequency astrocytic activation, in the absence of presynaptic activity, is sufficient to induce postsynaptic AMPA receptor removal and LTD expression Removal of astrocytic (but not neuronal) p38α abolishes [[LTD]] expression. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p53/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p53/ 2022-02-24: reference: [p53: The Gene that Cracked the Cancer Code] p53 (cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, et al) # ‘Guardian of the genome’. Elevation in response to DNA damage can lead to apoptosis. Inducible (its transcription is stabilized by ROS, oncogenes, hypoxia, and DNA damage) and acts via upregulating [[p21]]; it is not a repressor. Buut apparently it has 350 target genes according to https://tp53.isb-cgc.org/target_genes. Increases TIGAR expression, blocking glycolysis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P5P/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P5P/ 9-18-2021 links: reference: Pyridoxal 5’-Phosphate (P5P) (PLP) # The active form of [[B6]]. [[Prolactin]] inhibitor. Exerts hypothalamic dopaminergic effect. Enhances [[MAO-A]]. RPF A [[5-AR]] inhibitor, while pyridoxine hcl is an enhancer? This guy gets irritation, anxiety, and breathlessness from 12.5mg (which apparently acts more like 60mg of b6). RPF [[Vitamin D]] receptor antagonist? https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/pyridoxine-vs-p5p.30429/post-461714 - “Alkaline phosphatase, a zinc-dependent enzyme, hydrolyzes the phosphate from the phosphorylated vitamers to yield free [[Pyridoxine]] (PN), [[Pyridoxal]] (PL), or [[Pyridoxamine]] (PM)” - “When the phosphorylated vitamers are ingested in high concentrations, some of these compounds may be absorbed without dephosphorylation” (Usually in hepatocyte cytosol) - “Intracellular [[P5P]] concentrations are dependent, in part, upon the availability of binding proteins. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/P6/ 2022-03-31: [[Nootropics]] reference: [[Peptide]] 6 # Interferes [[Cytokine]] prevention of stem cell differentiation into [[Neuron]]s, while signaling neurons to release [[BDNF]]. The active receptors are expressed all over the brain, in the parietal lobe, hippocampus, and even the temporal cortex and frontal cortex. https://pastebin.com/aN4GB8FN tf? Supplementation # Pax takes 100μ daily. One guy talked about 10μg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p75/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/p75/ 2022-04-28: reference: Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) (p75NTR) # All neurotrophins bind here with equal affinities (so BDNF/NGF/NT-3/4… and pro-BDNF.) And also pro-BDNF/NGF: proNGF and proBDNF interact with p75NTR and cause p75NTR-mediated apoptosis without activating TrkA-mediated survival mechanisms. Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins The secreted brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor pro-BDNF binds to TrkB and p75NTR but not to TrkA or TrkC in the absence of a co-expressed [[TrkA]], the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis… Surely receptors such as this play a role in [[BDNF]] induction of the catagen phase in [[Hair Loss]]? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Palmitic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Palmitic-Acid/ links: [[Saturated Fat]] reference: [[@The Effect of Palmitic Acid on Spatial Learning and Extinction in Adult Male Rat (2007)]] 2021-11-18 Palmitic Acid (C16/hexadecanoic acid) # Haidut: Palmitic Acid (palmitate) Is A Fatty Acid Oxidation Inhibitor More Powerful Than Mildronate (Obviously) Palmitic acid is unusual in that activates [[Pyruvate Dehydrogenase]]. In this sense, studies on obesity comparing equicalorie amounts of SFA and [[PUFA]] could show the latter as less obesogenic as SFA might optimize glucose metabolism. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Palmitoleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Palmitoleic-Acid/ 2023-10-05: Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1ω-7) # [[Δ9 Desaturase|SCD]] inhibitor! So that definitely makes macadamia oil safer than olive oil (which also has some), I guess. It actually might be a net positive at keeping the desaturase indices down, since I don’t think C18:0/C16:0 alone do that. Meanwhile, apparently eating oleic downregulates SCD1. Lots of it in macadamia oil: Macadamia Oil % C:14:0 Myristic 0.7-1.6 C:16:0 Palmitic 9.3-13.1 C:16:1 [[Palmitoleic Acid]] 24.0-36.0 C:18:0 Stearic 4. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pancreas/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pancreas/ links: reference: https://acidicbody.com/pancreatic-insufficiency/ 4-20-2021 Pancreas # An organ of the digestive system and [[Endocrine System]]. It regulates blood sugar, secreting [[Insulin]], [[Glucagon]], [[Somatostatin]], etc. Pancreatic insufficiency can be more pronounced in people with blood type A. Inflamed pancreas causes more water loss. Drink warm fluids. To keep the pancreas in check: Reduce calcium and histamine toxicity Do not combine animal protein and starches? The islets contain its endocrine cells and it consists of: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pannexin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pannexin/ 2022-12-07: Pannexin (Panx1) # An innexin. There is PANX1 and PANX2. Ca2+-gated [[ATP]] export channel. Pannexin channels are not gap junction hemichannels The functional role for pannexons is different from the connexons. Many pannexin publications have used the term “hemichannels” to describe pannexin oligomers while others use the term “channels” instead... they function not as intercellular channel in appositional membranes. I guess that is to say - they are only export channels? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Papaverine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Papaverine/ 2023-03-26: Papaverine # Selective [[PDE10A]] inhibitor. TAK-063 is also one Long-term D2 antagonism would increase supersensitivity, but PDE10Ais prevents this. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A has differential effects on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor modulation of sensorimotor gating Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibition is associated with locomotor and cognitive deficits and increased anxiety in mice Machine: This flawed study could be infact due to papaverine off target effects. I think it hits noiciceptin receptor or something. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Paracetamol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Paracetamol/ 2022-08-02: reference: Paracetamol # An NSAID. It inhibits [[COX-2]], and to a lesser extent [[COX-1]]. In vitro screens demonstrate a rather low potency on either - influencing TRPV, Cav3.2, nitric oxide, serotonin, and endocannabinoid pathways is more apt description. Estrogenic as well. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in infants and children was never shown to be safe for neurodevelopment: a systematic review with citation tracking Acetaminophen (paracetamol) use, measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, and autistic disorder: the results of a parent survey Central dopaminergic system plays a role in the analgesic action of paracetamol: Preclinical evidence The antinociceptive action of paracetamol is associated with changes in the serotonergic system in the rat brain Paracetamol significantly increased the [[Serotonin]] content in the pontine and cortical areas by 75% and 70% respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parasympathetic-Nervous-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parasympathetic-Nervous-System/ 2022-01-11 links: reference: Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) # Accompanied by vasodilation. This is why nosebleeds can occur during sleep, as it shifts the ANS towards PSNS. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parathyroid-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parathyroid-Hormone/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-20-2021 Parathyroid Hormone # Secreted by the parthyroid glands. Keep it under 15 pg/mL. Those with MPB tend to have levels in the higher range. It is secreted when serum [[Calcium]] levels are low, removing it from the bones (via stimulating osteoclast activity), via producing [[Lactic Acid]]. Increases secretion of [[Aldosterone]], via increasing calcium concentration in the cells of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (the area of the adrenal gland in which aldosterone is produced). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Paraxanthine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Paraxanthine/ 2023-04-03: Paraxanthine # A lot like [[Caffeine]] without the side effects, but even more addictive. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parietal-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parietal-Lobe/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: 5-13-2021 Parietal Lobe # The partietal cortex plays a critical role in visuospatial processing that is involved in the resposne to threat. Left hemisphere: Solves problems conceptualized by the [[Frontal Lobe]], like naming of objects, grammatical construction, mathematical processing; attention. Righ misphere: Spatial recognition; geometry Einstein’s sylvian fissure that divided the two hemispheres was oddly shaped and didn’t divide them. His parietal lobes were also symmetrical, whereas the left parietal lobe is usually smaller due to large language centers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parieto-Frontal-Integration-Theory/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parieto-Frontal-Integration-Theory/ 2022-03-20: reference: [[Parietal Lobe|Parieto]]-[[Frontal Lobe|Frontal]] Integration Theory of [[Intelligence]] (P-FIT) # Og paper (Jung & Haier, 2007) What distinguishes the human [[Brain]] from other animal’s would be the large numbers of neurons specifically in the cortex, but more interesting is the higher conduction velocity of said neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parkin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parkin/ 2022-12-08: Parkin # E3 ubiquitin ligase. Translocates defective mitochondria for their clearance->mitophagy when [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane|ΔΨ]] decreases. Activation requires phosphorylation of Ser65 by PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1). Impairment is seen in [[Parkinson’s]] - go figure. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parkinsons/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parkinsons/ 2022-02-11 links: reference: https://www.fightingparkinsonsdrugfree.com/ Parkinson’s # Single-cell genomic profiling of human dopamine neurons identifies a population that selectively degenerates in Parkinson’s disease (May 2022) Serotonergic dysfunctions and abnormal iron metabolism: Relevant to mental fatigue of Parkinson disease 5-HT CSF level is significantly decreased, and levels of [[Iron]] and [[Transferrin]] are dramatically increased in the fatigue group. Low plasma serotonin linked to higher nigral iron in Parkinson’s disease https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/serotonin-excess-not-dopamine-deficiency-may-be-the-cause-of-parkinson.29844/post-444771 The study makes the case that decreases in [[SERT]] proceed, and can measure the progression, of parkinsons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parotid-Gland/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parotid-Gland/ 2022-08-16: reference: Parotid Gland # The major salivary gland. It has connections to the [[Pituitary Gland]], which is disabled by [[Sucrose]]. RPF - CLASH https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PARP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PARP/ 2021-12-03 links: reference: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase - (PARP) # Its role in the nucleus is to detect/initiate cellular response to metabolic/chemical/radiation-induce single-strand DNA breaks by signaling enzymes for its repair. [[NAD+]] is required as a substrate for generating ADP-ribose monomers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pars-Compacta/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pars-Compacta/ 2022-07-28: reference: Pars Compacta (SNc) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pars-Reticula/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pars-Reticula/ 2022-07-28: reference: Pars Reticula (SNr) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parvalbumin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Parvalbumin/ 2022-04-09: reference: Parvalbumin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pattern-Separation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pattern-Separation/ 2022-09-25: Pattern Separation # Pattern separation may not be present in the human hippocampus (2020 journalism) Pattern separation and pattern completion Behaviorally separable processes? (Ngo et al. 2021)]( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7819938/) Not sure what ‘old’ means here exactly Pattern separation in the hippocampus (2012) Pattern separation is mediated by the [[Dentate Gyrus]]. Reassessing pattern separation in the dentate gyrus Pattern separation was originally proposed as orthogonalization manifested at the cell population level: The [[CA3]] mediates pattern completion; basically the process of making similar patterns even moreso. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PAX/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PAX/ 2022-08-28: reference: PAX # Surprising amounts of results in this vault for Kira-sama, but this is for Paired Box Gene. PAX for human, Pax for mice. There are 9. Important in early development. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PCP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PCP/ 2022-12-08: [[Drugs]] PCP # [[NMDAR]] antagonist. Some analogues have notable inhibition on nAChR. D2 PAM? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE/ 2022-04-12: reference: PDE (Phosphodiesterase) # Breaks phosphodiester bonds, such as those found in [[cAMP]]: o Identification of dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 1B/10A using structure-based drug design approach [[PDE1]]B inhibition: D1 potentiation [[PDE10A]] inhibition: D2 suppression https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE1/ 2022-08-08: reference: [[PDE]]1 # AKA Ca-[[Calmodulin]]-dependent PDE. Discovery of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterase 1 for the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases Phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibition alters medial prefrontal cortical activity during goal-driven behaviour and partially reverses neurophysiological deficits in the rat phencyclidine model of schizophrenia PDE1B inhibition may improve memory. Potentiates D1. Identification of dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 1B/10A using structure-based drug design approach PDE1 inhibition decreases D1R agonist-induced cAMP levels and GluA1 surface insertion by activating [[PDE2]]: Cross-regulation of Phosphodiesterase 1 and Phosphodiesterase 2 Activities Controls Dopamine-mediated Striatal α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Trafficking PDE1 inhibition can cause a paradoxical upregulation of [[PDE2]], which impairs cognition. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE10/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE10/ 2023-01-01: PDE10 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE10A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE10A/ 2023-03-26: PDE10A # Increase is implicated in [[Autism|ASD]]-associated neuro-behavioral alterations (impaired plasticity, repetitive behavior, impaired social behavior) Alteration has been shown to affect p-CREB and BDNF in huntington’s. Genetic deletion of the striatum-enriched phosphodiesterase PDE10A: Evidence for altered striatal function PDE10A: reducing the sensitivity of medium spiny neurons to glutamatergic excitation PDE10A Inhibitors—Clinical Failure or Window Into Antipsychotic Drug Action? Increases substance P and enkephalin mRNA in striatum… PDE10A functions as a brake on a complex transcriptional program in direct and indirect pathway MSNs, indicating that inhibitors of the enzyme may have long term consequences to the function of these neurons https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE1C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE1C/ 2022-10-09: PDE1C # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE2/ 2022-08-23: reference: [[PDE]]2 # As cAMP goes up, cGMP binds to pde2 allosteric site and stimulates catalytic breakdown of cAMP by up to 5 fold and also inhibits PKA in D1 MSN’s. So, PDE2 inhibition keeps cAMP and cGMP levels high. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE2A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE2A/ 2024-02-24: PDE2A # rs72962169 strongly associated with educational achievement. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE4/ 2022-05-04: reference: [[PDE]]4 # Rolipram, acting as an inhibitor of PDE4, was found to repair the imbalance in the CREB/BDNF/[[Arc]] pathway R Rolipram also increases executive function. Rolipram impairs [[Working Memory]] in aged monkeys (presumably via PDE4i): Dysregulation of protein kinase a signaling in the aged prefrontal cortex: new strategy for treating age-related cognitive decline Age-Realted Memory Impairment - is the cure worse than the disease? Supranormal D1-induced overstimulation impairs working memory R, as does PFC PKA activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE4D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE4D/ 2023-03-25: PDE4D # Phosphodiesterase-4D Knockdown in the Prefrontal Cortex Alleviates Memory Deficits and Synaptic Failure in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE5/ 2022-08-17: reference: [[PDE]]5 # Inhibited by icariin, the main compound in horny goat weed. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE7/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDE7/ 2022-10-05: PDE7 # Phosphodiesterase7 Inhibition Activates Adult Neurogenesis in Hippocampus and Subventricular Zone In Vitro and In Vivo Controls stem cell expansion in the subgranular zone of the DG and subcventricular zone in adult rat brain Phosphodiesterase 7 Inhibition Induces Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in Hemiparkinsonian Rats The drug is S14. In the [[Substantia Nigra]] pars compacta https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDGF/ 2022-08-11: reference: PDGF # Key for [[Blood Vessel]] formation. In diabetic neuropathy, persistent activation of PKC and MAPK inhibits signaling throught PDGFR, leading to apoptosis of retinal cells. Something like that In acutely isolated rat hippocampal neurons, direct activation of the PDGFR or transactivation of PDGFR by [[D4]] inhibits NMDA-evoked currents in a [Phospholipase C]-dependent manner. Receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation: fine-tuning synaptic transmission Autophosphorylation leads to recruitment of [[Phospholipase Cγ]], leading to IP3->Ca2+->Calmodulin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDK1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDK1/ 2022-04-12: reference: PDK1 (Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1) (PDPK1) # Has a binding site for substrates, ATP, and the docking site/PIF pocket. In signalling cascades you’ll see it directly connected to [[PI3K]], basically. Implicated in development/progression of melanomas. Its main fnctions here are phosphorylating [[Protein Kinase B]], [[Protein Kinase C]], and [[S6K]]. Notice it is not bound to PIP3 on the right; it does not require activation at the membrane for phosphorylation of many of its substrates (including PKB actually, that’s for another day though). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDRN/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDRN/ 2022-08-16: reference: PDRN (PolyDeoxyRiboNucleotide) (Fish coom) # Polynuclkeotides derived from stem cell factors. Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of PDRN So it’s popular in [[Skin]]care. You can use it for dermaneedling. Tissue repair, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, etc. Bringing IL-10 up, bringing down TNF-α, IL-6, [[BAX]], etc. [[A2A]] activator, and offers nucleosides and nucleotides for the so called “salvage pathway.” (of DNA synthesis or something) A2A activation -> [[VEGF]], Angiopoietin, FGF, EGF, IGF. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDZ/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PDZ/ 2022-04-27: reference: PDZ domain # The name is just an ‘initialism’ of the first ones to be discovered. Basically, they connect stuff. PDZ proteins include: ( There’s like 150 of ’em) MAGUK (membrane-associated guanlyte kinases): PDZ, SH3, and GUK domains, et al. “Discs large” [[SAP-97|DLG1]] (SAP-97) DLG2 (PSD-93/chapsyn-110) DLG3 (SAP-102) [[PSD-95|DLG4]] (PSD-95 or SAP-90) DLG5 [[GRIP]] (glutamate receptor-interacting protein) [[ABP]] (AMPA-binding protein) [[PICK1]] (Protein Kinase C interacting protein) [[Homer]] simpson [[SHANK]] (1, 2, 3) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pectin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pectin/ 2021-11-29 links: reference: Pectin # Can raise serotonin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pemoline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pemoline/ 2022-02-22 links: [[Nootropics]] reference: Pemoline # Schedule IV and is an ex-ADHD med for potentially being hepatotoxic. R No elevation of liver enzymes: R Or, like, <1% elevation of liver enzymes “I read the entirety of reddit: 15 cases of liver failure between 1970-1985 in kids” Possible [[AADC]] inhibitor. That’s sirs’ working theory. R: Pemoline administration improved behavior but did not significantly change urinary catecholamine excretion. Serotonin excretion was unchanged, but phenylethylamine (PEA) and 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were significantly decreased. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PEMT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PEMT/ 2022-02-18 links: reference: Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) # Catalyzes methylation (to the amine) of: [[Phosphatidylethanolamine]] (PE) to phosphatidyl==monomethyl==ethanolamine (PMME) Then, PMME + [[SAM-e]] to phosphatidyl==di==methylethanolamine (PDME) Then, PDME to [[Phosphatidylcholine]] (PC). Each of these reactions requires [[SAM-e]] and yields H+ and [[S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH)]]. Activity is increased by [[Estrogen]] RPF and other stresors. It is a way of pushing out [[PUFA]] phospholipids in the liver to the rest of the body, rather than having it deal with it via [[Glucuronidation]] etc https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-21/ 2022-03-20: [[Nootropics]] reference: [[Peptide]] 21 # Isolated from [[Cerebrolysin]]. They found out its effects were thanks to reacting to CNTF. So, they made [[P6]], but it had poor permeability through the BBB (HA-P6 fixes this.) Thus, P21 was born. It is a [[CNTF]] memetic essentially with its [[Neurotrophic Factors]] properties. Inhibits [[LIF]], which inhibits neural progenitor cell formation. Binds to gp130 and LIFr to alter stat3 signalling to create new neurons Sustained usage reverses [[Myopia]] but causes angiogenesis like, on the eyes. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-Hormone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-Hormone/ 2022-03-29: reference: Peptide Hormone # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-YY/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide-YY/ 2022-08-17: reference: Peptide YY # Anorexigenic peptide released for the ileum/colon in response to feeding. Inhibits gastric motility and increases water/electrolyte absorption in the colon. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peptide/ links: reference: /u/Polynomality https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification/peptide-stability https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QUQI-5JJPU Vladimir Khavinson looks a good 20 years younger 7-1-2021 Peptide # Chains between two and fifty [[Amino Acid]]s, linked by peptide Bonds. 1 or more of these together is a polypeptide. 1 or more (more than 1?) polypeptides is a [[Protein]]. Peptide bonds occur when the carboxyl reacts with another AA’s amine, displacing the hydroxyl and forming H2O: The primary amine MOTS-c? Fat loss, insulin sensitivity, and ‘miracle grow for [[Mitochondria]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PER/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PER/ 2023-10-09: PER # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peripheral-Nervous-System/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peripheral-Nervous-System/ links: reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6EtZU-9Wm8 8-25-2021 Peripheral Nervous System # Anything outside the brain and spinal cord, aka the [[CNS]], is in the peripheral nervous system. Simple. It’s like a relay between the CNS and the rest of the body. Comprised of the somatic nervous system and the [[Autonomic Nervous System]]. Somatic Nervous System # Targets skeletal muscles to contract. Voluntary. Type Aα fibers. Uses acetylcholine. No ganglia. Autonomic Nervous System # ! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Perirhinal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Perirhinal-Cortex/ 2022-04-28: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Perirhinal Cortex # Part of the [[Medial Temporal Lobe]]: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peroxisome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Peroxisome/ 2022-02-09 links: reference: Peroxisome # Membrane-bound organelle. Contains oxidases $\ce{RH2 + O2->R + H2O2}$ with $R$ as an organic substrate. Also contains [[Catalase]] to sort of revert this by oxidizing other substrates, like [[Ethanol]] and [[Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)]]. Breaks down very-long-chain fatty acids through [[Fatty Acid Oxidation|Beta-oxidation]]. Produces some leftover energy as heat. It’s not an absolute cutoff according to ChatGPT, but any VLCFA over 18 (generally) needs to be oxidized in peroxisomes, rather than mitochondria, and is broken down into C8+C10. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGC-1%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGC-1%CE%B1/ 2022-05-08: reference: PGC-1α ([[PPAR-γ]] coactivator 1α) # A master regulator of expression of mitochondrial [[Antioxidant]] genes and mitochondrial biogenesis. Induced by cold exposure, [[CREB]], PKA, fasting. I think it’s induced by [[ROS]] as well. Induced by endurance exercise Skeletal muscle PGC-1α controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor α-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A The idea is to make lactate more efficient of an energy source. Reduces [[Lactate Dehydrogenase|LDH]]-A expression, yet activates [[Lactate Dehydrogenase|LDH]]-B. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGD2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGD2/ 7https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Factory-Supply-High-Purity-nootropics-Rapastinel_60790051551.html-23-2021 links: [[Prostaglandin]] reference: PGD2 # Causes constriction of tissues in the body, [[PGE2]] doing the opposite, inducing tissue relaxation. Inhibits [[Hair]] lengthening in mice. It/its cascade raises [[p53]]. Binds to [[PPAR-α]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGE1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGE1/ 2022-09-19: PGE1 # Synthesized via DGLA (dihomo-[[GLA|GLA]]) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGE2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGE2/ links: [[Prostaglandin]] reference: 7-23-2021 PGE2 # Relaxes the tissues in the body, [[PGD2]] doing the opposite by constricting tissues. Induces cell proliferation, in thing like the prostate. Potent inducer of [[Aromatase]] in endometriotic stromal cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGF2%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGF2%CE%B1/ links: [[Prostaglandin]] reference: 10-22-2021 PGF2(α) # Locally, can increase melanoma of the eye https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGH2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PGH2/ 2022-02-01 links: [[Prostaglandin]] reference: PGH2 # Its production is a 2-step process, since [[COX-1]] converts [[Arachidonic Acid]] to PGG2, then [[COX-2]] converts it to PGH2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phagolysosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phagolysosome/ 2022-05-30: reference: Phagolysosome/Endolysosome # Reduces the pH of their internal environment to kill microorganisms. They also prouce a bunch of [[ROS]]. Okay but [[Lysosome]]s fuse with a [[Phagosome]] to form a phagolysosome. This takes place in [[Macrophage]]s and maybe elsewhere. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenethylamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenethylamine/ links: [[Neurotransmitter]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/mmf975/2phenylethylamine_pea_ameliorates/ Pretty sure it’s fucked 5-4-2021 Phenethylamine (PEA) # [[Monoamine]] alkaloid and trace [[Amine]]. Made from [[Phenylalanine]] with [[AADC]]. CNS stimulant. Activates [[PPAR]]-α Like an amphetamine, releases noradrenaline and dopamine. Induces acetylcholine release via a glutamate-mediated mechanism. [[TAAR1]] agonism and [[VMAT2]] inhibition. Can feel better than cocaine and make you psychotic when [[MAO-B]] is inhibited, since it preferentially degrades PEA. https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2009118 “MAO B KO mice displayed higher PEA levels in the frontal cortex (MAO B KO/WT ratio: 4. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenol/ 2022-11-12: Phenol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenyl-Salicylate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenyl-Salicylate/ links: [[Gut]] [[SIBO]] reference: lant sali 9-13-2021 Phenyl Salicylate/Salol # Synthesized by heating [[Salicylic Acid]] with phenol in the presence of phosphoryl chloride. The phenol is at least as potent as the salicylic acid, if not more. Salicylic acid and aspirin have difficulties reaching past the small intestine. Phenyl salicylate can reach all the way to the colon as it is hydrolyzed in the small intestine, therefore it does not disturb digestion, since it passes through the stomach unaltered. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylalanine-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylalanine-Hydroxylase/ 2021-11-26 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase # Catalyzes [[Phenylalanine]] -> [[Tyrosine]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylalanine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylalanine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/phenylalanine-stimulates-dopamine-release.3224/#post-198256 4-24-2021 Phenylalanine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylpiracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phenylpiracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/jzw1zd/phenylpiracetam_a_review_of_russian_scientific/ 4-13-2021 Phenylpiracetam # Affects the [[Casein Kinase]] enzymes. It could possibly exacerbate milk allergies due to this - very interesting. https://libredd.it/r/Nootropics/comments/4rjug2/phenylpiracetam_gives_me_severe_migraines_has/ Decreases [[iNOS]], increases [[eNOS]] Decreases the number of [[nAChR]]s and [[NMDAR]]s??? Agonizes [[α4β2 nAChR]] with IC50=5.86μm. Binds to the recognition site. The effects of scopolamine and the nootropic drug phenotropil on rat brain neurotransmitter receptors during testing of the conditioned passive avoidance task 100mg/kg (HED>1g: madness) I’ll have to look and see if all the effects measured were all after taking scopolamine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatase/ 2022-02-22 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Phosphatase # Catalyzes hydrolysis of a phosphomonoester. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphate/ 2022-01-22 links: reference: https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/phosphate-activation-aging.shtml Phosphate # In inorganic chemistry I guess it’s a little different but in organic, phosphate basically = ‘Inorganic phosphate’ (Pi) refers to unbound phosphate anions, but I guess it’s referred to as organic when it forms an (AKA organo-)phosphate functional group, whether ionic or not. [[Vitamin D]], [[Parathyroid Hormone]], and [[α-Klotho]] are the 3 hormones responsible for its homeostasis in the body. The FGF23–Klotho axis: endocrine regulation of phosphate homeostasis Active transport of phosphate is regulated by calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy[[Vitamin D]]), which induces the expression of Npt2b on the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidic-Acid/ 2022-04-08: reference: Phosphatidic Acid # A phosphate [[Diacylglycerol]] motif: Stabilizes [[mTORC1]], increasing its activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylcholine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylcholine/ links: reference: [[Phospholipid]] 8-18-2021 Phosphatidylcholine # (PtdCo connected to C16 and C18) An elevation can enhance athletic performance, and can convert to [[Phosphatidic Acid]], which has an anabolic effect. TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is reduced by phosphatidylcholine in intestinal epithelial cells Secretion of PC in [[Bile]] is cytoprotective to the biliary and mucosal epithelium. It enhances micellar solubilization of biliary cholesterol, the emulgation of the dietary triacylglycerols, and the micellar solubilization of the lipolysis products. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylethanolamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylethanolamine/ 2022-02-18 links: reference: Phosphatidylethanolamine # Via [[PEMT]], PE->PMM(monomethyl)E->PDME->[[Phosphatidylcholine]]. Compare molecules below and see it is indeed just a difference in 3 methyl groups. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylinositol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylinositol/ 2022-04-08: reference: Phosphatidylinositol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylserine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphatidylserine/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: Phosphatidylserine in the Brain: Metabolism and Function 10-5-2021 Phosphatidylserine # A [[Phospholipid]] component of the cell [[Membrane]]. Has high [[DHA]] content? Induces [[Hippocampus]] neurogenesis. RPF Supplementation # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphocholine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphocholine/ 2022-04-08: reference: Phosphocholine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-A2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-A2/ 2022-02-28: reference: Phospholipase A2 # Removes one fatty acid from [[Phosphatidylcholine]], producing [[Lysophosphatidylcholine]]. Exclusively targets sn-2, which is always(?) [[Arachidonic Acid]]. Indeed, PLA1 targets the sn-1 fatty acid. However it it snot well-studied due to difficulties isolating it and so on. It is dependent on (micromolar) Ca2+ influx (though there is a iPLA2 (Ca2+ independent PLA). Ca2+ binds to a C2 domain (which is also found on [[PTEN]], [[PI3K]], synaptotagmin, and some others ( wikipedia has a giant list)). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-C/ 2022-04-08: reference: Phospholipase C # Catalyzes the conversion of [[PIP2]] into [[Inositol Triphosphate]] + [[Diacylglycerol]], and also conversion of [[Phosphocholine]] to [[Phosphatidylcholine]], β, [[Phospholipase Cγ]], δ, ε, ζ, η. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-C%CE%B3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-C%CE%B3/ 2022-05-30: reference: Phospholipase Cγ # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipase-D/ 2022-04-08: reference: Phospholipase D # Hydrolyzes [[Phosphatidylcholine]] into [[Choline]] + [[Phosphatidic Acid]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phospholipid/ 2022-02-10 links: reference: Phospholipid # Two main divisions: Phosphosphingolipids: (containg [[Sphingosine]] bases and [[Phosphocholine]]) Ceramide phosphorylcholine ([[Sphingomyelin]]) (SPH) Ceramide phosphorylethanolamine ([[Sphingomyelin]] still, lol) Cer-PE Diaglycerides. Phosphatidic Acid [[Phosphatidylethanolamine]] [[Phosphatidylcholine]] I guess the -tidyl- must be from the glycerol? Example here is palmitol-stearic-phosphatidylcholine or something. (red and beyond is phosphatidylcholine) [[Phosphatidylserine]] [[Phosphatidylinositol]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphorus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phosphorus/ links: reference: 5-12-2021 Phosphorus # Can reduce the absorption of [[Magnesium]] in the intestines Absorption is ~55-80% in adults (decreases with aging) and 65-90% in infants. High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: results from NHANES III Keep blood levels at ~3. (4/12 I got 3.5) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Photosynthesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Photosynthesis/ 2022-08-26: reference: Photosynthesis # $\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O ->[Sunlight] C6H12O6 + 6O2}$ Notice how there’s no investment in energy, unlike animal cells. This is what “producing their own food” means, even though it’s technically thanks to the sun. $\ce{CO2 + 2H2A->[Light] CH2O + 2A + H2O}$ where A is the electron donor, aka or oxygen - or water. This is the real skeleton of this simple reaction. Some green/purple sulfur bacteria use sulfur or hydrogen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phthalate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phthalate/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: Phthalate # Exposure from food = (food surface area in contact with plastic) x (flexibility of plastic) x (fattiness of food) x (time) x (temp). They are plasticizers (added to plastic to increase flexibility/transparency/durability/longevity). They really don’t get excreted, not easily, as they’re fat soluble. Contributes to development of intellectual disability and gender dysmorphia. High exposure increases urinary [[Quinolinic Acid (QA)]] R by inhibiting ACMSD R. [[Dairy|Milk]] leeches pthalates from the plastic tubing. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phytic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phytic-Acid/ 2022-05-31: reference: Phytic Acid ([[Inositol]] hexakisphosphate/IP6) # Chelates metals - seemingly mostly divalent - [[Iron]], [[Calcium]], [[Zinc]], etc. Inhibiting their small intestine absorption. Apparently this shit can even immobilize uranium in contaminated soil. Principal storage form of [[Phosphorus]] in plant tissues. Present in seeds, bran, legumes, grain, cereals. Non-ruminants lack phytase, so the phosphorus is not bioavailable… but neither are the chelated metals: IP6->[[Inositol Monophosphate|IP1]] is descending order of reactivity, and each phosphate is cleaved stepwise. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phytoestrogen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Phytoestrogen/ 2022-08-23: reference: Phyto[[Estrogen]] # * [[Soy]] good? Unless max affinity is lower They inhibit the function of other enzymes regarding steroids and prostaglandins; their biochemistry is way more complex when brought into animals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PI3K-AKT-mTOR-pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PI3K-AKT-mTOR-pathway/ 2022-03-04: reference: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling [[PI3K]]-[[Protein Kinase B|AKT]]-[[mTOR]] pathway # Random image dump incoming… , Yeah inhibiting TSC1-2 seems to be the main way that [[ERK]] activates mTOR. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PI3K/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PI3K/ 2022-03-03: reference: PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(s)) # Physiologically, it’s a p110 catalytic subunit and p85 regulatory subunit (aka PIK3R1). PI3K phosphorylates [[PIP2]] to [[PIP3]], which can get reversed via [[PTEN]] into PIP2+Pi again. Or, one can just consider PTEN as an inhibitor of PI3K’s process. Requires RTK or a GPCR (which ones? No source) to activate it [[Phosphatidylinositol]] is converted to PIP (PI4P (WHY must we use letters to denote the position man? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PICK1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PICK1/ 2022-05-05: reference: PICK1 (Protein Kinase C interacting protein) # Targets the C-termini of GluR2, [[GluR3]], and GluR4C - not found at inhibitory or “shaft” synapses, only spiny. Clustering of AMPA Receptors by the Synaptic PDZ Domain–Containing Protein PICK1. Not just merely responding to its action, it forms a complex with [[Protein Kinase Cα]]/C, helping target it to GluR2. It may have roles in insertion, but generally: PICK1 also reduces the plasma membrane levels of the GluR2 subunit PICK1 Targets Activated Protein Kinase Cα to AMPA Receptor Clusters in Spines of Hippocampal Neurons and Reduces Surface Levels of the AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Subunit 2, and mutations that prevent Ser880 phosphorylation reduce LTD (Glutamate receptor subunit 2 Serine 880 phosphorylation modulates synaptic transmission and mediates plasticity in CA1 pyramidal cells). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pineal-Gland/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pineal-Gland/ 2021-11-28 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Pineal Gland # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pinealon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pinealon/ 2022-09-10: Pinealon (EDR) (Glu-Asp-Arg) # [Short Peptides and Telomere Length Regulator Hormone Irisin] Activates [[Telomerase]] Upregulates [[Irisin]] (PGC-1α/ERRα → FNDC5?) Upregulates [[PPAR-α]], [[PPAR-γ]], [[Heat Shock Protein|Hsp72]] (by means of irisin afaik) Increases [[NRF2]]. Should be part of increasing exercise performance 3 amino acids. Does not bind to recveptors; it passively diffuses through the cell and nuclear membrane. Slightly upregulates some NMDAR. Normalizes pituitary and pineal gland function. [Short Peptiudes Stimulate Serotonin Expression in Cells of Brain Cortex] Epigenetically modifies [[Tryptophan Hydroxylase]] by forming a hydrogen bond leading to increased serotonin synthesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pineapple/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pineapple/ links: [[Food]] reference: 4-28-2021 Pineapple Juice # Mainly just for manganese and some B vitamins. The stem and fruit has bromelain. Blending the core/stem might be worthwhile. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/pineapfel-sorbet.23950/#post-384411 pineapple store ftw Pasturization of juice irreversibly oxidizes [[Vitamin C]] to an inactive open-ring form, and denatures enzymes like bromelain, chitinase (which gives pineapple an anti-[[Candida]] effect). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PIP2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PIP2/ 2022-04-12: reference: PIP2 ([[Phosphatidylinositol]] 4,5-biphosphate) # Since having one phosphate is intrinsic to regular PI (look at the acronyms.), it literally has 3 phosphates, and PIP3 has 4. Usually [[Stearic Acid]] in 1 and [[Arachidonic Acid]] in 2. [[PI3K]] phosphorylates it into [[PIP3]]. [[Phospholipase C]] cleaves it into [[Inositol Triphosphate]] + [[Diacylglycerol]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PIP3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PIP3/ 2022-04-12: reference: PIP3 (Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate)/PtdIns(3,4,5)P, etc. # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Piperine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Piperine/ 2022-06-27: reference: Piperine # Weakly inhibits [[CYP1A2]] and [[CYP3A4]]. It inhibits [[Glucuronidation]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Piracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Piracetam/ olinks: [[Racetams]] [[Nootropics]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/piracetam-study-depository.42363/ 4-13-2021 Piracetam # Some of this stuff may be applied to all racetams. Gotta find the commonalities. Crosses the BBB and is found in all tissue. https://men-elite.com/2020/12/04/the-dopamine-dream-team-stack-try-this-for-laser-sharp-focus-and-euphoria/ (some of these I had already written down from other sources) Decreases the destabilizing effects [[Amyloid β]], which causes lipid disorganization within cell membranes. Other racetams do this as well. Increases (synthesis of) cytochrome B5 Inhibits stress-induced [[Prolactin]] increase Reduces [[Erythrocyte]] adhesion to vascular endothelium, hinders vasospasm, and facilitates microcirculation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pitolisant/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pitolisant/ 2022-09-22: [[Drugs]] Pitolisant # [[H3]] partial inverse agonist or something. Cholinergic (according to Swiss) Pitolisant, an inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor: an alternative stimulant for narcolepsy-cataplexy in teenagers with refractory sleepiness ‘Non-inferior’ to [[Modafinil]] at treating narcolepsy. Blocks hERG (Kv 11.2) Pitolisant-supported bridging during drug holidays to deal with tolerance to modafinil in patients with narcolepsy reverses [[Modafinil]] tolerance! Tf? Dose # No tolerance according to Swiss. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pituitary-Gland/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pituitary-Gland/ links: reference: 4-23-2021 Pituitary Gland # A pea-sized gland in the [[Endocrine System]] located on the bottom of the hypothalamus. Connected to the [[Hypothalamus]] by the infundibulum. Secretes: Anterior: [[FSH]] and [[Luteinizing Hormone]] - Target: ovaries/testes [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]], in response to [[Corticotrophin-releasing hormone]]. [[TSH]], in response to TRH - Target: thyroid gland TRH is satiety-promoting in the hypothalamus. [[Prolactin]], in response to PRH - Target: mammary glands (As a neuropeptide it’s a bit more complicated than that whih makes me question the other ones kinda) [[Growth Hormone]], in response to GHRH - Target: liver, bone, muscles Posterior pituitary (part of the hypothalamus apparently) [[Oxytocin]] [[Vasopressin]] It sort of acts in opposition to the thyroid. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Platelet/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Platelet/ 2022-10-17: Platelet (Thromcobyte) # They initiate blood clots and stuff. They release serotonin (at eachother?), and have [[5-HT2A]] to mediates platelet aggregation. Serotonin stimulates the production of nitric oxide especially in undamaged cells, which controls platelet aggregation. They also uptake GABA, aspartate, glutama,te and glycine. They do not produce serotonin, but rather receive it via SERT across the plasma membrane, or via VMAT-2 across the δ-granule membrane. Thus, SSRIs decrease platelet 5-HT content (sometimes <10% in patients) and can put one at risk for abnormal bleeding but decreased risk for arterial occlusive events. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PLGA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PLGA/ 2022-03-19: reference: PLG/PLGA - poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) # Used in formulations for its biocompatibilitiy. Enhanced Bioavailability & higher Uptake of Brain-targeted Surface Engineered Delivery System of Naringenin developed as a therapeutic for Autism Spectrum Disorder https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PNMT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PNMT/ 5-4-2021 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) # Found primarily in the adrenal medulla. Responsible for converting [[Noradrenaline]] to [[Adrenaline]]. Cofactors: [[SAM-e]], [[Cortisol]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Policosanol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Policosanol/ 2023-05-09: Policosanol # Policosanol is antiviral and a potent inducer of anti-aging gene Klotho Inducer of [[Klotho]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Polyamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Polyamine/ 2022-04-05: reference: Polyamine # [[Spermidine]]/sperime, and others. Not histamine though. Sperime is able to turn [[DNA]] into Z-DNA. Travis - I see polyamines as forming the link between cell biology and physical chemistry, unfurling the dNA of housekeeping genes… Modulators of ion channels, i.e. [[Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor]]s. Polyamines like [[Spermine]] block Kir [[Potassium Channel]]s, decreasing outward currents. Besides having dedicated enzymes such as polyamine oxidase, excessive polyamines can also be degraded by the ubiquitous monoamine oxidase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Polyphenol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Polyphenol/ 2022-08-17: reference: Polyphenol # Conists of: [[Flavonoid]]s Isoflavonoid [[Isoflavone]]s [[Flavonol]]s Flavonol glycosides Fisetin Kaempferol Flavan Flavanolol Anthoxanthin [[Flavone]]s [[Flavanone]]s [[Anthocyanidin]]s Pro[[Anthocyanin]]s Phenolic acid (i.e. [[Caffeic Acid]]) Lignan (derived fro phenylalanine) Stilbene [Procyanidins and inflammation: Molecular targets and health implications] Inhibit [[COX-2]] by downregulating upstream transcription factors. Inhibits [[AP-1]] nuclear translocation, PLA2, LOX, etc. Fig: 0.04 Pomebranate: 1.01 Mango: 12.7 Blackberries: 23.31 Grape Juice: 48 Strawberries: 65 Gala apple: 92 Blueberries: 176 Cranberries: 418 Chocolate: 1635 Fruit-Derived Polyphenol Supplementation for Athlete Recovery and Performance Initial muscular damages triggers potent release of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines which are chemo-attractants for [[Neutrophil]]s (and macropages) which release proteolytic enzymes that may exacerbate initial muscle damage but also facilitate regeneration by activating satellite cells and removing debris. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pomegranate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pomegranate/ 2022-02-14 links: [[Food]] [[Fruit]] reference: Pomegranate # Pomegranate extracts impact the androgen biosynthesis pathways in prostate cancer models in vitro and in vivo it’s over Reduced androgen levels… Interestingly, AKR1C3 and AR levels were shown to be increased in both cell lines, perhaps as a negative feedback effect in response to steroid inhibition. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors from the Pericarps of Punica granatum L. Consumption of Pomegranate Decreases Plasma Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Levels, a Marker of Metabolic Endotoxemia, in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pontine-Reticular-Formation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pontine-Reticular-Formation/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] [[Reticular Formation]] reference: Pontine Reticular (Formation) # The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) is involved in the corrdination of eye movements. Activity of excitatory burst neuronsgenerate a pulse that generates saccades; the larger pulse the faster the saccade. It would follow that this region actually contributes to the generation of [[REM]]. Endogenous [[Acetylcholine]] release is significantly greater during REM than NREM or wakefulness. [[GABA]] inhibits REM, while [[Glutamate]]rgic and Cholinergic trannsmission here interact synergisticaly to potentiate catalepsy (fixity of posture). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Porphyrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Porphyrin/ 2022-08-23: reference: Porphyrin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Posterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Posterior-Cingulate-Cortex/ 2022-01-24 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] [[Cingulate Cortex]] reference: Posterior Cingulate Cortex # In the Shinzen video, ultrasound disabled it, disrupting ‘self-organization’. Aligned with para[[Hippocampus|hippocampal]] cortices and shares in the memory-making process. Provides orientation in space. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Postsynaptic-Density/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Postsynaptic-Density/ 2022-04-13: reference: Postsynaptic Density # This is not an adjective, but a place found in postsynaptic membranes, containing hundreds of proteins, like: [[Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor]]s Scaffold proteins like [[PDZ]]s, [[CAMK]], [[Actin]], and [[Neuroligin]]: It is one of the few things (along wih boutons, dendritic spines, etc.) that enlarges following [[LTP]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potassium-Channel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potassium-Channel/ 2022-03-29: [[Ion Channel]] reference: Potassium Channel # (Permeable to Na+ & K+) They repolarize following an [[Action Potential]]. Types: Calcium activated ($K_{Ca}$) (BK, SK, IK) Inwardly-rectifying ($K_{ir}$) Allows K+ inward flux moreso than outward. Closed by default. All require [[PIP2]] for some reason. ROMK ($K_{ir}1.x$) Voltage-gated ($K_{ir}2.x$) GIRKs (G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel) ($K_{ir}3.x$) - activated by [[PIP2]]? KCNK3/K2P3.1,outwardly-rectifying potassium channel - phosphorylated by [[Protein Kinase A]]α ATP-sensitive ($K_{ir}6.x$) [[Kir6.2]] KCNQ ($K_{ir}7. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potassium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potassium/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 4-12-2021 Potassium # Increases [[Calcium]] and [[Magnesium]] absorption Potassium excretion is positively related to [[Bone]] mineral density Reactive hypokalemia is real and can be mistaken for reactive hypoglycemia (postprandial energy crash) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potato/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Potato/ links: [[Food]] reference: 4-22-2021 Potato # Its protein is very rich, Peat once said even better than egg yolks. It is also rich in keto acids. The yellower the potato, the more protein? 30-80% of the [[Solanine]] is in the peel. Boiling is a neccesity as baked starches can persorb across the intestinal epithelium. Other tubers contain a decent amount of [[Amylose]] starch, which can induce bloating/gas/brain fog. Potatoes with less [[Amylose]] and less [[Amylopectin]] are easily digested and are fluffier and whiter. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP1/ 2022-04-20: reference: PP1 ([[Protein Phosphatase]] 1) # Targets # α catalytic subunit inhibits SNARE complex at dopaminergic vesicles. When left alone, PP1 dephosphorylizes [[CREB]], preventing it from doing much. Phosphorylates [[Glycogen Synthase]] (activating it). [[Tau]] dephosphorylation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP2A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP2A/ 2022-04-20: reference: PP2A (Protein Phosphatase 2) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP2B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PP2B/ 2022-04-20: reference: Calcineurin (PP2B/PP3) # [[Calmodulin]]-dependent S/T [[Protein Phosphatase]]. Inhibitors (like Pimecrolimus) can treat sebhorreic dermatitis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAP/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 10-29-2021 PPAP (Phenylpropylaminopentane) # Derivative of [[Selegiline]], but no MAO activity. It is a monoamine activity enhancer. No idea how these even work. “PPAP is classified as a monoaminergic activity enhancer that stimulates the impulse propagation mediated transmitter release of the [[Dopamine]], [[Noradrenaline]], and [[Serotonin]] in the brain. Unlike stimulants such as amphetamine, which release a flood of monoamine neurotransmitters in an uncontrolled manner, (-)-PPAP instead only increases the amount of neurotransmitters that get released when a neuron is stimulated by receiving an impulse from a neighbouring neuron. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B1/ 2022-08-15: reference: PPAR-α # Increases hepatic [[Fatty Acid Oxidation]] via upregulating [[Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase]] (and generally speaking the transport and catabolism of [[Fatty Acid]]s.) and decrease circulating triglycerides. Unlike PPAR-γ, I believe it suppresses [[Lipogenesis]]. Inhibits the formation of ‘foam cells’, fat/[[Cholesterol]]-laden M2-like [[Macrophage]]s (now it’s coming together with [[PPAR-γ]]…) Macrophage Differentiation to Foam Cells Natural ligands include [[Omega-3|ω-3]]/[[PUFA]]s, like AA. Necessary for ketogenesis, it is activated under conditions of energy deprivation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B3/ 2022-05-18: reference: PPAR-γ # ‘Master regulator of adipogenesis’; Knockout mice have zero [[Adipose]] tissue. (tyw says it is supposed to upregulate carbohydrate metabolism) Though some studies talk about lipolysis, its net action is promoting lipogenesis. Promotes proliferation (as opposed to differentiation into adipocytes) of proadipocytes. Promotes M2 [[Macrophage]] phenotype. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR-%CE%B4/ 2022-08-17: reference: PPAR-β/δ # Called PPAR-β in Europe, δ in US. Induced by [[Exercise]]. Spares carbohydrate. Associated with M2 [[Macrophage]] activation. PPAR-δ agonism activates fatty acid oxidation via PGC-1α but does not increase mitochondrial gene expression and function https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPAR/ 2022-02-01 links: reference: Travis - PPARs And Keratin [[Peroxisome]] proliferator-activated receptor # Transcription factors and nuclear receptor proteins. They all dimerize with [[RXR]]. There are: α, β/δ (same thing I guess), γ1, γ2, γ3 types. PPAR-β/δ competes with [[PPAR-α]] and PPAR-γ. Downregulation of β/δ can increase [[Keratin]] 20 expression several fold. Overexpression of PPAR-γ on the skin protects rats against [[Hair Loss]]. [[PPAR-γ]] agonists administered to the brain increase insulin transport/sensitivity to the brain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPRE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PPRE/ 2023-10-07: PPRE # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PQQ/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PQQ/ 2022-04-29: reference: https://calypsonaturalclinic.com/your-interstellar-pqq-potent-healing/ PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline quinone) (Methotaxin) # Antioxidant. Redox cofactor. Quinone. All 3 of these things seem to go hand in hand: Identification of lactate dehydrogenase as a mammalian pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-binding protein PQQ-bound [[Lactate Dehydrogenase|LDH]] oxidizes NADH. Stimulates LDH (in the way of Lactate → Pyruvate.) Reduced lactate to zero at 100 μM (= 165 mg)? https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/pqq-inhibits-lactate-formation-increases-lactate-to-pyruvate-conversion-improves-nad-nadh-ratio.37964/post-845267 [[PPAR-α]] activator. Activates Ras-Raf-Mek Activates AMPK Activates [[DJ-1]] Banned in India for liver toxicity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pramipexole/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pramipexole/ 2022-07-05: reference: Pramipexole # Treats [[Parkinson’s]] and restless leg syndrome. Site Affinity (Ki, nM) Efficacy (Emax, %) Action D2S 3.9 130 Full agonist D2L 2.2 70 Partial agonist D3 0.5 70 Partial agonist D4 5.1 42 Partial agonist https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pramiracetam/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pramiracetam/ links: [[Racetams]] reference: 4-13-2021 Pramiracetam # Laser focus Ideal mental space for studying Considerale short-term memory improvement Emotion-dampening Not proven to be an AMPA PAM (See nootopics) Its benefits working instead mainly via HACU. Inhibits prolyl endopeptidase (aka prolyl oligopeptidase). Prolyl Oligopeptidase Enhances α-Synuclein Dimerization via Direct Protein-Protein Interaction There are multiple reports of this racetam causing long-term damage to cognition (working memory). Nitric oxide synthesis may result in glutamate excitotoxicity! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Precuneus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Precuneus/ 2023-11-06: Precuneus # Causal evidence for the processing of bodily self in the anterior precuneus (PMC = posteromedial cortex; aPCu = anterior precuneus) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Predictive-Processing/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Predictive-Processing/ links: [[Cognition]] reference: György Buzsáki - The Brain from Inside Out 5-7-2021 Predictive processing # Bayesian Inference: The brain computes a posterior probability/new hypotheis by considering the prior probability, which is the old hypothesis, and the previously computed likelihood of what is now the given ’new evidence'. Mechanistically, paying attention to a particular sensory event is proposed to increase the synaptic gain (‘volume’) of the cells that are encoding the prediction error. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prefrontal-Cortex/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=956IF0oDfZY Stress and brain atrophy 5-13-2021 Prefrontal Cortex # Plays an important role in the activation of memory pathways and sustained attention that are elecitred during the stress response Main divisions: (actually love these renders!) [[Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex]] [[Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex]] [[Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex]] [[Orbitofrontal Cortex]] [[Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex]] Anterior/frontal pole is for abstract reasoning, like IQ tests. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregabalin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregabalin/ 2023-10-14: Pregabalin # [α2δ] (subunit of certain VGCC types) antagonist (proper ligand, not a blocker). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregnane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregnane/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Pregnane # Cholesterol is rich in pregnane. A parent of progesterone. [[Progesterone]], or any steroid molecule with a similar structure, called a pregnane, can bind to and deactivative [[Endotoxin]]. RPF https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregnenolone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pregnenolone/ links: [[Steroid]] [[Hormones]] [[Neurosteroid]] reference: http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/three-hormones.shtml https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/pregnenolone-p5-fully-prevents-testicular-atrophy-due-to-steroid-ab-use-or-high-estrogen.31880/ PREGNENOLONE-FROM SELYE TO ALZHEIMER AND A MODEL OF THE PREGNENOLONE SULFATE BINDING SITE ON THE GABA-A RECEPTOR (looks fascinating) 4-11-2021 Pregnenolone (P5) # “A couple of times I saw men who were not quite suicidal, but extremely depressed, talking about quitting their job and just giving up, and they both happened to be sitting in a dark corner of the room with a glass of wine, wanting to retreat, even within the room as well as from life in general. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prepulse-Inhibition/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prepulse-Inhibition/ 2021-11-19 links: reference: Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) # A prestimulus (prepulse) inhibits an organism’s reaction to a stronger subsequent stimulus (pulse.) A lack of prepulse inhibition would be reflective of the information overload that those with [[Schizophrenia]] experience: “It has been sugested that the disrupting effect of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on PPI in rats might be based on reduced detectability of weak prepulse stimuli.” Paired-pulse inhibition/suppression (PPI/PPS) is when (i’m gonna gsess) it’s a reduced response when multiple stimuli, probably one weaker, are presented simultaneously https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Presenilin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Presenilin/ 2023-01-03: Presenilin # So apparently ~10% of familiar [[Alzheimer’s]] disease mutations concern APP, while the remainder is missense mutations in PS1 and PS2. There are >140 to count, majority in PS1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PRL-8-53/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PRL-8-53/ inks: [[Nootropics]] reference: 10-16-2021 PRL-8-53 # PRL-8-147 is supposedly a more powerful version of PRL-8-53. Hasn’t been synthesized. PRL = Pacific Research Laboratories. Created in 1974. Hypermnesic, spasmolytic. Only two studies done on it, in ‘74 and ‘78. Derived from benzoic acid and [[Phenylmethylamine]]. Increased learning of words by 87.5-105% in poor performers, and 7.9-14% in high performers - but that’s just due to a ceiling effect. Was #1 by a decent margin in the /r/nootropics survey for memory. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Progesterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Progesterone/ 4-11-2021 links: [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] [[Neurosteroid]] reference: Progesterone (P4) # We produce 5% as much in old age than we do in our youth - Up until the mid-teens, males and females produce equal amounts. RPF The youngest siblings tend to be the smartest due to higher progesterone concentrations. The golden age is apparently early thirties. Lifespan is also increased in proportion to number of pregnancies. Inhibits lactation during pregnancy. Plays a role in alveolar differentiation on breast tissue. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prolactin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prolactin/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Neuropeptide]] reference: Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion (Freeman et al., 2000) (practicaly a textbook) 4-11-2021 Prolactin # AKA luteotropic hormone (LTH). Neuropeptide secreted from the [[Pituitary Gland]]. Ideal is 4-7ng/dL in men, 10-12 for women. Stimulatory when its level increases within the normal range, and inhibitory when over the normal range. Very delicate, it seems. Excessive amounts can lead to asexual tendencies. High amounts seen in tumors/[[Cancer]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proline/ 2022-01-07 links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: Proline # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prolyl-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prolyl-Hydroxylase/ 2023-03-17: Prolyl Hydroxylase (Procollagen-proline dioxygenase) # Not all of them are HIF-induced. L-[[Proline]] + [[α-Ketoglutarate|α-Ketoglutaric Acid]] + O2 → (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline + [[Succinic Acid|Succinate]] + [[CO2]] [[HIF-1α]]-induced # HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition increases cell viability and potentiates dopamine release in dopaminergic cells Therapeutic Potential of a Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor FG-4592 for Parkinson’s Diseases in Vitro and in Vivo: Regulation of Redox Biology and Mitochondrial Function https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proopiomelanocortin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proopiomelanocortin/ 2022-04-07: reference: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) # Secreted by the [[Pituitary Gland]] as well as the [[Arcuate Nucleus]]. It’s 241 amino acids. After POMC’s synthesis, it is cleaved, whereby each of the following is packaged into vesicles: N-Terminal Peptide of Proopiomelanocortin (NPP/Pro-γ-MSH) γ melanotropin [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]] (corticotropin) [[MSH]] (AKA α-melanotropin) CLIP (corticotropin-like intermediate peptide). Not cleaved β-lipotropin γ-lipotropin β-melanotropin (not naturally produced in humans) [[β-Endorphin]] [[Met-Enkephalin]] The question is if this happens in one fell swoop or something else… https://en. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Propionate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Propionate/ 2022-09-01: reference: Propionate # Propionibacteria, such as Cutibacterium acnes live in subaceous glands and cause [[Acne]]. Produced by the genus Bacteroides, aoffering protection against salmonella. Substrate for gluconeogenesis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Propranolol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Propranolol/ 2022-11-06: [[Drugs]] Propranolol # Beta blocker. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prostaglandin-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prostaglandin-Receptor/ 2023-09-08: [[Prostaglandin]] Receptor # DP1 (Gαs) PGD2»PGE2>PGF2α>PGI2=TXA2 DP2 (Gαi) PGD2»PGF2α>PGE2>PGI2=TXA2 EP1 (Gαq) PGE2>PGF2α=PGI2>PGD2=TXA2 EP2 (Gαs) PGE2>PGF2α=PGI2>PGD2=TXA2 EP3 (Gαi & G12) PGE2>PGF2α=PGI2>PGD2=TXA2 EP4 (Gαs) PGE2>PGF2α=PGI2>PGD2=TXA2 FP (F2α receptor) (Gαq) PGF2α>PGD2>PGE2>PGI2>TXA2 I2 (PGI2 receptor) (Gαs) PGI2»IGD2=PGE2=PGF2α>TXA2 TP ([[Thromboxane]] A Receptor) (Gαq) TXA=PGH2»PGD2>PGE2=PGF2α=PGI2 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prostaglandin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Prostaglandin/ nlinks: [[PGI2]] [[PGE2]] [[PGD2]] [[PGF2α]] reference: 5-14-2021 Prostaglandin # Mostly produced from [[Arachidonic Acid]], but [[EPA]] products PGE3. Lipid compounds with hormone-like effects. One of their principal actions is [[Vasodilation]], and inhibiting [[Platelet]] aggregation. [[PGE2]] is positively correlated with [[Hair]] growth. and aromatase R; [[PGD2]] negatively correlated R https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/mpb-treatment-apirin-and-castor-oil-combo.35562/post-544895 [[PGD2]] accumulates in the scalp in MPB and is produced by/activates mast cells YT Following the thread, someone said Danny Roddy isn’t a fan of growing hair via prostaglandin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proteasome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proteasome/ 2022-06-22: reference: Proteasome # Binds poly[[Ubiquitin]] chains and degrades the marked protein into peptides. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Folding/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Folding/ 2022-04-08: reference: Protein Folding # One considers the incomplete protein an unfolded polypeptide/random coil. Still in the ribosome, this linear chain folds into the native state (tertiary structure) after its bonds to the other units is complete. Random coils are also found in complete proteins where they do not form a (consistent/recognized secondary?) structure. The hydrophobic amino acids fold toward the interiors of proteins (kinda like shown in the α-helix I think) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-A/ links: reference: 10-4-2021 Protein Kinase A (PKA) (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) # Family of [[Enzyme]] dependent on [[cAMP]] for its [[Phosphate]]. Heterotetrmeric: two regulatory (R I/II, α/β subunits for each) and two catalytic (C) subunits. Each R binds to 2x cAMP. Afterwards, the Cs dissociate. Notice, they have no cAMP and are just now-active kinases: they catalyze dephosphorylation of [[ATP]] to hydroxyls on serine-threonine residues on substrate proteins. These proteins in include both voltage- and ligand-gated [[Ion Channel]]s, synaptic vesicle proteins, transmitter synthesis enzymes, and things like [[CREB]], affecting transcription. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-B/ 2022-04-12: reference: Protein Kinase B (AKT (Kinase)) # It’s good stuff. Generally an antioxidant and inhibits naughty stuff. When inactive, it binds to membrane [[PIP3]]. After being phosphorylated at Thr308 by [[PDK1]] (which uses ATP), it dissociates: [[mTORC2]] phosphorylates Ser473 is also required for full function. Unphosphorylated, some targets like [[TSC]]2 and [[GSK-3β]] remain unaffected, but other targets like [[FOXO]] are unable to be phosphorylated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C/ 2022-04-08: reference: Protein Kinase C # Phosphorylizes a protein using ATP. Can become persistently active if its regulatory and catalytic domain are proteolyzed from eachother. (There are isoforms without a regulatory domain.) DAG-requiring isoforms localize and bind to membrane [[Diacylglycerol]]. Requires DAG, Ca2+, and phospholipid for activation - “conventional” [[Protein Kinase Cα]] (PRKCA) [[Protein Kinase Cβ]]1 (PRKCB) [[Protein Kinase Cβ]]2 (PRKCB) [[Protein Kinase Cγ]] (PRKCG) DAG but not Ca2+ for activation - “novel” [[Protein Kinase Cδ]] (PRKCD) PKC-ε (PRKCE) PKC-η (PRKCH) PKC-θ (PRKCQ) Neither Ca2+ nor DAG for activation (requires [[Phosphatidylserine]]) - “atypical” PKC-ι (PRKCI) (AKA PKCλ? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B1/ 2022-04-20: reference: Protein Kinase Cα # PKCα is highly enriched in excitatory synapses and colocalizes with GluR2/3. Phosphorylates [[PP2A]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B2/ 2022-04-19: reference: Protein Kinase Cβ # That makes two - I’ll just say that it inhibits [[Dopamine]] release in the [[Medium Spiny Neuron]]s. Activated by [[κ-Opioid Receptor]]s (Gi) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B4/ 2022-04-20: reference: Protein Kinase Cδ # Calcium-independent; diaglycerol only Protein kinase C delta negatively regulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis by enhancing protein phosphatase-2A activity in dopaminergic neurons [[Protein Kinase Cδ]] increases PC2. It phosphorylates [[PP2A]]c. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-C%CE%B6/ 2022-08-11: reference: Protein Kinase Cζ # The PRKCZ gene encodes PKCζ and a truncated N-terminal, Protein Kinase Mζ, an independent catalytic domain. It is by this encoding alone that it is produced; no cleavage or anything. The promoter for full-length PKCζ is apparently scarcely active in the forebrain. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-D/ 2022-06-25: reference: Protein Kinase D # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-G/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase-G/ 2022-05-05: reference: Protein Kinase G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) # PKG-I and PKG-II genes, and PKG-Iα PKG-Iβ isoforms, which are homodimers. It is PKG-I that is expressed by neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Kinase/ 2022-04-12: reference: Protein Kinase # [[Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase]] I’d say one of the main distinguishing factors in PKs is what phosphorylates them, with A/B/C respectively being cAMP, PDK, and ATP. [[Protein Kinase A]] [[Protein Kinase B]] [[Protein Kinase C]] Protein Kinase D [[Protein Kinase G]] [[ERK]] Tyrosine-specific [[Insulin]] receptor and [[IGF-1]] receptor https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Phosphatase-Inhibitor-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Phosphatase-Inhibitor-1/ 2022-05-01: reference: (Protein Phosphatase) Inhibitor-1 # Phosphorylated by [[Protein Kinase A]] @ Thr35; phosphatased by PP2A and PP2B.o https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Phosphatase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein-Phosphatase/ 2022-04-12: reference: Protein Phosphatase # Cleave phosphate groups from proteins, undoing the action of [[Protein Kinase]]s. [[PP1]] [[PP2A]] [[PP2B]] [[PP2C]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Protein/ links: reference: https://www.uniprot.org/ - protein search 8-16-2021 Protein # Sometimes a ‘[[Peptide]]’ is a regarded as a protein, but a bona fide protein must at least be a polypeptide of 50+ [[Amino Acid]]s. I wonder how you quantify protein homology. Is it just the difference of amino acids, or is this typically at the atomic level? At that point you can go to the nucleotide/codon level, which might be another thing entirely but that’s ‘genetic’ homology. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proteolysis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Proteolysis/ links: reference: 9-20-2021 Proteolysis # The cleavage of a multipeptide via hydrolysis. I’ve heard ir referred to the synthesis of sugar from [[Amino Acid]] or [[Muscle]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PRP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PRP/ 2024-11-30: PRP (Platelet-rich plasma) # Niko DIY PRP+PRF Serum/Cream & PRF+PRP for vampire facial While we’re at it: https://old.reddit.com/r/DIYCosmeticProcedures/. It’s actually realy active lolol. Mostly just botox, fat burners (aqualyx, etc.) filler, occasional PDO, and random brand names of shit. Skin boosters like https://getglowingnowskincare.com/miracle-l-skin-booster-1-vial/. Used with specialized pens (hyaluron pen) or syringes. https://old.reddit.com/r/DIYCosmeticProcedures/comments/1fdo0lo/updated_list_of_vendor_codes_good_for_any_time/ https://looksmax.org/threads/biofiller-vampire-facial-haul-update.651493/ so the main device was $2000 sadly. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pruning/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pruning/ 2022-09-20: (Synaptic) Pruning # Everyone wanna be [[Neurogenesis]] but don’t nobody want to prune no heavy ass neurons. Neuronal exosomes facilitate synaptic pruning by up-regulating complement factors in microglia [[Exosome]]s are produced in the endosome compartment and have extracellular actions. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PSD-95/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PSD-95/ 2022-04-27: reference: PSD-95 (Postsynaptic density protein 95) # AKA DLG4 (there is 1-3, 5) Has 3 PDZ domains. These first two bind to the NMDA’s C-terminus. Overexpression occludes LTP and enhanecs LTD in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. PSD-95 overexpression in hippocampal slices enhances specifically synaptic [[AMPAR]]-mediated response without changing the number of surface AMPAR. Conversely, [[Stargazin]] overexpression increases selectively the number of [[eAMPAR]] without changing AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents. These observations indicate that the Stargazin/PSD-95 interaction is involved in the stabilization of AMPARs at synapses. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Psilocybin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Psilocybin/ links: [[Drugs]] [[Tryptamines]] reference: 9-4-2021 Psilocybin # Hallucinogen actions on human brain revealed Decreases surrogate markers for neuronal activity (i.e. BOLD (brain oxygen level-dependent) signals) Carhart-Harris: Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin: decreases brain connectivity! (between [[Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex|vmPFC]] and other regions) Neurobiology of the Effects of Psilocybin in Relation to Its Potential Therapeutic Targets # Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Psychoplastogens/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Psychoplastogens/ 2023-10-12: Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics Psychoplastogens # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PTEN/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PTEN/ 2022-04-13: reference: PTEN (Phoshatase and tensin homolog) (PIP3 phosphatase) # One often sees it characterized as a tumor suppressor, since [[PIP2]] apparently prevents cells from growing/dividing too rapidly. And I guess it’s technically an mTOR inhibitor. Hydrolyzes [[PIP3]] into [[PIP2]] + phosphate, basically reversing the actions of [[PI3K]]. So far I’ve only seen it regarded as an inhibitor of PI3K’s actions, but I wonder if PTEN plays a function akin to [[ATP Hydrolysis]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PTP1B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PTP1B/ 2022-09-03: reference: PTP1B (Protein Tyrosine phosphatase 1B) # Dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine residues of the activated [[Insulin Receptor]] kinase (the autophosphorylating protein residue or something?) Other substrates includes other [[RTK]]s like IGF, c-Src, JNK, β-Catenin, I think [[TrkB]], etc. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders (inhibiting it, that is) Inhibition prevents [[Microglia]]l activation Brilliant Blue FCF and claramine are inhibitors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PUFA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/PUFA/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/peat-wrong-about-pufa.37890/ Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease (2014) (Nature) 4-16-2021 PUFA # They replace the saturated mitochondrial fat, [[Cardiolipin]], which supports the activity of the last crucial enzyme in efficient energy generation, [[Cytochrome C Oxidase]]. Higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma triglycerides and higher levels of DNA adducts of [[Malondialdehyde]] were found in the subjects on the sunflower oil diet when compared with those in the monounsaturated fat dietary group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pulse/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pulse/ links: reference: 9-4-2021 Pulse # A low pulse rate being correlated with fitness can be due to excess [[Acetylcholine]] activity, since [[mAChR]]2 receptors found in the heart are inhibitory. https://men-elite.com/2020/06/26/the-high-acetylcholine-syndrome/ 98.6°F and 85BPM pulse is ideal. Hypothyroid people often have very high adrenaline, cortisol, and other stress hormones during the night, causing the temperature to be higher before breakfast than after. “Oral or armpit temperature, in the morning before getting out of bed, should be around 98°F, and it should rise to 98. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Purine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Purine/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Purine # (Pyrimidine + Imidazole) A molecule itself (produced by organic synthesis) as well as a class of molecules. Purines # Some examples are [[Adenine]] and its derivative [[Adenosine]]; [[Guanine]], [[Caffeine]], and [[Uric Acid]]. Can act as [[Neurotransmitter]]s. Purinergic Receptor # P1, aka [[Adenosine Receptor]]: [[Adenosine]]. GPCRs. P2Y: Nucleotdies (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, UDP-Glucose). GPCRs. Plays a role in [[Ca2+]] wave propagation P2X: [[ATP]]. Ion channels. [[P2X7]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Purkinje-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Purkinje-Cell/ 2022-04-30: reference: Purkinje Cell (A) # [[GABA]]ergic neurons found in the [[Cerebellum]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Putamen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Putamen/ 2021-12-18 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Putamen # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Putrescine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Putrescine/ 2022-08-28: reference: Putrescine # The most common [[Polyamine]]. Precursor to [[Spermidine]] (spermidine synthase) or [[GABA]]: - - https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyramidal-Neuron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyramidal-Neuron/ links: reference: Large and fast human pyramidal neurons associate with intelligence Higher IQ correlated with lower values of dendritic density in parieto-frontal 11-10-2021 Pyramidal Cell/[[Neuron]] # Characterized by typical neuron structure but with extensive branching, with connections on the order of thousands of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. How’s that for coincidence detection? Therefore, considering it’s only got one axon, one of its principal actions is dendritic integration: spatiotemporal summation of synaptic potentials. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyridoxine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyridoxine/ 2022-02-22 links: reference: Pyridoxine # Plant-derived [[B6]] which can actually worsen B6 metabolism. Pyridoxine improves hippocampal cognitive function via increases of serotonin turnover and tyrosine hydroxylase, and its association with CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor pathway https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrilutamide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrilutamide/ 2024-11-27: Pyrilutamide (KX-826) # Topical androgen receptor antagonist. Stronger than RU. Less likely to go systemic than RU due to higher molecular weight, and much lower dose. Thing about AR antagonists is that upregulation is possible. Also, things could get even worse when coming off. Simple 5ARis don’t have this It’s actually coming out in cosmetics on Amazon and shit Kintor kinda failed their phase III with it. Thing is, that’s for full reveral. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyroglutamic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyroglutamic-Acid/ 1:40:20 Do you need to give up your job to practice the Dhamma? 2021-12-20 links: reference: RPF - Cardenosine Pyroglutamic Acid # Derived from [[Glutathione]] via γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. As you’d expect, blood GSH decreases as PGA increases. R Converted to [[Glutamate]] via 5-oxoprolinase. Only in high doses if supplemented. An oxidized form of [[Proline]]. Sodium pyroglutamate is a humectant, and L-pyroglutamic acid is sold as a nootropic. Pyroglutamic acid is a hydrating topical. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrophosphate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrophosphate/ 2022-02-15 links: reference: Pyrophosphate (PPi) # Just two [[Phosphate]]s. “Pyro” like from TF2? I guess so. Same etymological rationale as “aromatic”. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrrolysine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyrrolysine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 6-3-2021 Pyrrolysine # (Not a typo… carry on with your day) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Carboxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Carboxylase/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Pyruvate Carboxylase # Converts [[Pyruvate]] into Oxaloacetate at the tail end of the [[Citric Acid Cycle]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Dehydrogenase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Dehydrogenase/ links: reference: 8-25-2021 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) # Rate-limited [[Enzyme]] that shuttes [[Pyruvate]] into mitochondria for [[Glycolysis]]. Dependent on [[Biotin]] and [[Manganese]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate-Kinase/ 2022-02-08 links: reference: Pyruvate Kinase # Phosphoenolpyruvate ${\overset{\text{Pyrvuate Kinase}}{\ce{<=>[ADP->ATP][ADP<-ATP]}}}$ [[Pyruvate]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Pyruvate/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/pyrucet-liquid-ethyl-pyruvate-aceatoacetate-mix.27487/ - an actual fuckton of references. Does haidut just read the title or does he actually verify all of these? 6-3-2021 Pyruvate # Considering pyruvate dehydrogenase is the rate-limited step in mitochondrial respiration, supplementing pyruvate can reap many benefits by increasing it. Excess exogenous pyruvate inhibits lactate dehydrogenase activity in live cells in an MCT1-dependent manner. For [[Astrocyte]]s, I wonder what this means? Could it possibly make them more aerobic? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quercetin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quercetin/ 2022-02-01 links: reference: Quercetin # A bitter [[Flavonol]] that that gives fruits and vegetables color. Mostly greens that are rich in it. [[Antioxidant]]. Strong inhibitor of [[CYP3A4]] and [[CYP2D6]] and the [[PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway]]. I think that plays a role in its nonspecific inhibition of [[Protein Kinase]] inhibition. Enhances [[AMPAR]] activity via [[SIRT1]]. [[Adenosine Receptor]] antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Queuine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Queuine/ 2022-09-01: reference: Queuine # Shuts down [[Phenylalanine Hydroxylase]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinine/ 2022-11-06: Quinine # Cutting agent for street [[Cocaine]] (oh me oh my my, gone need more quinine) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinolinic-Acid-QA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinolinic-Acid-QA/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 Quinolinic Acid (QA) (Quinolinate) # A dicarboxylic acid. Biosynthetic precursor to [[Nicotine]]. [[NMDAR]] agonist and endogenous [[Excitotoxicity|Excitotoxin]] in the [[CNS]]. Elevated in insomniacs, either due to overactivation of the [[Kynurenine Pathway]], or due to buildup. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Quinone/ links: reference: Vitamin K2 cannot substitute CoQ10 as electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of mammalian cells 11-8-2021 Quinone # An aromatic compound with two carbonyl groups in the same ring, i.e. 1,2-benzoquinone from oxidation of catechol. They become more red in alkaline environments. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rab/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rab/ 2022-05-31: reference: Rab # GTPase involved in vesicle trafficking. Name Subcellular location RAB1 (Ypt1, RabO) Golgi complex RAB2A ER, cis-Golgi network RAB2B RAB3A secretory and synaptic vesicles RAB4A recycling endosomes RAB4B [[Rab5]]A clathrin-coated vesicles, plasma membranes [[Rab5]]C (Vps21, RabB) early endosomes RAB6A (Ypt6, RabC) Golgi and trans-Golgi network RAB6B RAB6C RAB6D RAB7 (Ypt7, RabS) late endosomes, vacuoles RAB8A basolateral secretory vesicles RAB8B RAB9A late endosome, trans-golgi network RAB9B [[Rab11]]A (Ypt31, RabE) recycling endosomes, post-Golgi exocytic carriers RAB13 RAB14 early endosomes RAB17 RAB18 lipid droplets, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum RAB23 RAB25 small-scale transport, promoter for tumor development RAB27 RAB29 recruits LRRK2 to TGN RAB39A binds Caspase-1 in inflammasome https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rab5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rab5/ 2022-05-31: reference: Rab5 # An early endosomal marker. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rac/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rac/ 2022-08-09: reference: Rac # Hippocampal Rac1 is increased following contextual fear conditioning, and inhibition of Rac1 via injection after learning enhances the memory, implying post-acquisitional role in fear memory. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Racetams/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Racetams/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://nootropicsexpert.com/the-top-7-racetams-which-one-is-best/ Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics 4-13-2021 Racetams # Their chemical structure is characterized by a pyrrolidone nucleus: ultimately derived/synthesized from pyroglutamic acid I believe, Technically, some of these, like noopept, lack the ketone group and thus aren’t bona fide racetams but are often grouped in anyways. Includes: Piracetam, Oxiracetam, Phenylpiracetam, Aniracetam, Pramiracetam, Fasoracetam, Coluracetamm and Noopept (Omberacetam) as the popular ones, but schizos also use rolziracetam, nefiracetam, nebracetam, dimiracetam, brivaracetam, leviracetam, and seletracetam. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rad/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rad/ 2022-09-05: reference: Rad # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raf/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raf/ 2022-08-15: reference: Raf # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rag/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rag/ 2022-06-14: reference: Rag GTPase # Forms heterodimers of RagA/B with RagC/D, withopposite ’loading states’, such that when one is bound to GTP, the other is bound to GDP. Mediates [[Amino Acid]]-dependent activation of [[mTORC1]]. Upon AA binding, Rag complexes with mTORC1 and translocates from the cytoplasm to docking on the lyososome forming Ragulator. At this point, [[Rheb]] can bind. Thus, mTORC1 can only be activated under adequate amino acid concentrations. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Randle-Cycle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Randle-Cycle/ 2022-08-10: reference: Randle Cycle # The Randle cycle revisited: a new head for an old hat Interestingly, the cycle can be extended to lactate in [[Heart]] and [[Liver]], two lactate-consuming organs. Here, lactate inhibits the oxidation of both glucose and fatty acids When lactate is high, the mitochondrial (but not cytosol) NAD/NADH ratio is low and as a result both PDH and beta oxidation are downregulated as they both depend on the NAD/NADH ratio. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RANKL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RANKL/ 2024-09-18: RANKL (receptor activator of [[NF-κB]] ligand) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RAP-103/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RAP-103/ 2023-03-17: RAP-103 # Permanently(?) inhibits [[CCR5]]. Downstream inhibition of [[GSK-3β]] reactivates myelinating cells in the brain, improving LTP/cognition. This also enhances opioid analgesia and reduces anxiety. I think it’s also a CCR2 and CCR8 antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rap/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rap/ 2022-08-15: reference: Rap # Activated by cAMP/PKA. Activates [[Raf]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rapamycin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rapamycin/ links: reference: For anyone worried about losing their gains on rapamycin: mTOR Inhibition Induces Upstream Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Activates Akt https://www.geneticlifehacks.com/rapamycin-mtor-and-your-genes/ 11-10-2021 Rapamycin (Sirolimus) # Was originally discovered in the soil of Easter Island in 1975 from Streptomyces tsukubensis. Wtf. And that molecule: a macrolide. It inhibits [[Candida]] and other fungal infections, but it supresses the immune system by inhibiting activation of [[T Cell]]s and [[B cell]]s via reducing their sensitivity to [[IL-2]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raphe-Nuclei/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raphe-Nuclei/ 2022-01-25 links: reference: Raphe Nuclei # A cluster of nuclei found in various regions [[Brain Stem]]. Some regard it as a group of seven, the nucleus linearis, the subdivisions being: 3 in the [[Medulla]] 2 (Pontine Raphe Nucleus, Sublingual Nucleus) in the [[Pontine Reticular Formation]] 2 (Median Raphe Nucleus, [[Dorsal Raphe Nucleus]]) in the midbrain reticular formation. Mostly (maybe exclusively?) [[5-HT1]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Raptor/ 2022-08-25: reference: Raptor # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ras/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ras/ 2022-04-15: reference: Ras GTPase # Binds to [[GTP]]/[[GDP]]. Superfamily consisting of: Ras proper Ras, Ral, [[Rap]], [[Rheb]], [[Rad]], Rit as well as [[Rho]], [[Rab]], Arf, Ran, RGK, Miro. [[Rag]]? Let’s get this thing straight: it’s the RAS-RAF-MEK(1/2)-ERK(1/2) pathway. In some of these charts, that’s all there is to it in a linear fashion: Downstream, you see Rho Rac, and Cdc42, which proceed into their own cascades. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rasagiline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rasagiline/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 10-19-2021 Rasagiline # A [[MAO-B]] inhibitor, like [[Selegiline]]… except much more selective, and supposedly 3-15x more potent in the brain and liver in vivo, with similar properties in vitro. Might be better. Does not enhance endogenous catecholamine transmission, unlike selegiline. This is a dealbreaker for some people. I don’t think this is superior to sel'. Supplementation # I think it’s legal? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Reboxetine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Reboxetine/ 2023-10-11: Reboxetine # [[NET]] inhibitor. Marketed as an antidepressant Blood pressure neutral. Maybe even decreasing it somehow. Dose: 4-12mg. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Red-Light/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Red-Light/ links: [[Light]] reference: https://lifegivingstore.com/ray-peat-on-red-light/ https://redlightman.com/blog/complete-guide-light-therapy-dosing/ https://rouge.care/blogs/rouge-red-light-therapy-blog/red-light-therapy-for-fitness-performance-and-recovery https://valtsus.blogspot.com/2017/05/the-therapeutic-effects-of-red-and-near.html Red light biphasic dose response https://platinumtherapylights.com/blogs/news/red-light-therapy-before-or-after-workout https://heelspurs.com/led.html Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/sunlight-and-vitamin-d-theyre-not-the-same-thing/ Sunglasses are pozzed https://www.neuroplasticity.how/guide-how-to-treat-the-brain-using-photobiomodulation/ easy blog post Photobiomodulation (PBM) research - a comprehensive database on google sheets https://www.reddit.com/r/SkincareAddiction/comments/115sd3a/comment/j97bs17/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button 6-22-2021 Red [[Light]]/LLLT # Photon energy absorption by [[Cytochrome C Oxidase]] is its main mechanism. More specifically, it displaces nitric oxide. Mechanisms of action for light therapy: a review of molecular interactions Peak [[Cytochrome C]] copper centers (it has 2) photon peak absorption/active wavelengths: CuA-Reduced: 620nm CuB-Oxidized: 680nm CuB-Reduced: 760nm CuA-Oxidized: 820nm Aditionally, [[Cytochrome C]] has two [[Heme]] centers. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/REM/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/REM/ links: [[Sleep]] reference: https://men-elite.com/2020/02/18/how-to-optimize-sleep-for-better-life-performance/ Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality https://supermemo.guru/wiki/NREM_and_REM_sleep 4-16-2021 REM # REM is actually the deepest form of sleep, which is why it’s called ‘paradoxical sleep’. What constitutes deepest? Not sure, considering the brain rhythms are most similar to waking. The release of [[Noradrenaline]], [[Histamine]] (I think) and [[Serotonin]] are inhibited. [[Dopamine]], [[Glutamate]], and orexin are elevated, while during deep sleep, GABA, Adenosine, and Glycine are active. Carb oxidation is highest during REM. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Renin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Renin/ 2024-09-06: Renin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Resolvin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Resolvin/ 2023-09-08: Resolvin # Biosynthesized by means of oxygenase enzymes (ALOX, COX-2) Resolvin D = product of DHA. Resolvin E = metabolite of EPA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Resveratrol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Resveratrol/ links: reference: Peat - Don’t be Conned by the Resveratrol Scam https://men-elite.com/2022/12/26/the-unexpected-downsides-of-resveratrol-as-an-aromatase-inhibitor/amp/ 10-18-2021 Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) # Actually a natural plant [[Polyphenol]] Increases [[PGC-1α]], ERR (it’s a phytoestrogen) [[SIRT1]] Much of the research is sponsored by David Sinclair’s company, Sirtris. Many people say it ==doesn’t even affect sirtuins, with debunked research.== Ergo pretty much any research predicated on the assumption it activates SIRT1 is flawed. The radiotracer they used in studies activated it, not resveratrol itself. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Reticular-Formation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Reticular-Formation/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Reticular Formation # Located throughout the [[Brain Stem]]/[[Pons]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retina/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retina/ 2022-10-01: Retina # Btw, JC is selling the eye lightening drops for free alongside orders of the other drops. They enhance night vision: Effect of iris pigmentation of blue and brown eyed individuals with European ancestry on ability to see in low light conditions after a short-term dark adaption period Color Vision # These are actually just the α-bands of the cones. There’s a β-band that extends into the UV range that the lens of the eye blocks, and they all pretty much overlap, leading to white. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retinoic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retinoic-Acid/ links: [[Isotretinoin]] reference: 6-5-2021 Retinoic Acid # Metabolite of [[Retinol]]. [[Red Light|Sunlight]] converts [[Retinol]] stored in the skin to RA, causing sunburn. Significantly decreases progesterone receptor gene transcription. R Can cure [[Dairy]] (milk?) allergies? RPF Retinoic acid induces IGF-II expression in a neuroblastoma cell line https://www.reddit.com/r/AccutaneRecovery/comments/o8d2km/post_accutane_syndrome_is_likely_a_dysfunction/ 5-fold increases in expresions of [[Cytochrome P450]] and [[StAR]], and 50-fold inrease in [[3β-HSD]] in glial cells. RA significantly decreases [[Progesterone]] receptor gene transcription. Receptor # There is the [[Vitamin A]] receptor (STRA6(Stimulated by retinoic acid 6)) is a transmembrane cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retinol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Retinol/ links: reference: 6-27-2021 Retinol (Vitamin A1) # A vitamin in the vitamin A family, and a retinoid. It’s found in food and supplements. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rev-Erb/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rev-Erb/ 2022-05-19: reference: Rev-Erb(A) (α/β) # Rev-Erbα (NR1D) and Rev-Erbβ (NR1D2) (aka αβ). Nuclear receptor transcription factors for the circadian clock. Rev-Erbα is also expressed in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Regulates [[Fatty Acid Synthase]]. [[TLR4]] antagonist. Detects [[Heme]], its endogenous ligand. Whatever that’s worth. Rev-erb-α modulates skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy Activates the Stk11–[[AMPK]]–[[SIRT1]]–[[PGC-1α]] signaling pathway. Indeed, STK11 (aka LKB1 (liver kinase B)) activates AMPK. mRNA levels are Increased by [[ERα]] activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rheb/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rheb/ 2022-05-18: reference: Rheb ([[Ras]] homolog enriched in brain) # Its GTP-bound form stongly stimulates [[mTORC1]] activity. [[TSC]] is a/the GAP for it, and no GEFs have been found, but obviously all the things that inhibit TSC activate it. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rho/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rho/ 2022-05-25: reference: Rho # Divded into Rho proper, [[Rac]], and [[Cdc42]]. [[Cdc42]]: ->(PAK -> LIMK -x Cofilin->Actin turnover) ->([[WASP]]->Arp2/3->Actin polymerization) Cdc42, Rac1, RhoA, Ras are all activated by [[CAMK II]]: Plasticity of dendritic spines: Molecular function and dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders Some sources show LIMK (activated by PAK and ROCK) as a cofilin activator fore som reason. Maybe just due to semiotic incompetency. [Rho GTPases in Intellectual Disability: From Genetics to Therapeutic Opportunities] really good paper on [[Axon Guidance]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RhoA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RhoA/ 2022-06-27: reference: RhoA # One of RhoA’s effectors (yes this is the right definition, always has been) is [[ROCK]] (Rho-associated protein kinase), a GTP-ase. RhoA-KO growth cones experience early axon initiation and faster polarized growth The selective RhoA inhibitor Rhosin promotes stress resiliency through enhancing D1-MSN plasticity and reducing hyperexcitability Social defeat stress activates [[Egr]]-3 and RhoA. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rhodopsin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rhodopsin/ 2022-04-02: reference: Rhodopsin # Receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction. A pigment found in the rods of the [[Retina]]. A GPCR. *G-protein-coupled receptors are composed of two binding regions: G proteins and β-arrestins. When β-arrestins are bound, receptors internalize (or downregulate). This leaves less receptors available for dopamine to bind to. D2 is mediated by β-arrestin - I think Gi [[G-protein]] CRs might be the only one with major βγ signaling cascades. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ribose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ribose/ 2022-02-25: [[Monosaccharide]] [[Sugar]] reference: Ribose # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ribosome/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ribosome/ 2022-04-15: reference: [Gene Machine: The Race to Decipher the Secrets of the Ribosome] Ribosome # Arranges amino acids as specified by the codons [[mRNA]], translating it to cyotosolic proteins/polypeptides. Has the ‘ribozyme’ peptidyltransferase, forming peptide bonds. Inhibited by macrolide. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ricinoleic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ricinoleic-Acid/ links: reference: 9-1-2021 Ricinoleic Acid # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rictor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rictor/ 2022-08-25: reference: Rictor (Rapamycin-insensitive companion of [[mTOR]]) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ritanserin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ritanserin/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 9-19-2021 Ritanserin # [[5-HT2]] antagonist, and [[Dopamine]] reuptake inhibitor. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-hunt-for-a-cyproheptadine-alternative-begins.40095/post-647270 Has potential for hepatotoxicity due to its fluorine content - 2 atoms. Haidut doesn’t recommend using it for more than a few days. Synergizes with cypro and lisuride. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RNA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RNA/ 2022-09-07: RNA # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROCK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROCK/ 2022-06-20: reference: ROCK (Rho-associated Kinase) # ROCK2 is eexpressed in brain and muscle tissue. Rho-Kinase Mediates Hypoxia-Induced Downregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Stabilizes [[eNOS]] mRNA. The treatment they did increased ENOS’s half life 2-fold. Perspectives on ROCK2 as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease (there are many studies as AD therapy) (Negatively) regulates autophagy, such as during the accumulation of tau. ROCK and PDE5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Dementia: Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Applications for ROCK kinase inhibition Stimulated by [[Caspase 3]] and [[PDK1]], inhibited by Gem and [[Rho]]E. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROR%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROR%CE%B1/ 2023-10-07: [[Retinoic Acid|RA]]R-related orphan receptor α (RORα) # There’s also RORβ and RORγ. aka NR1F1 (not NRF1). Cholesterol sulfate is a ligand? Interacts with [[PPRE]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/ROS/ links: reference: Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species 10-19-2021 ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) # The primary site of production is in the mitochondrial [[Membrane]]. [[Free radicals]] Non-Radicals Hydroxyl ($\ce{HO^.}$) [[Hydrogen Peroxide]] ($\ce{H2O2}$) Superoxide ($\ce{O2^.-}$) Singlet Oxygen ($\ce{^1O2}$) Lipid Peroxyl (LOO$\ce {^.}$) Lipid Hydroperoxide LOOH Alkoxyl (RO) 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal HHE Peroxyl (ROO) [[HNE]] Hydroperoxyl (HOO•) This is like [[Cytochrome C Oxidase]]; notice the H2O byproduct: 2[[Hydrogen Peroxide|H2O2]] $\ce{-> HO^{. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum/ 2022-04-15: reference: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum # (Nissl body in [[Neuron]]s) Studded with [[Ribosome]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Roxadustat/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Roxadustat/ 2023-04-04: Roxadustat (FG-4592) # Hypoxia-inducible [[Prolyl Hydroxylase]] inhibitor, thus promoting [[HIF-1α]]/[[HIF-2α]]. See also FG-4497. Elevated endogenous EPO by 2x Possible blood pressure increase - was not found in metanalyses and only in a small minority in clinical trial. Erythropoiesis gives a performance advantage due to additional oxygen capacity but too much over time can potentially become problematic if it leads to polycythemia. There should be low risk with roxadustat as it was shown to be safe in healthy men, but if you already have high rbc, hemoglobin, hematocrit or are on anabolic steroids for example(in which case you shouldnt use it anyway), the risk would be increased. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RSK2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RSK2/ 2022-04-13: reference: S6K2 (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (RSK2)) # Cross talk between ERK and PKA is required for Ca2+ stimulation of CREB-dependent transcription and ERK nuclear translocation The sequential activation of [[ERK]] and RSK2 leads to the phosphorylation and transactivation of [[CREB]]… Ca2+-induced nuclear translocation of ERK and Rsk2 to the nucleus requires [[Protein Kinase A]] activation… the full expression of the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and L-LTP-associated CRE-mediated transcription requires ERK activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/rT3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/rT3/ links: reference: 4-28-2021 Reverse Triiodothyronine (rT3) # Free T3/rT3 ratio: 20+ is normal Total T3/rT3 ratio: 10+ is healthy https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RTK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RTK/ 2022-04-13: reference: RTK # , This is NOT representative of every RTK, especially when you consider all the isoforms, but many of them do activate PI3K. I swear they basically all activate PI3K, [[Ras]]-RAF… and STAT-. A single unit with an extracellular ligand-binding domain. After binding, adjacent units form dimers: The cytoplasmic protein kinase domains then activate, and uses [[ATP]] to autophosphorylate the other unit on the [[Tyrosine]] residues. Pretty sure the dimerization is covalent; apparently the inslin receptors form disulfides. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RU-58841/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RU-58841/ 2024-11-27: RU-58841 # It’s extremely powerful. People (like MPMD) get results within a week. But the side effect profile is so sketch. Could be worth it on cycle, but best avoided elsewhere. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rubiscolin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rubiscolin/ 2022-08-28: reference: Rubiscolin # [[δ-Opioid Receptor]]-agonizing opioid peptides in [[Spinach]]; comparable to the gluten [[Exorphin]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rutin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Rutin/ 2022-08-31: reference: Rutin # Citrus [[Flavonoid]] and [[Glycoside]] consisting of [[Quercetin]] + rutinose. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RXR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/RXR/ 2023-05-22: RXR (Retinoid X Receptor) # As with other type II nuclear receptors, the RXR heterodimer in the absence of ligand is bound to hormone response elements complexed with corepressor protein. Binding of agonist ligands to RXR results in dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein, which, in turn, promotes transcription of the downstream target gene https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ryanodine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ryanodine/ 2023-05-17: Ryanodine # Ryanodine receptors are a class of intracellular calcium channels. Mediators of CICR (calcium-induced calcium release), they open when cytosolic Ca2+ concentration rises, acting kind of like IP3 receptors, since they’re on the ER as well. RyRs are/can be physically couled to L-type VGCCs as well. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine-SAH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine-SAH/ 2022-02-18 links: reference: S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) # A byproduct of [[SAM-e]] demethylation from methyltransferases. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/S6K/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/S6K/ 2022-04-13: reference: S6K (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RSK1)) # Ribosomal protein S6 is involved in translation/phosphorylation regarding things like glucose homeostasis, cell size/proliferation. It binds to membrane [[PIP3]], just like AKT - they compete, you could say! S6K1 phosphorylates [[PDK1]], dissociating it from [[PIP3]], retarding its interaction with AKT. R I’d say it’s most notably activated (phosphorylated) by: [[mTORC1]] (Thr389): induces a conformational change that allows phosphorylation of other sites that allow for S6K’s full activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Saclofen/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Saclofen/ 2023-10-19: Saclofen # Competitive [[GABA-B]] antagonist; [[Baclofen]] analogue of course. Antieleptic! Can also reverse the GAT-3 inhibition from bromantane. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salbutamol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salbutamol/ 2022-03-28: reference: Salbutamol # Pretty common [[Drugs|PED]]. Opens up the medium/large lung airways. Short-acting [[β2]] agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salicylic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salicylic-Acid/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/camphosal-liquid-camphoric-acid-salol.31267/ 9-13-2021 Salicylic Acid (Vitamin S) # Precursor and metabolite of [[Aspirin]]. Skincare # The one and only BHA. It does everything AHAs can do and more, apparently. Exfoliates via softening protein bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to easily shed off. Unlike AHA, BHA penetrates into the pores. You can experience an initial purging. https://theskincareedit.com/salicylic-acid Clears and calms active breakouts, and prevents them. Reduces excess oil. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salience-Network/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salience-Network/ 2022-03-18: reference: Salience Network (Ventral Attention Network/Midcingulo) # Basically manages the shifting between the [[Default Mode Network]] and the [[Executive Network]]. Consists of the [[Anterior Cingulate Cortex]] and [[Insular Cortex|Insula]]. Also related is the AKA dorsal attention network. Consists of the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields.) Hypnosis decreases DMN-CEN connectivity. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control (Seeley et al. 2007) a landmark paper. >6k citations on semantic https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salvia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Salvia/ 2023-12-21: Salvia Divinorum # Modeling Psychedelic Tracers with QRI’s Psychophysics Toolkit: The Tracer Replication Tool When you smoke salvia, you make sense of time in a salvia kind of way, which involves looping back chaotically in a way that typically results in losing the normal plot altogether and instead exotic narratives better fitted for the salvia attentional dynamics end up dominating the world-building process of the mind. Hence you end up in “salvia land”. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SAM-e/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SAM-e/ links: reference: 4-19-2021 SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine) # The primary donor of [[Methyl Group]]s in humans, amongst other anabolic things. Mostly produced and consumed in the liver. Demethylates into [[S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH)]]. Downregulates [[NMDAR]] via increasing methylation of the NMDA promoter in DNA. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/anybody-here-really-cured-histamine-intolerance.38867/post-608494 Oral S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) mediates disruptions in methyl group metabolism due to retinoic acid therapy and alters neurotransmitter metabolism: implications for major depressive disorder Deactivates [[Histamine]] in the CNS Supplementation # 1-2g a day. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SAP-97/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SAP-97/ 2022-04-29: reference: SAP-97 (Discs large 1 (DLG1)) # A MAGUK. Has a [[Myosin]] VI binding site. Synapse-Associated Protein 97 Selectively Associates with a Subset of AMPA Receptors Early in their Biosynthetic Pathway Induction of [[LTP]] increases delivery of [[GluR1]] to the membrane. In hippocampal [[Pyramidal Neuron]]s, Increased LTP (it’s not synonymous?) or increased [[CAMK II]] increases delivery of GluR1 as shown, however this does not take place when the GluR1’s PDZ-interacting domain is mutated, BUT this has no effect on basal synaptic transmission. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sapienic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sapienic-Acid/ 2022-02-23: reference: Sapienic Acid # Unique to humans. Major component of [[Sebum]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sarcosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sarcosine/ 2022-01-25 links: reference: Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) # [[GlyT1|Glycine Transporter 1]] inhibitor. This potentiates AMPA, and NMDA, hence it’s sometimes used as an adjuvant in schizophrenia medication. Adjunctive sarcosine plus benzoate improved cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients with constant clinical symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial This is also a [[D-Serine]] transporter. The glycine transport inhibitor sarcosine is an NMDA receptor co-agonist that differs from glycine Functions as a [[NMDAR]] coagonist. A better one than glycine, too: less NMDAR desensitization occurred with sarcosine than with glycine as the co-agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Saturated-Fat/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Saturated-Fat/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Saturated Fat # Saturated fatty acids have anti-stress and anti-inflammatory effects Doesn’t have to be solid at room temperature - look at [[MCT]]. The short(er) chain saturated fats, such as those in [[Coconut]], are anti-[[Histamine]]. Able to lower cortisol R R Fatty Acids # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_saturated_fatty_acids goes from C3-C40. [[Butyrate|Butyric Acid]] (C4) Caproic (Hexanoic) Acid (C6) [[Caprylic Acid]] (C8) Capric (Decanoic) Acid (C10) [[Lauric Acid]] (C12) [[Myristic Acid]] (C14) Pentadecylic (pentadecanoic) (C15) Idealabs - LipOdd – Liquid Product With Odd-Chain Saturated Fats (SFA) (has 100mg C15 and 50mg C17) [[Palmitic Acid]] (Hexadecanoic) (C16) Heptadecanoic Acid (C17) [[Stearic Acid]] (C18) Arachidic Acid (C20) Behenic Acid (C20) Dietary # Eating too low dietary fat will slow [[Bile]] output. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Schizophrenia/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Schizophrenia/ links: reference: 9-4-2021 Schizophrenia # Some [[Psychology|psychological]] characteristics of Schizophrenic phenotypes. It can be assumed that the synaptic shift happens to promote societal congruence and more directional learning. Avolition: Lack of initiative or goals. If desire is present, it is without energy. Alogia: A general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in speech - poverty of speech/laconic speech. Reduced/flat affect “The common schizophrenic language disturbance, typically involving undirected, punning speech, has been interpreted as a disturbance of the deeper image levels and a shift to the acoustic levels of memory, with the result that meaning is lost to the degree that the linguistic forms themselves are concentrated on. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sebum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sebum/ 2021-12-17 links: reference: Sebum # Actually 25% wax. Cholinergic signaling is actually involved, which brings a whole other group of things into discussion for acne RPF. Anticholinergic/dopaminergic drugs have shown significant reduction on sebum secretion. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selank/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selank/ links: [[Nootropics]] [[Neuropeptide]] reference: 10-18-2021 Selank/Cеланк # A peptide produced, along with [[Semax]], by Peptogen. Firstly an anxiolytic, with nootropic, antidepressant, and antiasthenic effects. However it is very similar to semax in its mechanism it seems. Supplementation # Nasal spray/subcutaneous injection. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selegiline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selegiline/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: An Interview with Joseph Knoll, M.D. 10-4-2021 Selegiline # AKA L-deprenyl. D-Deprenyl might be even better? Apparently the original maker was brought to jail. Irreversibly (keyword: not permanently) inhibits [[MAO-B]], in the sense that MAO-B must be resynthesized. MAO-A is slightly inhibited in high doses (20+mg/day). The standard clinical dose is something like 10mg/day oral. Catecholamine release enancer Upregulates GDNF→[[VMAT2]] VP: Selegiline stabilizes VMAT2 in the correct conformation and prevents the damage caused by VMAT2 inhibitors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selenium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Selenium/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/peats-surprising-response-to-my-email-a-ray-peat-vegan-is-possible.8939/ Selenium supplementation inhibits IGF-1 signaling and confers methionine restriction-like healthspan benefits to mice 8-12-2021 Selenium # In food exists as various selenoamino acids such as [[Selenocysteine]]. This is not detected by flame spectroscopy for nutrition fact labels. Selenium deficiency aggravates the effects of [[Vitamin E]] deficiency Along with vitamin E, induces apoptosis. Adequate levels are necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism. Required for the enzyme that deiodinizes [[T4]] to convert into [[T3]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Semaglutide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Semaglutide/ 2023-09-07: Semaglutide (Ozempic) # Type 2 diabetes drug, structurally related to [[GLP-1]], increasing insulin production and actually enhancing the growth of [[Beta Cell]]s. Causes muscle loss (i.e. moreso than any fat loss) according to Üxkull https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Semax/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Semax/ links: [[Nootropics]] [[Neuropeptide]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semax 10-18-2021 Semax # Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. We go deeper down the iceberg… invented in mother Russia in the 1980s. Its mechanism of action is unclear. May act through [[Melanocortin Receptor]]s which has an inhibitory action on [[D2]] I believe. Increases [[TrkB]] insofar as the [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]] system is working well. I think it basically mimics ACTH-10. Downregulation warrants cycling. Antidepressant and axiolytic; attenuates behavioral effects of chronic stress. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ser831/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ser831/ 2022-05-07: reference: [[GluR1]] Ser831 # This name might be sus at some point, but I’ll keep it. It’s the only result if you search online for Ser831. Phosphorylated by [[Protein Kinase C]] or [[CAMK II]]. Thus CaMK II acts here in contrast to Ser-567 where it mediates LTD. Increases channel conductance (independent of agonist efficacy) and opening probability/frequency, decreasing activation energy for the intrasubunit conformational change. Also mediates receptor trafficking. Insulin induces phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, reversed by ZIP, and over-expression of Protein Kinase M zeta, reversed by amyloid beta https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine-Racemase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine-Racemase/ 2022-04-26: reference: Serine Racemase # Catalyzes conversion of L-[[Serine]] to [[D-Serine]], with [[P5P]] and [Magnesium] as cofactors. Serine Racemase Deletion Affects the Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance of the Hippocampal CA1 Network neither isolated NMDAR synaptic potentials nor LTP were altered in SR-KO mice. This was associated with a compensatory increase in hippocampal levels of glycine SR-KO mice displayed no deficits in spatial learning, reference memory and cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, SR-KO mice showed a weaker LTP and a lower increase in NMDAR otentials compared to controls when GABAA receptors were pharmacologically blocked. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine-Threonine-Protein-Kinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine-Threonine-Protein-Kinase/ 2022-02-19 links: [[Protein Kinase]] reference: http://www.kinasenet.ca/ Serine/threonine Kinase # Phosphorylates the hydroxyl of [[Serine]] OR [[Threonine]] residues off a peptide. Kinases can phosphorylate residues that are embedded within ‘phosphorylation consensus sequences’ of amino acids. Many have a regulatory (R) and catalytic (C) domain (I believe all R/C domains are on the C/N terminus respectively, but this is not the case with all kinases: the opposite is true for [[RTK]]s.), whereby something binds to R for activation, and the C group is where phosphorylation takes place. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serine/ 9-4-2021 links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: Serine # Nonessential proteinogenic [[Amino Acid]]. Only L-Serine appears naturally in proteins. L-[[Serine]] can reversibly form [[Glycine]] via hydroxymethyltransferase, requiring [[Folate]]: Synthesized https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serotonin-N-Acetlytransferase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serotonin-N-Acetlytransferase/ 2023-08-18: Serotonin/Aralkylamine N-Acetyltransferase (AANAT) # Catalyzes Serotonin → [[N-Acetylserotonin]]. Protein kinase C regulates the activity and stability of serotonin N-acetyltransferase PKC Phosphorylates Ser/Thr residues that enhance the stability/enzymatic activity of AANAT. PKA also phosphorylates 2 key residues Chronic fluoxetine administration increases the serotonin N-acetyltransferase messenger RNA content in rat hippocampus CREB → TrkB/BDNF CREB → AANAT https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serotonin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serotonin/ 4-11-2021 links: [[Hormones]] [[Neurotransmitter]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/humans-and-lobsters-use-serotonin-for-dominance-hierarchies.19443/page-3#post-264419 https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/a-serum-tonic-factor-in-foods-with-special-attention-to-its-presence-in-pineapfels.30902/#post-462645 [Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission] (goes into every receptor; looks fire) Serotonin # 90% of it is produced in the gut. It does not cross the BBB after 2 years of age, which is when serum levels peak in life, with adult levels being ~50%. R Serotonin is an inflammatory mediator, like histamine. Can produce edema, bronchoconstriction, immunosuppression, and joint swelling. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SERT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SERT/ links: reference: 6-29-2021 SERT (5-HTT) (SLC6A4) # The [[Sodium]]-dependent [[Serotonin]] transporter protein, and it transports serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic neuron. It is the primary target of [[SSRI]] - for they inhibit its function. Correlation between [[Cortisol]] level and serotonin uptake; cortisol acutely increases [[SERT]] RPF IFN-γ and TNF-α decrease serotonin transporter function and expression in Caco2 cells Making [[Pyramidal Neuron]]s express SERT with gene insertion gives them a bunch of neuroplasticity, since they can start activating intracellular [[5-HT2A]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sertraline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sertraline/ 2022-07-04: [[SSRI]] reference: Setraline/Zoloft # Also a minor [[DAT]] inhibitor and [[σ1]] antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serum-Cholesterol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Serum-Cholesterol/ links: [[LDL]] [[Cholesterol]] [[HDL]] reference: https://jayfeldmanwellness.com/the-cholesterol-nonsense-continues/ 6-28-2021 Serum Cholesterol # Hello, from my past self. Take some aspirin before you get a headache after debating yet another random person on the internet. “The strange idea that cholesterol causes atherosclerosis was revived in the 1950s when the vegetable oil industry learned that their polyunsaturated oils lowered serum cholesterol. (Many other toxins lower cholesterol, but that is never mentioned.)” Peat This is because inflammation in the cell membrane makes it more permeable, and so LDL dumps its cholesterol into the cell, which in turn lowers the amount of LDL, since cholesterol is being drained. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SFRP1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SFRP1/ 2023-05-31: SFRP1 (Secreted frizzled-related protein) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHANK/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHANK/ 2022-04-27: reference: SHANK (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein) # Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of SHANK2 have a near-complete penetrance in [[Autism]]! SHANK2 mutations associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder cause hyperconnectivity of human neurons R81X = ’nonsense mutation’ (control), DEL = SHANK2… knockout? *significant increase in total synapse number in all SHANK2 mutants… increases in normalized dendrite length in all SHANK2 mutants [[TSC]]1/2 is actually somewhere around here, bound to SHANK via Actinin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHANK3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHANK3/ 2022-09-18: [[SHANK]]3 # ProSAP2 (Proline-rich synapse-associated protein 2) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHBG/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHBG/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: 4-11-2021 SHBG (Sex hormone binding globulin) # Binds to DHT (5x affinity; 3x longer) > testosterone > androstendiol > estradiol > estrone. More important in women, but being in the high normal range is good. (4/12 I got 41.8) PUFAs can bind to it? https://www.forefronthealth.com/hypothyroidism-and-estrogen/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-KSdzki0-Y Has an anti-[[Estrogen]] effect at the cell receptor level; reducing estrogen below the normal range will eventually reduece SHBG (since estrogen is a potent inducer of SHBG synthesis) allowing estrogen to freely circulate. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Shilajit/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Shilajit/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 4-13-2021 Shilajit # _ High in fulvic acid (good stuff). It has small amounts of a ton of nutrients. Antioxidant Cognitive/memory enhancer Antidiabetic Anxiolytic Antiallergic/antihistamine [[Acetylcholinesterase|AChE]]i Antiinflammatory Analgesic Increases testosterone (a) Changes in dopamine levels. (b) Changes in serotonin levels. (c) changes in GABA. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/shilajit-and-methylene-blue.37178/ Stabilizes [[CoQ10]] in its ubiquinol form. The Effects of Shilajit on Brain Edema, Intracranial Pressure and Neurologic Outcomes following the Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SHP/ 2023-05-21: SHP (Small heterodimer partner) # Inhibits [[CYP7A1]], specifically by inhibiting the activity of the nuclear receptor LRH-1 on the CYP7A1 promoter. Also inhibits [[LXR]] to induce [[SREBP]]-1c to inhibit CYP7A1? Inhibits the ligand-dependent transcriptional action of [[RXR]]/retinoid receptors and [[Thyroid Hormone Receptor]]s. Estrogen receptors too. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sialic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sialic-Acid/ 2022-08-28: reference: Sialic Acid (N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac/NANA) # NANA is the ‘primary’ sialic acid. The terminal sugar in some glycoproteins like [[Fibrinogen]]. Inhibits [[IL-6]], [[IL-1β]], [[TNF-α]], etc. Activates [[PPAR-α]] Exogenous supplement of N-acetylneuraminic acid improves macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Sialic acid is an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition ==(50 pages!)== Essential component of brain [[Ganglioside]]s and polysialic acid chains that modify [[NCAM]]s. Polysialyation occurs on NCAM. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sialin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sialin/ 2022-09-04: reference: Sialin # Identification of a vesicular aspartate transporter When present in synaptic vesicle and SLMVs, sialin is responsible for vesicular storage and subsequent exocytosis of [[Aspartic Acid]] and [[Glutamate]]. When present in lysosomes, it acts as an H+-coupled [[Sialic Acid]] exporter. Because all criteria for aspartate as a neurotransmitter are now satisfied, sialin should be a missing link in aspartergic neurotransmission and the sixth member of the vesicular neurotransmitter transporter family, which comprises [[VMAT]], vesicular acetylcholine transporter, vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter, VGLUT, and VNUT. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIBO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIBO/ links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/anybody-here-really-cured-histamine-intolerance.38867/post-611995 4-19-2021 SIBO # Can break down [[DAO]] Stacks/Treatments # For penicillin VK, Danny Roddy used 100-250mg 3-4x/day for 2-3 weeks with vitamin K - but you suck on the tablet - lol. Amoxicillin, camphosol, oregano oil (8 drops or so). R For white tongue: Iorinse, R Lauricidin (Monolaurin), Vital Nutrients Viracon. R https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/from-white-to-clear-how-i-transformed-my-tongue-in-only-8-days.40379/ 1/2tsp black cumin seed powder in the morning Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory. https://men-elite.com/2020/10/09/black-cumin-seed-and-its-amazing-compound-thymoquinone/ 1 large pinch of [[Flowers of Sulfur]] Can also help with acne; but prolonged use can lead to sensitivity and irritation rather than soothing or whatever it does https://raypeatforum. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sigma-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sigma-Receptor/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid 4-30-2021 Sigma Receptor # [[σ1]] and [[σ2]]. It induces hypertonia, tachyardia, tachypnea (respiratory), and mydriasis (pupil dilation), and possible euphoria. Hella ligands, including [[DMT]], [[Cocaine]], DXM, [[Methamphetamine]], [[Methylphenidate]], fluvoxamine, fluoxetine (Prozac), ketamine, [[Memantine]], [[Berberine]], and other random shit. [[Selegiline]] binds to σ1 @ 400 nM affinity, [[Neurosteroid]]s, [[Testosterone]] Antagonized by [[Progesterone]], [[Sertraline]], etc. Activation releases [[Acetylcholine]]. Postsynaptically increases NMDAR currents, I reckon R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sildenafil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sildenafil/ 2022-08-17: reference: Sildenafil (Viagra) # [[Kir2.1]] inhibitor. Sildenafil Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis and Reduces Muscle Fatigue [[PDE5]] inhibition (half life of 4-5 hours) preventing degradation [[cGMP]] → things outlined in [[Nitric Oxide#Muscle]]: ![[Nitric Oxide#Muscle]] Remodels the skeletal muscle proteome! the proteomic analyses did not suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis contributed to the reduced skeletal muscle fatigability in the sildenafil group following treatment, especially since the short treatment wouldn’t have time for all that Glucose tolerance did not change in any treatment group. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Silicon/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Silicon/ 2021-11-30 links: reference: Silicon # Silicon-rich mineral water facilitated the removal of aluminum. Glacial water is rich in it https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT1/ 10-17-2021 links: [[HDAC]] reference: https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/79814-anti-aging-firewalls-the-top-21benefits-of-meditation/ Sirtuin 1 (NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1) # [[WNT]] signaling blocks its degradation, I guess. Its role is to deacetylate [[PGC-1α]] Increases [[Fatty Acid Oxidation]] one way or another. SIRT1 andor [[Resveratrol]] can reliably induce [[Cancer]]. [SIRT1 plays key role in chronic myeloid leukemia by aiding persistence of leukemic stem cells] Charles Brenner, NR guy on twitter: SIRT1 is cope and resveratrol doubly so The insiders at Sirtris, however, sold these compounds & this research program to @GSK for $720 m. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT2/ 2022-10-20: SIRT2 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT3/ 2021-12-03 links: reference: SIRT3 # Can activate [NMNAT]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT6/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SIRT6/ 2023-05-09: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/natural-polyphenols-as-sirtuin-6-modulators.47395/ SIRT6 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sirtuin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sirtuin/ 2021-12-03 links: reference: Sirtuin # Very important and ancient signaling protein. Class III of of the [[HDAC]]s. Dependent on [[NAD+]] to maintain cellular health and to turn it into [[Niacinamide]]. SIRT = human gene; Sirt = mice Sirt inhibitors lower FAO Class Gene Location Activity Function I [[SIRT1]] Nucleus, Cytoplasm Deacetylase Metabolism, inflammation I [[SIRT2]] Nucleus, Cytoplasm Deacetylase Cell cycle, tumirogenesis I [[SIRT3]] Mitochondria Deacetylase Metabolism II [[SIRT4]] Mitochondria ADP-ribosyl transferase Insulin secretion III SIRT5 Mitochondria Deacetylase, dealonylase, desuccinylase Ammonia detoxification IV [[SIRT6]] Nucleus Demyristoylase, Depalmitoylase, ADP-ribosyltransferase, deacetylase DNA repair, metabolism, TNF secretion IV SIRT7 Nucleolus Deacetylase rRNA transcription PGC1a activates sirt 1 and sirt 6, NRF2 activates sirt 1 and sirt 6, PPARA/PPARG activate sirt 1 and sirt 6, irisin and AMPK activate sirt 1, but can stimulate NRF2, so may have activate sirt 6. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Skin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Skin/ 2021-11-19 links: reference: https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ has massive lists and everything. Similar: https://incidecoder.com/ https://theskincareedit.com/ this girl is Peaty so probably has good recs https://credobeauty.com/ has pretty minimal ingredients usually and not a lot of petrochemicals https://www.saturee.com.au/blogs/blog-posts/on-the-topic-of-topical-skincare-with-georgi-dinkov-and-dr-peat https://www.laraadler.com/skincare/ Skin(care) # Squalene is a liquid hydrocarbon. Squalane though, is way thinner and non-greasy, and sinks into your skin leaving no residue. It’s an emollient (moisturizer). May be comedogenic. May slow down cell renewal, since it can’t be metabolized. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SkQ1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SkQ1/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: https://roselandj.medium.com/skq1-54a97058bc7b SkQ1 # Part of SkQ (which includes -R1, 2, 2M, 3,4,5, -berb, -palm, C12TPP, and MitoQ) which are mitochondrial [[Antioxidant]]s. They’re lipophilic cations so they penetrate through membranes. They inhibit ROS directly due to plastoquinone oxidation, or reducing [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane|ΔΨ]]. I suppose they’re pretty popular for [[Longevity]]. Mice in a study lived 335 days vs. 290. Behavioral Effects Induced by Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 in Wistar and Senescence-Accelerated OXYS Rats https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SLC7A11/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SLC7A11/ 2023-06-07: SLC7A11 # Sodium-independent, chloride-dependent [[Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter]]. Veganpermanently says enhancement of this may be responsible for cognitive enhancement from acute very low dose [[Memantine]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sleep/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sleep/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradian_rhythm Neurotransmitter system and neural circuits governing sleep https://supermemo.guru/wiki/NREM_and_REM_sleep 4-11-2021 Sleep # Vegan says [[Agomelatine]] and the like does not negatively affect REM while enhancing slow wave sleep, unlike [[Ethanol]] and GHB - which you can hardly call sleep. Meanwhile, [[Galantamine]] increases REM and noe at the expense of slow wave sleep. What’s there to lose?? Well, it does decrease deep sleep in proportion to the increased REM, as well as efficiency and total sleep being decreased: The effects of galantamine and buspirone on sleep structure: Implications for understanding sleep abnormalities in major depression Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study in patients with MDD, it didn’t change REM latency, length, or density. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Slow-wave-sleep/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Slow-wave-sleep/ links: reference: 5-1-2021 Slow-wave sleep # Not synonymous with [[NREM]], but rather stage 3/4 of it, which is actually the most abundant in the earlier cycles. During deep sleep, [[GABA]], [[Adenosine]], and [[Glycine]] are active. [[Pregnenolone]] R, [[Progesterone]] R, [[DHEA]] R, and [[Testosterone]] Rall increase [[Slow-wave sleep]] [[Hypothyroidism]] leads to reduced slow wave-sleep R. This leads to an earlier rise in cortisol in the mornings, causing shallow sleep with frequent awakenings. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SM04554/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SM04554/ 2023-05-31: SM04554 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Smad/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Smad/ 2024-11-24: Smad # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Small-Intestine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Small-Intestine/ 2022-09-01: reference: Small Intestine # [[PUFA]] increase intestinal permeability, [[Saturated Fat]] decreases. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum/ 2022-04-15: reference: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum # Involved in lipid/hormone synthesis, and detoxification. Unlike the [[Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum]], it does not have ribosomes, thus is not involved in protein synthesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SNARE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SNARE/ 2022-05-05: reference: Calcium Control of Neurotransmitter Release (2012) Molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release SNARE # SNARE = SNAP REceptor = SNAP-25, syntaxin (t-SNARE?), [[Synaptobrevin]]. I think that’s it besides the subtypes; Synaptotagmin isn’t a SNARE proper and merely associates with the complex SNAP-25 aka VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein) interesting how it depicts membrane constituents mixing as it progresses… The intitial sensor is [[Synaptotagmin]], and it becomes activated after 4-5 Ca2+ bind: [[Syntaxin]] and SNAP-25 are the cell membrane. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sodium-Channel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sodium-Channel/ 2022-08-23: [[Ion Channel]] reference: Sodium Channel # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sodium/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sodium/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/water-malabsorption-syndrome.28543/post-648400 Body fluids and salt metabolism - Part I 4-11-2021 Sodium # [[Magnesium]] is antagonistic to it. Excess sodium enhances [[Calcium]] excretion Sodium increases absorption of sugars in the intestine High sodium increases bone turnover and reduces bone mineral density. Having a correct [[Potassium]] to sodium balance decreases excessive [[Calcium]] excretion; an imbalance can lead to “high sodium”, which leads to calcium excretion which fucks up the bonez https://pubmed. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Solanine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Solanine/ 2022-08-24: [[Glycoalkaloid]] reference: Solanine # It’s bitter. Alkaloids like solanine have been shown to start decomposing and degrading at approximately 170 °C (338 °F), and deep-frying potatoes at 210 °C (410 °F) for 10 minutes causes a loss of ∼40% of the solanine. However, microwaving potatoes only reduces the alkaloid content by 15%. Boiling [[Potato]]es reduces the solanine levels by only 1.2%. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Somatostatin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Somatostatin/ links: [[Peptide Hormone]] reference: The role of neuropeptide somatostatin in the brain and its application in treating neurological disorders Somatostatin Interneurons Facilitate Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Prefrontal Spatial Encoding 11-10-2021 Somatostatin # AKA [[Growth Hormone]]-inhibiting hormone. In the [[Pancreas]], it inhibits the flow of other pancreatic hormones. Secreted by delta cells, which are found in the antrum, [[Duodenum]], and [[Pancreas]] islets. Acts locally in the GI trct, reducing secretion of gastrin, secretin, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Soy/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Soy/ links: [[Food]] (not really) [[Isoflavone]] reference: 5-13-2021 Soy # The estimated per capita consumption of soybean oil increased >1000-fold from 1909 to 1999. R [Soymorphins, Novel μ Opioid Peptides Derived from Soy β-Conglycinin β-Subunit, Have Anxiolytic Activities] IMPOSSIBLE BURGER: Neither Vegan nor Healthy Owned primarily by Cargill, the #1 producer of factory-farmed beef, and one of the #1 companies responsible for the deforestation of the Amazon. Increased aggressive behavior and decreased affiliative behavior in adult male monkeys after long-term consumption of diets rich in soy protein and isoflavones “Contrary to public opinion, Asians eat very small amounts of fermented soy, 1-2 teaspoons per meal, as a condiment and not as a main meal item. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spermidine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spermidine/ 2021-11-22 links: reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/the-travis-corner.21611/post-303590 Spermidine # Polyamine; [[Spermine]] precursor (spermine synthase). Increased longevity in yeast due to autophagy. Required for hypusination of elF5A, a transcription factor for [[TFEB]]. Loss of the autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and ATG7 in neurons provokes premature death and neurodegeneration in mice. (It crosses the BBB) [Spermidine, a polyamine site agonist, attenuates working memory deficits caused by blockade of hippocampal muscarinic receptors and mGluRs in rats] Acts on [[NMDAR]], acutely enhancing cognitive performance https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spermine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spermine/ 2022-05-23: reference: Spermine # [[NR2B]] PAM R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sphingomyelin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sphingomyelin/ 2022-06-30: reference: # Consists of [[Phosphocholine]]/[[Ceramide]]/phosphoethanolamine head group. Role of sphingolipids in senescence: implication in aging and age-related diseases # Senescent cells have increased β-[[Galactosidase]] activity, and Ceramide induces expression of the senescence histochemical marker, beta-galactosidase, in human fibroblasts. C6-ser directyl activates PP1 and PP2A, and induces [[p21]] expression and association with [[CDK]]2. Metabolism # Subcellular localization of enzymes: [[Niemann-Pick]] disease is a series of sphingolipidoses, inherited metabolic disorders, of which there are many, and prevalent in Jews. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sphingosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sphingosine/ 2022-03-31: reference: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(LibreTexts)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/21%3A_Lipid_Biosynthesis/21.04%3A_Biosynthesis_of_Membrane_Sphingolipids Sphingosine # It is always 18-carbon; it is synthesized from [[Palmitic Acid|palmitoyl]]-[[CoA]] and [[Serine]]: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spinach/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Spinach/ links: [[Food]] reference: 8-12-2021 Spinach # Contains high levels of [[Oxalic Acid]], ~30%. Terrible bioavailability compared to the other cruciferous vegetables. Contains selenomethionine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SR9009/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SR9009/ 022-05-19: reference: SR9009 (Stenabolic) # [[Rev-Erb]]-α ligand. This is epic because it basically potentiates proper cicadian rhythm. Pharmacological targeting of the mammalian clock regulates sleep architecture and emotional behaviour this is one of the main studies, I believe. I need to take a close look at the comparison between the 2. They might have slightly new effects? SR9009 has REV-ERB–independent effects on cellproliferation and metabolism SR9009 can decrease cell viability, rewire cellular metabolism, and alter gene transcription in hepatocytes and embryonicstem cells lacking both REV-ERBαand -β. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Src/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Src/ 2022-05-13: reference: Src kinase family # Non-receptor tyrosine kinases. SrcA: [[c-Src]] (c-p60-src), Yes, [[Fyn]], Fgr. SrcB: Lck, Hck Blk, Lyn and also Frk. Activates [[STAT3]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SREBP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SREBP/ links: reference: 9-6-2021 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein # (Sometimes Sterol response element BP, which is maybe a bit more intuitive) Travis: *“As far as I know, the only thing that causes [[Acne]] is [[SREBP]]: activated exclusively by either androgens or [[IGF-1]]”… Studies have shown that sebum from people with acne have a higher viscosity, melting point, and characterized by an unbalance of lipids—namely: squalene, wax esters, and triglycerides. * And then amongst other things, SREPB increases squalene synthesis through it, and they upregulate wax ester synthase. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SSRI/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SSRI/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: 4-30-2021 SSRIs # Selective [[Serotonin]] reuptake inhibitors. Not supposed to bind to serotonin receptors, but [[SERT]]. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes [[Fluoxetine]], [[Sertraline]], and paroxetine decrease the Km of the conversion of [[5α-DHP]] to [[Allopregnanolone]] by human [[3α-HSD]] type III 10- to 30-fold. Only [[Sertraline]] inhibited the reverse oxidative reaction Fluox slightly inhibits 20α-HSD. Paroxetine alters [[17β-HSD]] [SSRIs act as selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs) at low doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/StAR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/StAR/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) # The rate-limiting step in [[Steroidogenesis]]. This protein transports [[Cholesterol]] into the mitochondrial [[Membrane]]. Leydig cells when stimulated by [[Luteinizing Hormone]] begin StAR’s production. It is also found in brain cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Starch/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Starch/ 2022-02-12 links: reference: Starch # Consists of [[Amylose]] and 70-80% [[Amylopectin]]: I’m not sure how they really interact together or if the molecules bind covalently. Starch appears to be one polymer, but it seems it’s mostly amylopectin with amylose weaving its way around or something: Indeed, neighboring chains form double helixes. As you can see, the α1,6 bonds are few and far between compared to α-1,4. Type A (cereals), B (raw potato, banana), and C (peas, beans) starch. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stargazin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stargazin/ 2022-04-27: reference: Stargazin (Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein (TARP γ-2)) (Calcium channel voltage-dependent gamma subunit 2 (CACNG2)) $\star$ # It’s highly expressed in the [[Cerebellum]] but pretty sure it’s in the cerebrum, too. Take note it’s not like this is the only TARP that binds to GluR. So it binds to to GluR1, 2, and 4 of [[AMPAR]]. It targets them towards the synapse to bind its C-terminal tail to [[PSD-95]]. Once there, it stays, and regulates. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STAT/ 2022-08-25: reference: STAT (Signal transducer and activator of transcription) # Consists of STAT1-4, 5A, 5B, and STAT6. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STAT3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STAT3/ 2022-12-22: [[STAT]]3 # Induces [[NMDAR]] expression. I wanna find out what’s so special about it apart from STAT broadly, i.e. especially in the context of the JAK-STAT pathway. I guess it depends on the immune system. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stearic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stearic-Acid/ links: [[Saturated Fat]] reference: 11-3-2021 Stearic Acid (C18) # Promotes mitochondrial fusion. [[PPAR-α]] agonist. Stearic acid unlike shorter-chain saturated fatty acids is poorly utilized for triacylglycerol synthesis and beta-oxidation in cultured rat hepatocytes Facilitates [[Mitochondrial Fission|Mitochondrial Fusion]]. https://fireinabottle.net/how-stearic-acid-battles-reductive-stress-the-banana-milkshake-study-redux/ [Dietary stearic acid regulates mitochondria in vivo in humans] The authors say stearoylation of [[TfR1]] is somehow involved in signaling pathways that affect fusion. A stearic acid-rich diet improves thrombogenic and atherogenic risk factor profiles in healthy males 6. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stearidonic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stearidonic-Acid/ 2022-03-29: reference: Stearidonic Acid (18:4[[Omega-3|ω-3]]) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stellate-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stellate-Cell/ 2022-08-24: reference: Stellate Cell # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stem-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stem-Cell/ 2022-03-31: reference: Stem Cell # Urine-Derived Stem Cells for Epithelial Tissues Reconstruction and Wound Healing What’s interesting about them is that the hayflick limit does not apply The Yamanaka factors are c[[Myc]], Oct3/Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4. They turn somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Yamanaka’s research relied on/was inspired by earlier work [[MyoD]] which reprograms muscle lineages. The most well-known natural pluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells. Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells Blank: this research is a total frickin mess so don’t expect a proper explanation for a long time but this endothelial niche is one of the reasons why I think skq1 is actually neurogenic, apart from my personal experience with it Inflammation itself is probably anti-neurogenic so just mitigating that should lead to more neurogenesis skq1 affects a ton of genes involved with endothelial cells and tight junctions… well the effects on endothelial genes might be a result from lower inflammation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STEP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/STEP/ 2022-05-20: reference: Striatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP)/Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN5) # KIM = kinase interacting motif. Clearly not since there are other sites Inhibited by [[Protein Kinase A]] (one source could be mGluR II/III): Ser221 & Ser49 on STEP 61 and STEP 46, respectively. Also Ser160 on STEP61. Cys65 andCys 76 in TM region promote dimerization of STEP and reduce its phosphatase activity 93 . Activated by [[PP1]], [[PP2B]]. Cleaved, deactivated, by [[Calpain]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sterculic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sterculic-Acid/ 2023-11-05: Sterculic Acid # A cyclopropene fatty acid. According to wikipedia, These acids are highly reactive but the cyclopropene ring is destroyed during refining and hydrogenation of the oils. In the study below, they put it in the PUFA section even though it looks MUFA to me, but maybe it’s just as reactive? Brad from fireinabottle did mention it could maybe cause inflammation Inhibits [[Δ9 Desaturase|SCD]] and [[PPAR-γ]]. Thus, especially when you combine it with [[PPAR-α]] stimulators (berberine, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stereoisometry/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stereoisometry/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 Stereoisometry # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Steroid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Steroid/ links: [[Hormones]] reference: Masturbation Downregulates Certain Androgenic Receptors in The Brain And Upregulates Certain Estrogens 4-11-2021 Steroid # https://www.reddit.com/r/sarmssourcetalk/comments/o7fk6m/the_ultimate_nattyunatty_stack_with_a_twist/ “The functions of cholesterol parallel the functions of other sterols in plants and other types of organism. Its functions have been refined and extended with the development of other steroids, such as progesterone, as biological requirements have evolved, but cholesterol is still at the center of this system. To deliberately interfere with its synthesis, as contemporary medicine does, reveals a terrible arrogance. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Steroidogenesis/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Steroidogenesis/ links: [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Steroidogenesis # The story goes like this: The [[Hypothalamus]] secretes [[Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone]] to stimulate the [[Pituitary Gland]], which secretes [[Luteinizing Hormone]] and [[FSH]]. The fun begins when LH stimulates leydig cells to use [[StAR]] to begin steroidogenesis. Gene names for my reading convenience: [[17α-Hydroxylase]] = CYP17A1 [[21-Hydroxylase]] = CYP21A2 [[Aldosterone Synthase]] = CYP11B2 Aromatase = CYP19A1 (Red arrows are the androgen backdoor pathay) (This differs slightly from the chart above and I don’t know who to trust anymore). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stomach-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stomach-Acid/ links: [[Gut]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/causes-of-hypochlorhydria.38579/#post-602572 4-12-2021 Stomach Acid # Baking soda and stomach acid create CO2: Mix 1/4 tsp of baking soda in 1/2 cup of cold water, and drink the blend first thing in the morning before you eat or drink anything else. Time how long it takes for you to burp. It’s a sign of low stomach acid if it takes more than five minutes or you don’t burp at all. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stress/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Stress/ links: reference: 4-21-2021 Stress # 2.4 Na/K ratio is ideal. Stress releases sodium. Lowers ATP, [[Magnesium]], and [[CO2]]. http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/cholesterol-longevity.shtml] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Striatum/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Striatum/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Striatal Cholinergic Signaling in Time and Space 4-30-2021 (Corpus) Striatum # A nucleus (cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia. (Indeed, it’s not a single anatomical… well, I was going to say body/‘corpus’ but clearly it is.) Dorsal: [[Caudate]], [[Putamen]]; Ventral: [[Nucleus Accumbens]], [[Olfactory Tubercle]]. 95% of neurons in the striatum are [[Medium Spiny Neuron]]s. Then, 1-2% cholinergic interneurons and 1-2% GABAergic interneurons. Critical part of motor and reward systems. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Subgranular-Zone-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Subgranular-Zone-1/ 2022-12-29: [[Neuroanatomy]] Subgranular Zone # A location of adult neurogenesis. Located beneath the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Substance-P/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Substance-P/ 2022-04-07: reference: Substance P(reparation? Pain?) # An undeca-[[Neuropeptide]]. JC: Somehow got permatolerance to capsaicin cream. Burned like hell first couple times, now even after not doing it for years it doesnt do jack. Is spinal substance P depletion permanent, or could some other mechanism be at play? Doesn’t happen orally, just topically and its non-local. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Substantia-Nigra/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Substantia-Nigra/ 2022-02-15 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Substantia Nigra # Part of the [[Basal Ganglia]]. Implicated in reward and movement. Consists of the [[Pars Compacta]] ([[Dopamine]]rgic to the Striatum for fine motor control), and [[Pars Reticula]] (mainly projecting GABAeric to striatum) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Subventricular-Zone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Subventricular-Zone/ 2022-10-28: [[Neuroanatomy]] Subventricular Zone # The SVZ lies between the lateral ventricle and the striatum: https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Succinate-Dehydrogenase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Succinate-Dehydrogenase/ 2023-11-05: Succinate Dehydrogenase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Succinic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Succinic-Acid/ links: reference: Protein Succinylation and Malonylation as Potential Biomarkers in Schizophrenia 6-25-2021 Succinic Acid (1,4-Butanedioic acid) # Supplemented, it’s a very efficient precursor to [[ATP]]. Application to scalp promotes hair growth in cases of [[Hair Loss]]. https://men-elite.com/2021/06/02/how-to-protect-yourself-against-exercise-induced-endotoxin-absorption/ Stimulator of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes - preventing glycogenolysis, protecting liver cells from the metabolic consequences of endotoxemia. Its oxidation yields 5 [[ATP]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sucrose/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sucrose/ links: [[Carbohydrate]] reference: 4-12-2021 Sucrose # Made of equal parts [[Glucose]] and [[Fructose]]. Digested with the enzyme sucrase. C6H10O5 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sugar/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sugar/ 2022-03-13: [[Carbohydrate]] [[Monosaccharide]] reference: Sugar # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sulbutiamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sulbutiamine/ 2022-02-23: reference: Sulbutiamine # Synthetic [[B1]] derivative. It’s something of a nootropic; I’ve heard the name before, but I don’t know how cool it is. Increases [[Hippocampus]] cholinergic acctivity. I believe it is a dopamine antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sulforaphane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sulforaphane/ 2022-08-29: reference: https://old.reddit.com/r/tressless/comments/mx6ncc/the_theory_that_explains_everything_please_help/?share_id=VmZjXO8r4FyQcmr2_BksT Sulforaphane # Pressent in cruciferous vegetables; richest in [[Broccoli]] sprouts. Inhibits neuroinflammation Sulforaphane causes a major epigenetic ==repression of myostatin== in porcine satellite cells Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli Raw vs cooked: 37% vs 3.4%. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SULT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SULT/ 2023-06-09: SULT # Acts on [[Pregnenolone]], [[DHEA]], 17β-estradiol, cholesterol, bile acids, even dopamine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sunifiram/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Sunifiram/ 2022-03-03: [[Nootropics]] reference: Sunifiram # Related to unifram (and despite “uni” in their names - they did not bind to glu/gaba,5ht/da/adrenergi/histamine/ach/opioid/ampa.) Stimulates [[CAMK II]] and [[Protein Kinase Cα]] by means of (agonizing, I assume) the glycine site of [[NMDAR]]. Along with racetams, it antagonizes barbituate-induced inhibition of glucose transport. [Pharmacological characterization of DM232 (unifiram) and DM235 (sunifiram), new potent cognition enhancers.] Increase [[Acetylcholine]] release in rat cerebral cortex. Unifiram increases fEPSP amplitude in rat hippocampal slices. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SuperMemo/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/SuperMemo/ 2021-11-27 links: [[Intelligence]] [[Learning]] reference: https://supermemo.guru/wiki/School_dropouts https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Planning_a_perfect_productive_day_without_stress YT - Experimental Learning SuperMemo # 2,054 golden pages written by a Win Wenger kind of guy, except it’s way more rigorous and just interesting in general. https://www.masterhowtolearn.com/ Incremental Reading # Basically you copy+paste articles into supermemo. Highlight + add creates a sub-file to the article, and you can make a cloze card for SRS. It’s quite similar to LingQ. Cards can also be hierarchical; you can go down hyperlinks and the most downstream card will be reviewed/learned first. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Superoxide-Dismutase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Superoxide-Dismutase/ 2022-07-03: reference: Superoxide Dismutase # Catalyzes partitioning of [[Superoxide]] into O2+H2O2. However, overexpression can cause cell damage via H2O2. Copper+Zinc dependent. Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons (2007) (SOD-1) mutant astrocytes do not cause the death of spinal GABAergic or dorsal root ganglion neurons or of embryonic stem cell–derived interneurons. In contrast to astrocytes, fibroblasts, microglia, cortical neurons and myocytes expressing mutated SOD1 do not cause overt neurotoxicity https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Superoxide/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Superoxide/ 2023-01-03: Superoxide # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Suprachiasmatic-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Suprachiasmatic-Nucleus/ 2022-08-17: reference: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus # Located in the [[Hypothalamus]]; pacemaker of the [[Circadian Rhythm]]. Adenosine integrates light and sleep signalling for the regulation of circadian timing in mice Adenosine acts upon the circadian clockwork via A1/A2A signalling through the activation of the Ca2+ -ERK-[[AP-1]] and CREB/CRTC1-CRE pathways to regulate Per1 and Per2. Interesting how A1 and A2A antagonism balances out [[Caffeine]] being a zeitgeber by differentially disinhibiting and inhibiting cAMP->CREB. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Synapse/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Synapse/ 10-10-2021: reference: Synapse # Synaptic Cleft # Axosynaptic: Axon terminal ends on another axon terminal Axoaxonic: Axon of one neuron makes synapse with axon of the other neuron.vesicle Axodendritic: Synaptic cleft between axon and dendrite. ~30% of CNS synapses Dendrodendritic Axosomatic: Synaptic cleft is present between axon and cell body or soma. ~6% Axosecretory: Axon terminal secretes directly into bloodstream Axoextraceullar: Axon with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid The difference in thickness between the pre- and post-synaptic membrane also is worthy of note. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Synaptobrevin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Synaptobrevin/ 2022-08-12: reference: Synaptobrevin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Syntaxin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Syntaxin/ 2022-09-10: Syntaxin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T-Cell/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T-Cell/ 2022-06-13: reference: T Cell # So, if T cell deficiency increases susceptibility to fungal infections, what does this tell you about using rapamycin, the immunosuppressant, for [[Mucormycosis]]? I mean it’s net antifungal any way you slice it, so whatever. Apparently a significant part of ME/[[CFS]] is ’exhaustion’ of T-Cells resulting from chronic stimulation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T1AM-3-Iodothyronamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T1AM-3-Iodothyronamine/ links: [[Thyroid]] reference: 5-1-2021 T1AM (3-Iodothyronamine) # Endogenous thyronamine (a family of decarboxylated and deiodinated metabolites of T4 and T3.) Promotes proper sleep, it sort of has the oppposite effect of T3. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T3/ links: [[Thyroid]] [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 T3 (Triiodothyronine) # T3 and T4 can be inhibited by many processes, so “free t3” or “free t4” doesn’t say much. When T3 is metabolically active, [[Lactate]] won’t be produced unnecessarily (so the measure of blood lactate can be a useful test for thyroid function.) Food (especially carbohydrate and protein) increase T3 production, due to thermogenesis. T3 energizes your cells, which actually makes it easier for the body to relax. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/T4/ links: [[Thyroid]] [[Hormones]] reference: 4-11-2021 T4 (Thyroxine) # T3 and T4 can be inhibited by many processes, so “free t3” or “free t4” doesn’t say much. (4/12 I got 1.30) Hans says 1.3-1.4 is ideal. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAAR1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAAR1/ 2022-04-24: reference: TAAR1 (Trace amine-associated receptor 1) # In presynaptic [[Monoamine]] neuronal membranes. Ligands: trace amines (like [[Phenethylamine]]), dopamine, [[Amphetamine]]/[[Methamphetamine]]) I have heard that [[Amphetamine]] does NOT cause monoamine release as previously thought. Activates [[Protein Kinase A]] and [[Protein Kinase C]]. Partial agonists are antipsychotic. Negatively modulates monoamine release: TAAR1 activation modulates monoaminergic neurotransmission, preventing hyperdopaminergic and hypoglutamatergic activity Wikipedia: Low [[Phenethylamine]] concentration in the brain is associated with major depressive disorder, and high concentrations are associated with [[Schizophrenia]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tabernanthalog/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tabernanthalog/ 2022-03-18: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://nootropicsfrontline.com/tabernanthalog-powder/ Tabernanthalog (TBG) # [[Ibogaine]] analog, which is a psychedelic - but TBG has no toxic/hallucinatory effects. Promotes [[Neuroplasticity]] or something Supplementation # 200mg is enough to feel serious effects. 600-800mg for the real boys. Expensive as fuck though https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAK-653/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAK-653/ 2022-07-31: [[Nootropics]] reference: TAK-653 # High impact AMPAkines induce a Gq-protein coupled endoplasmic calcium release in cortical neurons: a possible mechanism for explaining the toxicity of high impact AMPAkines Central nervous system effects of TAK-653, an investigational alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole receptor (AMPAR) positive allosteric modulator in healthy volunteers (Sep 2022) Improves Stroop test (proxy of [[Executive Network|Executive Function]] apparently): TAK-653 0.5 mg but not 6 mg decreased the number of correct responses in incongruent trials demonstrated a psychostimulant-like pharmacodynamic profile on the NeuroCart consistent with previously reported increase of cortical excitability following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) of the human motor cortex. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAK-915/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TAK-915/ d2022-12-22: [[Nootropics]] TAK-915 # [[PDE2]]A inhibitor. TAK-915, a phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitor, ameliorates the cognitive impairment associated with aging in rodent models Inserts AMPA to cell surface, resulting in NMDA activation, Potentiates D1-stimulated dopaminergic function, Activates the PFC, Is the PDE isoform most associated with intelligence Enhances [[GluR1]] surface levels on MSN. Not in the Everychem pipeline anymore since it didn’t improve learning, plus possible off-traget effects https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TARP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TARP/ 2022-05-05: reference: TARP (Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins) # [[AMPAR]] auxillary subunits. They have 4 transmembrane units, much like the ionotropic receptors. Type-1a: [[Stargazin|TARP γ2]] (Stargazin), TARP γ3 Type-1b: TARP γ4, [[γ-8]] Mechanisms underlying TARP modulation of the GluA1/2-γ8 AMPA receptor Reduce channel rectification by [[Polyamine]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tau/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tau/ 2022-03-04: reference: τ Protein # NFTs (NFTs!!!! no way bro!!) are when tau proteins become hyperphosphorylated. Their pathologies are somewhat unknown (maybe not even causal), but are major biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders e.g. [[Alzheimer’s]]/[[Parkinson’s]]. They disrupt the cytoskeleton. [[GSK-3β]] is implicated in hyperphosphorylation; it has been referred to as Tau-protein kinase. [[CDK5]] seems to also be prevalent [[PP2A]] inhibition induces hyperphosphorylation. R Produced by the gene MAPT ([[Microtubule]]-associated protein tau). They assist their assembly/stabilization an are found only in axons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Taurine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Taurine/ 4-13-2021 links: [[Nootropics]] [[Amino Acid]] reference: Taurine Induces a Long-Lasting Increase of Synaptic Efficacy and Axon Excitability in the Hippocampus Taurine # Taurine is an abundant amino acid found throughout the body, but especially saturates in tissues containing excitable cells, such as nerves or heart muscle. (Taurine transporter: SLC6A6) Taurine enhances the sexual response and mating ability in aged male rats Increases [[Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone]], [[Luteinizing Hormone]], and [[Testosterone]] The effect of taurine on motor behaviour, body temperature and monoamine metabolism in rat brain https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tazarotene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tazarotene/ 2024-11-02: Tazarotene # Tazarotene-Induced Gene 3 May Affect Inflammatory Angiogenesis in Psoriasis by Downregulating Placental Growth Factor Expression Smells weird? Lol It is hypothesized that all retinoids (Adapalene < Tretinoin < Tazarotene) reach a similar endpoint when it comes to anti-aging eventually; it is believed that due to its potency, Tazarotene reaches its maximum efficacy faster, at the cost of more irritation and purging compared to Tretinoin. The three comparison trials were no longer than 24 weeks, which is probably the reason why Tazarotene was found ti be superior in all of them when compared to Tretinoin. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/tDCS/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/tDCS/ 2023-07-19: https://tdcs.com/montage-guide/ and https://totaltdcs.com/ tDCS # NeuroMyst is what most people went with - it’s versatile and has both tDCS and tACS. BrainDriver and Flowerneuroscience are maybe other options. (Alex chen does Neuromyst tDCS/tACS (40Hz, 3.7 mA)) Ungodly amount of studies nabbed from Bonk’s server incoming: Cognitive Enhancement via Network-Targeted Cortico-cortical Associative Brain Stimulation cc-PAS enhanced accuracy at gf tasks, with parieto-frontal and fronto-parietal stimulation significantly increasing logical and relational reasoning, respectively. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Teeth/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Teeth/ inks: reference: The Case of the Invisible Toothbrush: Why Some People Can Brush Less Dr. Jen’s may be the best nanohydroxyapatite toothpaste, dunno tho 10-6-2021 Teeth # Physiology # The four major components: Enamel - semitranslucent and light yellow to bluish/grayish white. Primarily [[Hydroxyapatite]]. Dentin - yellow and greatly affects the color of the teeth. Sensitive to temperature 45% [[Hydroxyapatite]]. 33% ‘organic material’ 22% water Topical Application of Lithium Chloride on the Pulp Induces Dentin Regeneration. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Telomerase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Telomerase/ 2022-09-19: Telomerase # Elongates [[Telomere]]s via increasing [[Telomerase]] activity - judging by the name that sounds like it shortens them if anything but mayb I’m retarded https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Telomere/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Telomere/ 2021-11-18 links: reference: Telomere # They are and maintain/protect the ends of chromosomes. They become shorter after each cell division. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Temperature/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Temperature/ links: reference: 5-14-2021 Temperature # Raising core temperature by 1°C is associated with a 10-13% increase in metabolic rate. Brain temperature: from physiology and pharmacology to neuropathology Increased brain metabolism is accompanied by increased brain circulation, and intense heat production is essential for brain metabolism Temperature also strongly modulates release of various neuroactive substances. For example, within the physiological range, dopamine uptake almost doubles with a 3°C temperature increase, a fluctuation easily achieved in the brain under conditions of physiological activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Temporal-Lobe/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Temporal-Lobe/ 2022-03-21: reference: Temporal Lobe # Left hemisphere: Reading, memory, learning, positive mood There’s something about disabling it ([[Anterior Temporal Lobe]], maybe) that may be correlated with savantism. Savant-like Numerosity Skills Revealed in Normal People by Magnetic Pulses Right hemisphere: Music, anxiety, facial recognition, direction https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Terpene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Terpene/ 2022-11-09: Terpene # There’s >30,000 of them. It’s any compound such that $\ce{(C5H8)}n$; each of these units is an “isoprene” . ‘Exotic’ carbon-carbon bonds are formed such that there are many molecules for any multiple of 5, and the subset of terpenoids (AKA isoprenoids) contain oxygens. Monoterpenes (2) (C10) sesquiterpenes (3) (C15) diterpenes (4) (C20) sesterterpenes (5) (C25) triterpenes (6) (C30) Their volatility (I assume due to unsaturation) means they evaporate rather easily, making them pungent. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Testosterone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Testosterone/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Steroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 Testosterone # Interpret blood test results in relation to cortisol, estrogen, and SHBG. Once released from the testes, it binds to [[Albumin]] and [[SHBG]], which prevent it from being detoxified by the liver. Albumin has a rather weak bond, though. This is a good primer on how many of its mental benefits are mediated by upsteream metabolites: On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions Optimizes fat oxidation for lean gainz. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tetrahydrobiopterin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tetrahydrobiopterin/ 2022-04-07: reference: Tetrahydrobiopterin # [[Antioxidant]], as it opposes dihydrobiopterin which uncouples NOS. It’s a matter of redox. It binds competitively with AAAH’s feedback-inhibiting products, i.e. dopamine. and also negatively regulates GFRP (GTPCH regulatory protein 1) Ultimately synthesized via [[GTP]], the rate-limiting enzyme being GTP cyclohydrase (GTPCH), which is colocalized with [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] (so other AAAHs I’m sure?) After being used as a cofactor by [[eNOS]]/[[AAAH]], it actually becomes BH4-4α-Carbinolamine, then PCD (pterin carbinolamine dehydrase)->qBH2, which tautomerizes into with BH2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TFEB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TFEB/ 2023-10-15: TFEB (Transcription Factor EB) # -Master regulator of [[Lysosome]]al biogenesis and autophagy. Nuclear localization inhibited by [[mTORC1]] and [[ERK2]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TfR1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TfR1/ 2023-11-06: TfR1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGF-%CE%B1-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGF-%CE%B1-1/ 2022-12-29: TGF-α # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGF-%CE%B2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGF-%CE%B2/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta) # Not to be confused with TNF-β. Isoforms are TGF-β 1-3. Activates [[PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway]], [[RhoA]] Role of TGF-beta2 in the human hair cycle (2004) TGF-β2 suppresses proliferation of epithelial cells and stimulates synthesis of certain caspases. Then TGF-b2 triggers the intrinsic caspase network and subsequently epithelial cells are eliminated through apoptotic cell death. The ‘caspase network’ is gone into at length. They are essential in programmed cell death. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGR5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TGR5/ 2023-08-31: TGR5 # AKA GPCR19 or GBPAR1 (GPC bile acid receptor 1). Indeed, its natural ligands are bile acids of all things. Activates Gαs and MAPK. Suppresses macrophage functions. Activates 5’-[[Deiodinase]]: Olive Leaf Extract boosts concentration of active thyroid hormone Bile acids heat things up Transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 signaling stimulates fibroblast growth factor 21 expression concomitant with up-regulation of the transcription factor nuclear receptor Nr4a1 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thalamic-Reticular-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thalamic-Reticular-Nucleus/ 2022-03-07: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Thalamic Reticular Nucleus # Part of the [[Thalamus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thalamus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thalamus/ 2022-03-07: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: How thalamic relays might orchestrate supervised deep training and symbolic computation in the brain Thalamus # (this structure shown is the Diencephalon) The sole relay between sensorimotor systems and the [[Cerebral Cortex]], thus playing a key role in consciousness - small lesions lead to its loss. Surprisingly though, apparently conditions related to its damage are rare R. Glutamatergic projections to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex also gives it feedback on the thalamic reticular nucleus, almost entirely in the form of inhibitory neurons that synapse onto relay cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/THC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/THC/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: A Proteomic View of Cellular and Molecular Effects of Cannabis 11-8-2021 THC ((-)-trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol) # Partial agonist of [[CB1]] (25.1nM Ki), [[CB2]] (35.2nM Ki), as well as other [[Endocannabinoid]] receptors like: ‘Orphan receptors’: GPR18 (0.96nM Ki) (N-[[Arachidonic Acid|Arachidonyl]] glycine receptor (indeed that’s a ligand, a metabolite of [[Anandamide]]) (but guess what it may not even an agonist)) Regulates intraocular pressure. Chinese eyes? [[Resolvin]] (metabolite of [[DHA]] D2 is an agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/THDOC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/THDOC/ 2022-09-04: reference: THDOC (5α-Tetrahydrocortisol) # Enhances the effect of [[Allopregnanolone]] on GABA-A. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theanine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theanine/ links: [[Nootropics]] [[Amino Acid]] reference: 4-13-2021 (L-)Theanine # In patients with schizophrenia, was a glutamate reputake inhibitor (reduces [[Glutamate Transporter]]s) R. Similar to glutamate in structure, it has a low affinity for their receptors. No mystery though that theanine increases brain GABA nonetheless. Antagonistic effects on [[mGluR1]]. Reduces nicotine-induced [[nAChR]] upregulation. Inhibits [[D-Serine]] uptake R. Attenuates high blood pressure; decreases resting heart rate Decreases [[Histamine]] release from mast cells. Induces lower-frequency [[Neural Oscillations]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theobromine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theobromine/ 2022-08-23: reference: Theobromine # The principal alkaloid of the [[Cocoa|Cacao]] plant (Theobroma cacao). Like a weaker caffeine, I think. Vasodilator Good for [[Teeth]]! Effectiveness of Theobromine on Enamel Remineralization: A Comparative In-vitro Study Caries Preventive Effects of Theobromine Containing Toothpaste on Early Childhood Caries: Preliminary Results https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theta-waves/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Theta-waves/ 10-31-2021: [[Neural Oscillations]] Theta waves # (4 - 8 Hz) [[Creativity]], hypnagogia, deep relaxation/meditation, visualization. The predominant cortical frequency during [[REM]] in both humans and rats. Should be no mystery to me it’s implicated in [[Hippocampus|hippocamal]] processes. I think it has a role in slowing things down to keep many things in working memory at once. Temporal (and sometimes frontal) theta is a bit of a biomarker of hippocampal activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thiocyanate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thiocyanate/ 2022-08-29: reference: Thiocyanate # Travis: only goitrogenic to the extent that it displaces [[Iodine]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Threonic-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Threonic-Acid/ links: reference: 11-6-2021 Threonic Acid # L-isomer is a metabolite of [[Vitamin C]]. L-threonate inhibits [[DKK-1]] and DHT-inhibited growth of outer root sheath keratinocytes. Elevates [[NR2B]] density. Something to do with increased extracellular [[Magnesium]] in the brain via preferentially inhibiting [[eNMDAR]]. Supplementation # Threonate is rapidly metabolized into vitamin C when it’s appled topically. Hair transplant clinics are trying this out with the assistance of an iontophoresis machine for enhanced delivery https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Threonine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Threonine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 11-6-2021 Threonine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thrombospondin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thrombospondin/ 2023-12-18: Thrombospondin # [Increased Cortical Expression of Two Synaptogenic Thrombospondins in Human Brain Evolutio] Picard said they break [[D21]] heteromers! https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thromboxane/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thromboxane/ 2022-02-09 links: reference: Thromboxane # Eicosanoid. Exists as A2/B2. Thromboxane-A synthase converts [[PGH2]] to thromboxane A2. Thromboxane B2 is an inactive metabolite of A2. Potent vasoconstrictor and thrombotic (supports blood clot formation). Facilitates [[Platelet]] aggregation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thymus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thymus/ links: reference: 4-22-2021 Thymus # Important for the immune system. Located below the sternum. “The cells of the [[Thymus]] are extremely sensitive to radiation and other stressors, and their enrichment with cholesterol inhibits lipid peroxidation, DNA degradation, and death in response to radiation (Posokhov, et al., 1992).” https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroglobulin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroglobulin/ links: reference: 4-28-2021 Thyroglobulin # A glycoprotein produced uniquely in the [[Thyroid]] gland. The precursor to [[T4]] and [[T3]]. This is what T4/T3 is bound to in NDT, instead of being free. The presence of thyroglobulin autoanti-bodies (TgAb) show that thyroglobulin is being damaged. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Hormone-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Hormone-Receptor/ 2022-10-01: [[Thyroid]] Hormone Receptor # Nuclear receptor. The most transcriptionally active form of THR are the heterodimers with [[RXR]]. Subtypes # There’s a THRA and THRB gene. Thyroxine binds to α1 and β1-3. α1 widely expressed; high expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles, brown fat, and bone α2 widely expressed; high expression in skeletal muscles, brain, and kidney α3 widely expressed; high expression in skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney β1 widely expressed; predominately in brain, liver, and kidney Sobetirome (GC-1) is a pharma agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Peroxidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Peroxidase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 10-20-2021 Thyroid Peroxidase (Tyrosine Iodinase) # Oxidizes iodide to form [[Iodine]], for addition onto [[Tyrosine]] residues on thyroglobulin for [[Deiodinase|T4->T3 Conversion]]. anti-TPO is used to diagnose Hashimoto’s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Supplementation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid-Supplementation/ links: reference: https://dannyroddy.substack.com/p/demystifying-thyroid-supplementation https://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/11/19/temperature-and-pulse-basics-monthly-log/ 4-11-2021 [[Thyroid]] Supplementation # https://hormetheus.com/thyroid1/ Hypothyroidism is inadequate levels of actino of T3 - usually the gland is functioning perfectly, but [[Deiodinase|T4->T3 Conversion]] or peripheral thyroid hormone resistance, or inadequate TSH. Indeed, this is why [[T4]] monotherapy is suboptimal. Peripheral thyroid hormone resistance is something like poor balance of [[Deiodinase]] expression, like Type III in favor if II/I. After supplementing, it’s possible for the thyroid to improve functioning. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroid/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Hypothyroidism]] reference: https://www.functionalps.com/blog/2012/03/25/ray-peat-phd-on-thyroid-temperature-pulse-and-tsh/ https://www.thenutritioncoach.com.au/anti-ageing/be-pro-thyroid-up-your-tempo/ Also check out Broda Barne’s book. 4-11-2021 Thyroid # The gland is part of the [[Endocrine System]], and receptors can be found on almost every body cell. When diagnosing thyroid status, individual measurements of pulse and temperature aren’t as significant as the two together. Stimulates oxygen consumption and thus [[CO2]] production It also stimulates the production of ATP. The measurement of CO2 production relative to oxygen consumption is a great indicator of thyroid hormone activity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroxine-Binding-Globulin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Thyroxine-Binding-Globulin/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin 4-28-2021 Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) # A transport protein responsible for carrying [[T4]] and [[T3]] in the bloodstream. It does this along with trabsthyretin and serum [[Albumin]], but it has the highest affinity. Synthesized primarily in the [[Liver]]. [[PUFA]]s can bind to it, since it has an affinity for unsaturated molecules. In comparison with humans, rodents are highly sensitive to goitrogenic treatment, because of a shorter plasma T4 half-life (12–24 h) in rats than in humans (5–9 days), which derives from the absence of high-affinity [[Thyroxine-Binding Globulin]] in rats that is present in humans. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tianeptine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tianeptine/ 2022-03-05: [[Drugs]] reference: Tianeptine # Anticholinergic [[μ-Opioid Receptor]] agonist; antidepressant. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TIMP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TIMP/ 2022-12-07: TIMP (Tissue inhibitor of [[Metalloproteinase]]) # [[FAK]]->PI3K. So it’s also [[ADAM10]]/[[ADAM17]] (TACE) and [[VEGF]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TLR2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TLR2/ 2022-07-03: reference: TLR2 # Mediates [[α-Synuclein]]-induced microglial activation. CD14 and Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Are Required for Fibrillar Aβ-Stimulated Microglial Activation CD14/TLR2/[[TLR4]] is also required for [[p38]] activation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TLR4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TLR4/ 2022-04-26: reference: TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) # [[Endotoxin]] receptor, but also [[Fibrinogen]], some opioids, [[Heat Shock Protein]]s, etc. Activates [[NF-κB]] (translocation from cytosol to nucleus, upregulating proinflammatory genes) and [[p38]]/[[JNK]], [[STAT3]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TMAO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TMAO/ 2022-02-22 links: reference: Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) # Bit of a toxin. Implicated in CVD - strokes, etc. But apparently not demonstrated as carcinogenic in humans. [[Choline]], or to a lesser extent R [[Carnitine]], are converted in the gut via certain microbes (their enzyme being CutC choline trimethylamine-lyasee) into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized in the liver via FMO3 to TMAO R. Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial Bitartate raised TMAO but 4 large eggs or phosphatidylcholine had no effect. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TNF-%CE%B1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TNF-%CE%B1/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: TNF-α # AKA just ’tumor necrosis factor’ as the others in the family have other unique names. Increased level of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) on the skin of Japanese obese males: measured by quantitative skin blotting Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Interleukin 1β Enhance the Cortisone/Cortisol Shuttle Lowered by caffeine R, theanine R. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TNF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TNF/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) superfamily # Family of transmembrane proteins. Function as [[Cytokine]]s. There are 19 of them. TNF-β [[TNF-α]] TNF-γ [[Ectodysplasin-A]] Receptors: There is 1-19, 21, 25, 27. TNFR1 TNFR2 Higher levels of soluble TNFR2 in [[Schizophrenia]]. Increases tumor growth; increased expression seen in [[Cancer]]. [[p75|LNGFR]] (p75) [[Ectodysplasin-A]] receptor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tomato/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tomato/ links: [[Food]] [[Fruit]] (yes) reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/candida-and-fruit-sugar.25224/post-363527 10-8-2021 Tomato # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tongkat-Ali/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tongkat-Ali/ links: [[Nootropics]] reference: 5-16-2021 Tongkat Ali # Boosts [[Testosterone]] via inhibiting [[Aromatase]] (potently decreasing SHBG) and [[PDE]]. Some of its eurypeptides activate enzymes like [[17α-Hydroxylase]] Potential genotoxicity of the stomach. Kills of lactobacillus. High rate of lead/mercury concentration. Dosing # The good stuff is expensive and there is a lot of bunk stuff on the market. Eurycomanone is the important thing I believe. Get at least 8mg of it, so something like 400mg of 2%. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Transferrin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Transferrin/ 2022-05-31: reference: Transferrin # The means by which iron initially crosses the BBB. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism Carries [[Iron]] only in the ferric state, and 1-2 of them. (bound Tf=holo-Tf) The plasma iron pool contains ~3-4 mg of iron bound to transferrin, typically 33% saturated. (100% would imply toxicity) The binding requires an anion, usually bicarbonate, at each binding site. The manjority of iron entering the plasma (~20-25 mg) for distribution by transferrin is contributed from hemoglobin deegradation. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Travis-Corner/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Travis-Corner/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: !Travis Corner # For all E-celeb misadventures where they have a good overall understanding of things. And tips n’ tricks I hear from notable people that I don’t want to get lost in the journal. Good note format actually for things that require more prosodic annotation. Named in the honor of Travis, like a university. Gbolduev is the ‘anesthesiology book - all there’ guy. I had 3 people contact me from this forum who crashed on Dhea, which actually can cause dangerous hypokalemia. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TREK-1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TREK-1/ 2023-01-02: TREK-1 # Opened by anionic lipid. I believe it’s anhedonic. GABA-B Receptor Activation Inhibits Neuronal Excitability and Spatial Learning in the Entorhinal Cortex by Activating TREK-2 K+ Channels Activated by xenon (and it will downregulate) Inhibited by PE-22-28, which is very dopaminergic. https://jaycampbell.com/biohacking/pe-22-28-the-antidepressant-peptide/. Source: limitlesslife https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tremella/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tremella/ 2024-08-31: Tremella # Decreases tyrosinase via MSH pathway SIRT1 activator Lowers [[Metalloproteinase|MMP]]1 (which is how it positively affects collagen/[[Skin]] elasticity/smoothness) and [[MMP9]]. It’s in the NootropicsDepot pharmacopoeia. Mood benefits and energy, WOWZERZ!! Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide suppresses hydrogen peroxide-triggered injury of human skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1 Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides inhibit UVA-induced photodamage of human dermal fibroblast cells by activating up-regulating Nrf2/Keap1 pathways Tremella fuciformis enhances the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and restores trimethyltin-induced impairment of memory in rats via activation of CREB transcription and cholinergic systems significantly alleviated the loss of ChAT-ir neurons in the hippocampus compared to that of the control group https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tretinoin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tretinoin/ 2023-04-07: Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) # MOA is by agonizing RAR (nuclear receptors) on [[Keratinocyte]]s. RAR heteromerizes with [[RXR]]. The complex binds with RAREs ([[Retinoic Acid|RA]] RA response elements) for all their downstream effects on transcription factors: [[EGF]] signaling for cell division-> epidermal hyperplasia. Competes for coactivator proteins of [[AP-1]] Cutting Edge: All-trans Retinoic Acid Down-Regulates TLR2 Expression and Function1 Topical tretinoin therapy and all-cause mortality Look into [[Tazarotene]]. It’s stronger than . https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tribulus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tribulus/ 2022-09-23: Tribulus Terrestris (Gokshura) # The important compounds are the furostanol glycosides like: Phytoandrogens Protodioscin: A lot like pregnenolone/DHEA/Androstenediol. (The most important compound for the androgenic effects. ND and some other companies have extsacts) Proerectile. protogracillin. Gitonin Tribulosaponin A/B. [[Harmine]] Made Brendan.Henry intolerant to cold. This is because: Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of serotonergic mechanism https://men-elite.com/2019/06/18/tribulus-terrestris-not-so-useless/ Decreased prolactin, pro-DHT, and a potential DHEA mimetic. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/a-proposed-anabolic-mechanism-of-tribulus-terrestris-tt.26184/ Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice Effect of Tribulus terrestris on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity and androgen receptors in rat brain Increases [[Androgen Receptor]] density Downregulates the HPA axis, inhibiting CRH/ACTH/cortisol release. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Triglyceride/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Triglyceride/ links: reference: 5-31-2021 Triglyceride # Ester derived from one [[Glycerol]] and three [[Fatty Acid]] molecules, which are usually different. I think they can use any combination. Main constituent of [[Adipose]]. “Most chains contain 16-20. Most natural fatty acids found in plants/animals are composed only of even number of carbon atoms, since they’re built synthesized from [[Acetyl-CoA]]. Bacteria possess the ability to synthesize odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. As a result, ruminant animal fat can contain odd-numbered fatty acids, due to the action of bacteria in the rumen. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trimethylglycine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trimethylglycine/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Trimethylglycine (TMG) # (Betaines are a class of compounds; ‘betaine’ = TMG) - neutral with a cationic funuctional group. An amino acid derivative and a betaine. Thorne’s Niacel contains it (along with [[Nicotinamide Riboside]].) Supports [[Methylation]] by converting [[Homocysteine]] into [[Methionine]]. Adverse Signaling of Scavenger Receptor Class B1 and PGC1s in Alcoholic Hepatosteatosis and Steatohepatitis and Protection by Betaine in Rat Downregulates [[PGC-1β]] and lipogenic genes, and upregulates [[PGC-1α]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trk-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trk-Receptor/ 2022-04-13: reference: Trk (Tropomyosin kinase, tyrosine kinase) receptor # A subfamily of the much broader [[RTK]]. Yes, that’s an annoying anagram. Consists of [[TrkA]], [[TrkB]], TrkC. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TrkA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TrkA/ 2022-05-13: reference: TrkA # Has the highest affinity for NGF. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TrkB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TrkB/ 2022-03-13: reference: TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B; tyrosine receptor kinase B) # Has the highest affinity for BDNF. : TrkB -> [[Protein Kinase B]] -> [[mTORC1]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tropisetron/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tropisetron/ 2022-03-04: [[Nootropics]] reference: Tropisetron # (-setron = 5-HT3 antagonist.) Inhibits [[IL-2]] synthesis and transcription in stimulated T cells. Potent inhibitor of PMA+ionomycin-induced [[NF-κB]] activation, but TNF-α mediation is not affected. Very anxiolytic. Also a lowering of rumination is confirmed in studies for the treatment of OCD. Fluvoxamine combination therapy with tropisetron for obsessive-compulsive disorder patients: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial Tropisetron protects against brain aging via attenuating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation: The role of SIRT1 signaling (+SIRT1) Tropisetron sensitizes α7 containing nicotinic receptors to low levels of acetylcholine in vitro and improves memory-related task performance in young and aged animals ~2. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TRPA1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TRPA1/ 2024-09-03: TRPA1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TRPV1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TRPV1/ 2023-01-05: TRPV1 # Chronic [[Capsaicin]] desensitizes TRPV1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trypsin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Trypsin/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 4-15-2021 Trypsin # An enzyme involved in the digestive breakdown of many different proteins. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptamine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptamine/ links: reference: 6-5-2021 Tryptamine # Part of the [[Indolamines]]. Decarboxylated [[Tryptophan]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptamines/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptamines/ links: [[Drugs]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine 5-5-2021 Substituted Tryptamines/Serotonin Analogues # Organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from [[Tryptamine]] itself. LSD is not included! Although, of course, tryptamine is part of its structure. Includes [[DMT]], [[Psilocybin]], [[Serotonin]], [[Melatonin]], [[Tryptophan]] and all kinds of research chemicals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptophan-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptophan-Hydroxylase/ 2022-02-18 links: [[Enzyme]] reference: Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH) # TPH1 in the brain, TPH2 in the gut lining. The latter produces 90-95% of serotonin in the body. Catalyzes [[Tryptophan]] -> [[5-HTP]]. Raised by stress, social defeat, trauma, submission, etc. R We previously reported that chronic glucocorticoid exposure is anxiogenic and increases rat [[Tryptophan Hydroxylase]] mRNA expression… increased TPH2 protein expression in the dorsal and ventral part of the [[Dorsal Raphe Nucleus]]. Stress-induced TPH2 activity in the DRD/DRC furthermore predicted TPH2 activity in the amygdala and in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), while serotonin synthesis in the PnC was strongly correlated with the maximum startle response. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptophan/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tryptophan/ links: reference: 8-18-2021 Tryptophan # [[Amino Acid]] with an Indole side chain. Mammals do not synthesize it directly, but microbia (and plants) can. Precursor of [[Serotonin]], as well as NAMN via the [[Kynurenine Pathway]]. In the brain, it converts into serotonin almost immediately. By itself, it’s carcinogenic, promotes release of [[Prolactin]], is hypothermic, decreases [[Glycogen]] stores, and reduces [[Endurance]], and is anti-[[Thyroid]] The only amino acid that binds specifically to [[Albumin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSC/ 2022-05-16: reference: Tuberous Sclerosis protein # Is a GAP of [[Rheb]], thus an activator of [[mTORC1]]. Forms a TSC1-TSC2 complex, and the latter is the target of phosphorylation. This pic says it all: Inhibited by [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]] and [[S6K]] and a bajillion other things probably Activated by [[AMPK]] and [[HIF-1α]] (via REDD1). Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is a disorder with a high prevalence in [[Autism]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSH/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSH/ links: [[Hormones]] [[Thyroid]] reference: 4-11-2021 TSH # Produced in the [[Pituitary Gland]]. Lowered by the presence of [[T4]]. Produced in the pituitary gland. (Hypothyroidism causes overactivity of it) Increases inflammation and interleukin-18, and seems to be correlated with [[Estrogen]] and [[Cortisol]]. R TSH Activates Macrophage Inflammation by G13- and G15-dependent Pathways Induces phosphorylation of [[p38]] and activates an inhibitor of [[NF-κB]] (IκB) in macrophages. The present study demonstrate that TSH activates macrophage inflammation by the G13/ERK–P38/Rho GTPase and G15/phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinases C (PKCs)/IκB pathways. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSPO/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TSPO/ 2022-09-04: reference: Translocator Protein (TSPO) # Located in outer mithcondrial protein. Possible interactions with [[StAR]]; stimulates neurosteroid synthesis, i.e. [[Allopregnanolone]]. Biomarker of cardiovascular disease Binds benzodiazepines; Pax says TPSO reduces the density of GABAergic interneurons. Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) - 11kDa neuropeptide, potent agonist for TSPO receptor and stimulates steroidogenesis in vivo, also negative allosteric modulator of benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors Intracellular cholesterol changes induced by translocator protein (18 kDa) TSPO/PBR ligands TSPO ligands induce changes in the distribution of intracellular cholesterol in astrocytes and fibroblasts Ligand for Translocator Protein Reverses Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Channel-Like Functions of the 18-kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO): Regulation of Apoptosis and Steroidogenesis as Part of the Host-Defense Response Proto[[Porphyrin]] IX is a ligand. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tuberoinfundibular-Pathway/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tuberoinfundibular-Pathway/ links: [[Neural Pathway]] reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway 4-23-2021 Tuberoinfundibular Pathway # The tuberoinfundibular pathway is a population of [[Dopamine]] neurons that project wthin the hypothalamus from the [[Arcuate Nucleus]] to the median eminence. Dopamine released at this region inhibits secretion of [[Prolactin]] from the anterior [[Pituitary Gland]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tuberomamillary-Nucleus/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tuberomamillary-Nucleus/ 2022-01-25 links: [[Neuroanatomy]] reference: Tuberomamillary Nucleus # Located in the posterior third of the [[Hypothalamus]]. Consists largely of [[Histamine]]-releasing neurons; as such is involved with arousal, learning, memory, sleep, energy. It is the sole source of histamine pathways in the brain. Besides the [[!Travis Corner]] mast cells business?? https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tubulin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tubulin/ 2022-09-16: Tubulin # β-Tubulin has either GDP or GTP bound - the former is bound tighter. Hydrolysis is irreversible. Post-translational modifications of tubulin (2014) On the biophysical properties of microtubules and their functional significance for neurons (Tuszynski 2023) It’s very polarizable. It uses C-termini for ion fluxes going in and out of the lumen, which might have a helical conduction pathway. Badass Conduction pathways in microtubules, biological quantum computation, and consciousness (Hammeroff, Nip, Porter, Tuszynski 2001) Tubulin C-terminal tail regulation by intracellular pH https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TUDCA/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TUDCA/ links: reference: 11-9-2021 TUDCA Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) # Produced by gut bacteria via combining UDCA and [[Taurine]]. https://men-elite.com/2019/08/26/tudca-for-fat-loss-insulin-sensitivity-and-liver-and-gut-health/ host of benefits all around the board for just general stuff like lowering enzymes, treating glaucoma, pancreatitis, psoriasis, metabolic syndrome, GI disorders, endotoxin, reversing cirrhosis, etc.. Safe. The question is of course how effective it is. Healing the liver for better detox/gut health/energy etc. is good. In 37 BMI humans, 1.75g/day for 4 weeks improved ==Insulin== sensitivity by 30%. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TWIST1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/TWIST1/ 2022-12-30: TWIST1 # Deactivated when phosphorylated. Via [[MAPK]], [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]], CK2. Transcriptionally upregulated by WNT/[[β-Catenin]] pathway, and [[mTORC1]]. Induces [[Metalloproteinase]]s, Jagged1, Fibronectin. Upregaultes N-[[Cadherin]] and downregulates E-[[Cadherin]]. Inhibits [[TIMP]], mTOR and [[p53]], CD24. Oncogene in cancers like neuroblastoma. Inhibited by [[Harmine]], and I think [[Emodin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyramine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyramine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 10-4-2021 Tyramine # Cheese apparently has a lot. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosinase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosinase/ 2022-03-20: reference: Tyrosinase # Rate-limiting oxidase [[Enzyme]] for [[Melanin]] prdouction - for two steps the Raper Mason pathway: [[Copper]]-containing. Catalyzes oxidation of [[Phenol]]ic compounds into [[Quinone]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosine-Hydroxylase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosine-Hydroxylase/ links: reference: 4-24-2021 Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) # Hydroxylates L-[[Tyrosine]] into L-DOPA. Cofactors: [[P5P]], BH4, and [[Vitamin D]] Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Regulation of Dopamine Synthesis It is the rate-limiting step of [[Catecholamine]] synthesis since [[Dopamine]] binds to it competititvely against tetrahydrobiopterin, which TH uses along with oxygen. Something like that at least Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is regulated by two distinct dopamine-binding sites Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity induces oxidative stress, causes accumulation of autotoxic catecholamine metabolites, and augments amphetamine effects in vivo https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Tyrosine/ links: [[Amino Acid]] reference: 4-24-2021 Tyrosine # Increased dietary uptake above healthy levels does not result in much more dopamine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ubiquitin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ubiquitin/ 2022-05-02: reference: Ubiquitin # Mainly marks proteins for degredation in the [[Proteasome]] via ubiquinating (binding to) them. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UCP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UCP/ links: reference: 11-3-2021 Uncoupling Protein # Located in the [[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane]]. Thermogenin is found in the inner mitochondrial membrance of the cell. Promotes heat production by dissociating, “uncoupling” [[Electron Transport Chain|Oxidative Phosphorylation]] from respiration; by using the H+ that the [[Electron Transport Chain]] ejects via UCP enzymes (instead of ATPase) - which produce heat instead of ATP. The enhanced proton flux process reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential, increases mitochondrial respiration, decreases the ATP/ADP ratio, and dissipates chemical energy in the form of heat. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UCP1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UCP1/ 2022-11-06: UCP1 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/URB-597/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/URB-597/ 2023-12-17: URB-597 # Off-target inhibition of [[Tyrosine Hydroxylase]] phosphorylation via some obscure cannabinoid receptor. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 efficiently reduces tyrosine hydroxylase expression through CB1- and FAAH-independent mechanisms Due to [[ERK]]1/ERK2 inhibition. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 by depolarization stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and dopamine synthesis in rat brain https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Urea/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Urea/ 2022-09-04: reference: Urea # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Uric-Acid/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Uric-Acid/ 2022-02-14 links: reference: Uric Acid # Strong reducing agent and [[Antioxidant]] (along with [[Vitamin C]], which has some similarities.) Gout # High serum levels lead to gout, and is associated with higher risk of diabetes (independent of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension. R) Excess [[Niacin]] may be implicated in gout as well https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/gout-may-protect-from-alzheimers.6108/ Possible correlation with ambition? Goethe and Benjamin Franklin had it. People with gout are less likely to develop Lupus or [[Multiple Sclerosis]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Uridine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Uridine/ links: [[Nucleoside]] reference: 8-24-2021 Uridine # Udine Monophosphate # https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2906500 I think overall it’s antidopaminergic. May promote memory/learning, [[Neurogenesis]] May improve motivation/attention Increases secretion of [[Insulin]] May decrease bone density Uridine significantly increases potassium-evoked [[Dopamine]] release in striatal cells R R R Also increases D2R turnover. Does it upregulate or downregulate dopamine? Decreases the density of striatal [[D2]] receptors, and at the same time, increases DA-dependent behavioral scores during recovery from injection of EEDQ (dopamine antagonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Urine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Urine/ links: [[Water]] reference: 4-16-2021 Urine # High urine pH can be from poor sugar metabolism, leading to lactic acid production - either from hypoxemia or hypoxia. A urine pH range of 6.4-6.8 is optimal. Can also use urine pH as a proy of blood pH, measuring acid-base balance. A person evaporates about 1L water per 1000 cals. A hypothyroid person will evaporate far less water, and a hyperthyroid person far more. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UV/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/UV/ links: [[Light]] reference: The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals 9-6-2021 UV # [[Tretinoin]] etc. supposedly blocks the effects of UV-B, which fails to penetrate unlike UVA, but rather is responsible for melanogenesis. It also prevents the action of [[Metalloproteinase|MMP]] and increases collagen deposition in the skin, and microvascular. Tanning # Fruit over sunbed: carotenoid skin colouration is found more attractive than melanin colouration https://www. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vagus-Nerve/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vagus-Nerve/ links: [[Autonomic Nervous System]] reference: 4-22-2021 Vagus Nerve # Interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. Certain foods in the digestive tract stimulate afferent nerve fibers of it. (Most foods, I would guess). I think [[Capsaicin]] https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Valine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Valine/ 2022-08-17: reference: Valine # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasoconstriction/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasoconstriction/ 2022-03-10: [[Vasodilation]] reference: Vasoconstriction # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasodilation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasodilation/ links: reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation pretty cool page for some reason 8-19-2021 Vasodilation # Histamine, cortisol, and catecholamines inhibit cutaneous vasodilation. This leads to a high temperature/reduced cooling, which can mess with sleep. R [[Caffeine]] is a vasoconstrictor. When consumption stops, they enlarge which can cause a headache. [[Ginkgo]], [[Cocoa]]/Cacao, benfotiamine. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasopressin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vasopressin/ 2022-04-19: reference: Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) # Increses water permeability to cells. Secreted by the [[Hypothalamus]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VEGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VEGF/ 2022-05-10: reference: VEGF # VEGF modulates NMDA receptors activity in cerebellar granule cells through Src-family kinases before synapse formation VEGFR1 knockout mice live ~60% longer: VEGFR-1 Regulates Adult Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis and Migration of Neural Progenitors in the Rostral Migratory Stream In Vivo https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventral-Tegmental-Area/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventral-Tegmental-Area/ links: [[Neuroanatomy]] [[Neural Circuit]] reference: The wiki page is pretty rich 11-3-2021 Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) # Subvided into the nucleus paranigralis, nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, nucleus interfascicularis, and the nucleus linearis caudalis and rostralis. A ‘group of neurons’. The origin of dopaminergic neurons of the [[Mesolimbic Pathway]]-[[Mesocortical Pathway]]; ~60% [[Dopamine]]rgic projections, and then GABAergic [[Interneuron]]s/projection neurons. It projects to: Amygdala Entorhinal cortex Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Nucleus accumbens Olfactory bulb Prefrontal cortex The tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA) Receives [[Glutamate]]rgic input from the prefrontal cortex, and inputs from other areas like NAcc, pallidum, etc. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventrolateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventrolateral-Prefrontal-Cortex/ 2023-10-20: Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex # “Top-Down” Mu-Opioid System Function in Humans: Mu-Opioid Receptors in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediate the Relationship Between Hedonic Tone and Executive Function in Major Depressive Disorder Executive Function, Neural Circuitry, and Genetic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia In line with the theory that VLPFC is recruited in a compensatory fashion during DLPFC-taxing tasks in schizophrenia, patients have shown increased VLPFC activation in conjunction with reduced DLPFC activation during manipulation in a verbal working memory task More recent data examining functional connectivity suggest that this potential compensatory mechanism cannot simply be described as increased relative activation, but rather, increased dominance and assumption of DLPFC’s nodal role in extended executive circuitry When bottom-up sensory inputs are ambiguous or unreliable –as with illusory contours– there is a tendency to give more weight to information from internal models (Parr et al. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventromedial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Ventromedial-Prefrontal-Cortex/ 2022-03-23: reference: Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex # Related to perception of self and other https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Verteporfin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Verteporfin/ 2023-11-18: https://old.reddit.com/r/tressless/comments/17rhwzz/holy_shit_verteporfin_may_actually_be_the_cure/ Verteportin # Just hit the [[Hair Loss]] scene for regrowing hair transplant donor sites (where scar tissue is always leftover) hair and all, or maybe even reversing the fibrosis of the shiny bald heads. As it stands right now though, I don’t think it reverses scar formation, but it would prevent it during any future hair transplants. FDA approved way back for macular degeneration: accumulates in these abnormal blood vessels and, when stimulated by nonthermal red light with a wavelength of 689 nm in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to the endothelium and blockage of the vessels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vesicle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vesicle/ 2023-06-20: [[Synapse|Synaptic]] Vesicle # Must contain transport proteins for both their intitial uptake and exocytosis. ‘Purified vesicles have a protein:[[Phospholipid]] ratio of 1:3 with a lipid composition of 40% [[Phosphatidylcholine]], 32% [[Phosphatidylethanolamine]], 12% [[Phosphatidylserine]], 5% [[Phosphatidylinositol]], and 10% [[Cholesterol]].’ Maintains an acidic environment, preventing oxidation. I think it’s something like 5.5? Mediated by ATPase. Neurotransmitter type(s) Inward movement Outward movement norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine neurotransmitter+ 2 H+ GABA and glycine neurotransmitter 1 H+ glutamate neurotransmitter− & Cl− 1 H+ Interdependency Between Autophagy and Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking: Implications for Dopamine Release https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGCC/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGCC/ 2022-05-05: reference: VGCC (Voltage-gated calcium channel) # Permeable to Na+, but at 1/1000 permeability of Ca2+. [SNARE] proteins like synaptotagmin at presynaptic [[Synapse]]s are located next to them. As such, Ca2+ influx is effective immediately and exocytosis takes about 300 μs and it does not require concentration to affect the whole cytoplasm or anything. Calcium channels can bind directly to vesicle proteins. They are normally closed, and open when depolarized(+ influx). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGF/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGF/ 2022-06-25: reference: VGF # Non-acronymic. Thanks m8. [[TrkB]] ligand. VGF as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases The VGF-derived peptide TLQP-62 modulates insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis TLQP-62 is a derived peptide that promotes proliferation in neuronal progenitor cells. Low VGF is associated with executive dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorder https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGLUT1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VGLUT1/ 2022-05-20: reference: VGLUT1 # Mediates the filling of vesicles with glutamate. I believe it basically forms a chanel: (here’s [[VMAT2|VMAT]])ns https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vinpocetine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vinpocetine/ 2022-05-18: [[Nootropics]] reference: https://www.ergo-log.com/brain-works-better-after-two-days-of-vinpocetine.html https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/23457-vinpocetine-ditch-it/ Vinpocetine # [[PDE1]] inhibitor, improving peripheral [[Vasodilation]]. Compare to [[Ginkgo]] or Reserpine. Inhibits The [[NF-κB]] cascade via inhibiting IKK. Potent antioxidant. Used as a treatment for tinnitus. Reduces neuronal calcium influx without blocking presynaptic Ca2+ channels. [Effects of several cerebroprotective drugs on NMDA channel function: evaluation using Xenopus oocytes and [3H]MK-801 binding] These results suggest that the inhibition of NMDA channels by vinpocetine shows a similarity to the action of Zn2+ which closes the gate of the NMDA channel Vinpocetine preferentially antagonizes quisqualate/AMPA receptor responses: evidence from release and ligand binding studies. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Visual-Cortex/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Visual-Cortex/ 2022-10-02: Visual Cortex # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-A/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: Grant Genereux’s Theory of Vitamin A Toxicity (385 fucking pages): https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/grant-genereuxs-theory-of-vitamin-a-toxicity.24722/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/post-your-vitamin-a-success-stories-here-please.34611/ 4-11-2021 Vitamin A # How much do I take??? Mayo clinic provides an upper limit of 10,000 mcg, or 30k IU ( 50k IU of β-carotene RAE (retinol activity equivalent) but have fun converting that - assuming that’s taken into account) “For several years, when I had an extremely high metabolic rate, I needed 100,000 units per day during sunny weather to prevent acne and ingrown whiskers, but when I moved to a cloudy climate, suddenly that much was too much, and suppressed my thyroid. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-C/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: 4-12-2021 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) # Pretty popular for skin health. Maybe worth checking out. Liposomal vitamin C? Vitamin C flush: Drink 1g of C with water/juice every hour. Or maybe 15-25g at once. Once you get enema-like stool, you’re all good. Wtf? High levels inhibit absorption of copper, probably by increasing iron absorption Upregulates [[Tyrosine]] Cofactor for [[Noradrenaline]]. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/help-with-healing-after-1-year-of-carnivore.30342/post-453501 Blunts release of [[Adrenocortocotropic Hormone]] Increases absoprtion of non-[[Heme]] [[Iron]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-D/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-D/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/increased-activation-of-vitamin-d-1-25d-25d-ratio-is-likely-to-be-linked-to-disruption-of-the-bone-kidney-parathyroid-endocrine-axis.44115/ https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/is-vitamin-d-supplementation-even-neccessary.23844/ Amazoniac doing what he does best. Good to look into. He calls it Venom D. Supraphysiological doses of vitamin D changes brainwave activity patterns in rats RPF 4-12-2021 Vitamin D # In its active form, calicitrol, it is a [[Steroid]]. Do not supplement calcitrol (which is rare) - you want cholecalciferol. The proper test is for 25(OH)vitamin D. The suffcient amount is that which lowers PTH, which is around 40-100ng/mL. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-E/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-E/ links: [rom[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/so-do-you-guys-just-never-eat-out.31574/post-474845 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6816576/ 4-12-2021 Vitamin E # Any of the four tocopherols or four tocotrienols are considered ‘vitamin E’. This includes: [[α-tocopherol]], [[β-tocopherol]], [[γ-tocopherol]] and [[δ-tocopherol]]. With adequate vitamin E levels, [[FSH]] and [[Luteinizing Hormone]] rose significantly in pituitary tissue, not plasma. [[Testosterone]] significantly elevated in testicular tissue and plasma. Supposedly, haidut got to 1500ng/dl naturally by ultradosing vitamin E. Increases [[Luteinizing Hormone]] receptor sensitivity; aids in steroidogenesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-K/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-K/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] [[Quinone]] reference: 4-12-2021 Vitamin K # K1: Phylloquinone [[Vitamin K2|K2]]: Methaquinone/Menaquinone K3: Menadione - synthetic & water-soluble Extremely light sensetive. Protects vitamin E, CoQ and PUFA from free radical damage. Concentrations of Circulating Phylloquinone, but Not Cerebral Menaquinone-4, Are Positively Correlated with a Wide Range of Cognitive Measures: Exploratory Findings in Centenarians https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-K2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamin-K2/ 2022-04-17: reference: In this post is a metric fuckton of references for the benefits of K2 Vitamin K2 (Methaquinone/Menaquinone) # In a word, D enhances calcium absorption, and K2 enhances its usage in bones and cells. Activates protein S RPF 45mg of vitamin K2 caused, in several cases, permanent and spontaneous remission of last stage liver [[Cancer]]. RPF K2 and other quinones inhibit [[MAO-B]] RPF Inhibits [[Lipid Peroxidation]] R and [[Prostaglandin]] synthesis R Calcium/Physiology # Significantly reduces arterial stiffness by reducing blood calcium levels. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamins-Minerals/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vitamins-Minerals/ links: reference: ==35% ALL THORNE PRODUCTS BRUH== https://www.thorne.com/u/iambeniam http://orthomolecular.org/index.shtml ==Healthnatura: code SCOOP for 20% each item== Nutrient Metabolism - Structures, Functions, and Genes https://nutritiondata.self.com/ Purebulk: BULKUP might be the best https://www.fao.org/3/Y2809E/y2809e00.htm#Contents 4-12-2021 Vitamins & Minerals # Oxyradicals and multivitamin tablets: Ingestion of a single multivitamin tablet leads to hydroxyl radical production equivalent to a radiation dose rate of 53 Gy/h. Tl;dr: B vitamins don’t seem to inhibit the absorption of anything else (besides B6 on B1) and should be taken with magnesium (in the morning, as per my current regimen) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VLDL/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VLDL/ 2024-02-06: VLDL # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VMAT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VMAT/ 2022-08-11: reference: VMAT # Bipolar patients have overexpressed vesicular transporters as the brain desperately tries to compensate but this doesn’t produce a favorable state as the vesicular transporters are barely functional in the normal comformation due to the deficiency of cellular energy and when the brain senses neurotransmitter release is needed, the bipolar brain has no choice but turn to an amphetamine-like state - vesicular and presynaptic terminal transporters change comformation and leak neurotransmitters irrespective of cellular energy. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VMAT2/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VMAT2/ 2022-02-04 links: reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/qqrhrc/the_importance_of_vmat2_in_the_prevention_of/ VMAT2 (SLC18A2) # An integral memrane protein (IMP). Catalyzes transport of [[Monoamine]]s from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles via exporting 2 H+. Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output via non-canonical release of GABA apparently required for GABA release. Amphetamine binds to its ‘TBZ (tetrabenzanine) binding site’, and methamphetamine binds to its ‘reserpine binding site’. [[Cocaine]]-induced mood disorders display significant loss of VMAT2 immunoreactivity. https://www.geneticlifehacks.com/vmat2-gene-the-god-gene-and-neurotransmitters/ - pretty sure the whole ‘god gene’ thing is based off a single study. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VO2-Max/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/VO2-Max/ 2022-01-21 links: reference: VO$_2$ Max # Maximum rate of oxygen consumption during [[Exercise]] of increasing intensity (incremental exercise). 100% VO2 max is basically when you feel like you’re about to pass out when sprinting etc. Apparently HIIT under 65% VO2 max only uses fat acids instead of muscle glycogen https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Volufiline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Volufiline/ 2023-04-06: Volufiline # ==look into hexapeptide-38/adyfilline== Hydrogenated polysiobutene and Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract I think what’s key from the extract is Sarsasapogenin, a phytosterol/sapogenin. Promotes differentiation of pre-[[Adipocyte]]s (activating genes). Stimulating uptake of fat in the process. A ’lipofilling agent'. I believe it swells pores? https://looksmax.org/threads/under-eye-area-and-under-chin-area-maxxing.514485/ OP used Volufiline and [[EGF]] for under eye support. Supposedly permanent. He just used one drop per night for 2-3 months. Tried it on his upper limps to plump up and it seemed to work. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vorinostat/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vorinostat/ 2023-09-17: Vorinostat # Cures social anxiety. (Lots of talk on /r/vorinostat). Cool megapost: https://old.reddit.com/r/NooTopics/comments/my5rqc/i_wrote_an_article_on_hdac_inhibitors_geared/ The HDAC inhibitor holds open the transcription window during memory formation, enabling the real-time reevaluation of the old memories, and the ability to strongly consolidate the present moment into long-term memory. This double whammy makes sure the present moment is prioritized. HDAC inhibitors, while on them, also let you more deftly analyze any situation you’re in due to nearly everything during the session being written into long-term memory in one way or another. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vortioxetine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Vortioxetine/ 2022-08-13: [[SSRI]] reference: Vortioxetine # [[5-HT1A]] agonist, [[5-HT1B]] partial agonist, [[5-HT3]]A antagonist, [[5-HT7]] antagonist. [[SLC6A4]] brenden: Vorti is a superior SSRI due to 5ht1a post synaptic partial agonism, leading to both quicker efficacy and less sexual side effects. Fluvoxamine has high sigma 1 agonism, which has also shown some promise in OCD however I don’t think that makes fluvoxetine necessarily superior and I’ll explain why. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17349995/ Sigma 1 activation seems to occur downstream from 5ht3 activation according to this study as it required the increased ca2+ to activate sigma 1. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WASP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WASP/ 2022-08-25: reference: WASp (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) # 502-amino acids. Also a family, consisting of N-WASP, SCAR/[[WAVE]]1, WASH (WAVE and Scar homologue), etc. So yeah, it complexes with [[Biochemistry/Arp|Arp2/3]]. Mechanism of synergistic activation of Arp2/3 complex by cortactin and N-WASP (pretty short) https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Water/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Water/ links: reference: 8-19-2021 Water # Distilled water is of course the purest. Then you can add a trace mineral mix; not as part of th diet but to change it from some extracting solvent to something one consumes, at least in theory. Reverse Osmosis ideally leaves the elemental minerals but removes anything heavy, and of course all the pharmeceuticals etc. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/distilled-water.7616/ Make it alkaline and conductive. Stuff like OJIO ionic magnesium minerals. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WAVE/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WAVE/ 2022-09-07: reference: WAVE (WASP-family verprolin homologous protein) (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein 1 (WASF1)) # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WAY-316606/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WAY-316606/ 2023-05-31: WAY-316606 # Relatively novel substance on science.bio for [[Hair Loss]]. Comapre to [[SM04554]] - both of them have human studies. This has been around for 3 years or so! Also KY19382, GT20029 - Haircafe has videos on all of them. Generally, it might be the best out of the WNT drugs, since it doesn’t go intracellular and act on WNT directly, which may pose a cancer risk. [[SFRP1]] inhibitor, and SFRP is a [[WNT]] inhibitor. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/White-Matter/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/White-Matter/ 2022-02-10 links: reference: White Matter # Contains a higher number of axons, as opposed to gray matter, dense in neurons/dendrites. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WISP1/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WISP1/ 2022-07-06: reference: WISP1 (Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1) # WISP1 is expressed in the epithelium, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, placenta, ovaries, small intestine, and spleen with limited brain expression Wnt1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP1) Blocks Neurodegeneration through Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase/Akt1 and Apoptotic Mitochondrial Signaling Involving Bad, Bax, Bim, and Bcl-xL Phosphorylation of Bad, GSK-3β, minimizing expression of Bim/[[BAX]]->[[Caspase 3]] and [[Cytochrome C]] release, and [[Mitochondria]] membrane permeability. Indeed, WNT-dependent neuroprotection requires p-AKT. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WNT/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WNT/ 2022-02-19 links: reference: WNT (“Wingless-type”) signaling pathway # Canonical pathway: Also see Wnt/Ca2+ pathway: Gq?->[[Phospholipase C]] -> etc. -> [[NFAT]], [[CREB]] JNK pathway: DV1 -> [[RhoA]]->[[ROCK]] and Rac1->[[JNK]]->[[TGF-β]] Since ROCK is a negative regulator of PTEN (and IRS-1) this is anti-mtor WNT1->[[WISP1]]->PI3K->AKT->… In humans, there exists WNT1-16, with some subtypes all the while. WNT10A/B are implicated in oncogenesis. B is implicated in adipogenesis, coronary vessel formation, and attenuating pathological fibrosis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WNT7a/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/WNT7a/ 2022-11-16: WNT7a # Acts on satellite stem cells and myotubes via its receptor Fzd7, which activates activates Akt. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Working-Memory/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Working-Memory/ 2022-03-24: reference: Working Memory # Working memory can be divided into: Verbal Storage: posterior [[Parietal Lobe]] Rehearsal: partially [[Broca’s Area]] visuospatial components Storage/rehearsal: frontal/premotor modulation of [[Parietal Lobe]], [[Inferior Temporal]], and [[Occipital Lobe]] On Rhythms in Neuronal Networks with Recurrent Excitation Recurrent excitation can sustain activity even when the cells in the network are driven below threshold, too weak to fire on their own. This sort of “reverberating” activity is often thought to be the basis of working memory. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Xanthine/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Xanthine/ 2022-08-23: reference: Xanthine # A purine base. Derived from it includes [[Caffeine]], [[Theobromine]], theophylline, etc. They are [[PDE]] inhibitors, [[Adenosine Receptor]] antagonists, and antiinflammatories. Theophylline is the most powerful. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Xanthone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Xanthone/ 2022-08-29: reference: Xanthone # Some of the most powerful known [[Antioxidant]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/YAP/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/YAP/ 2023-11-18: YAP (Yes-Associated Protein) # Transcription coregulator. Mainly suppresses apoptotic genes. Associates with SH3 domains… involved in signaling stress from mechanotransduction. It’s involved in so much shit I’ve never heard of it’s not even funny: The Crosstalk Between Hippo-YAP Pathway and Innate Immunity https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Zinc-finger/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Zinc-finger/ 2022-03-20: reference: Zinc finger # A structural motif characterized by coordination of at least one $\ce{Zn^2+}$ for fold stabilization. DNA-binding domain composed of three [[Zinc finger]] motifs. Now you know. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Zinc/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/Zinc/ links: [[Vitamins & Minerals]] reference: https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/whats-the-best-form-of-zinc.5321/post-101681 4-14-2021 Zinc # Zinc deficiency reduces the serum levels and cellular entry of Calcium]]. Similar to vitamin A and K; they compete for absorption yet a deficiency will fuck up the other. Inhibits [[Copper]] absorption and [[Manganese]] uptake Zinc is a positive allosteric modulator of the beta 2 adrenergic receptor, increasing the affinity of epinephrine for this receptor. When beta 2 receptor activates, it inhibits histamine release from mast cells. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Ketoglutarate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Ketoglutarate/ 2022-03-03: reference: α-Ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutaric acid) # Reversibly converted via alanine transaminase into L-glutamate: ([[Alanine]] + αKG $\ce{<=>}$ [[Pyruvate]] + [[Glutamate]]) via alanine aminotransferase/transaminse. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Klotho/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Klotho/ 2022-05-16: reference: α-Klotho # Levels inversely related to seurm [[IGF-1]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Synuclein/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-Synuclein/ 2022-05-31: reference: α-Synuclein (SNCA) # Protein for synaptic vesicle transport. Fibrils of α-synuclein are the primary structural component of the lewy bodies (which are found in cortex and [[Substantia Nigra]]) of [[Parkinson’s]]. Lewy bodies in are formed by acceleration of α-syn aggregation of failure of clearance, whether by ROS and decline in antioxidants like DJ-1, [[Amyloid β]], [[Tau]], failure of ubiquitin, failure of lysosomal-mediated autophagy. A role for α-synuclein in the regulation of dopamine biosynthesis. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-tocopherol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B1-tocopherol/ 2022-02-23: [[Vitamin E]] reference: α-tocopherol # Subjects with elevated plasma alpha-tocopherol levels had depressed plasma [[γ-tocopherol]]. Given 1200 IU of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol daily for 8 weeks, gamma-tocopherol values were typically 30-50% of initial values, and alpha-tocopherol values were typically 200-400% of initial values. R [Effects of Long-Term a-Tocopherol Supplementation on Serum Hormones in Older Men] 133 50-69y/o smokers. 50mg/day (x1.49=74.5 IU) of α-tocopherol. For 5-8 years! Androstenedione: 158 vs 145. DHEA-S: 130 vs 121. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B11B/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B11B/ 2023-03-18: α1B # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12-Adrenergic-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12-Adrenergic-Receptor/ 2022-04-27: reference: α2 Adrenergic Receptor # Gi-coupled. Contraction of GI tract, inhibition of insulin release, induction of [[Glucagon]] from the [[Pancreas]] Includes [[α2A]] α2B [[α2C]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12A/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12A/ 2023-03-18: α2A [[α2 Adrenergic Receptor]] # (Gi) Majority is postsynaptic. Two functionally distinct α2-adrenergic receptors regulate sympathetic neurotransmission Inhibits neurotransmitter release at high stimulation frequencies, while α2C is for lower levels of nerve activity. Anxiolytic; reduces [[Blood Pressure]] There exist α2A-serotonin heteroreceptors. [[Clonidine]] inhibits [[Dorsal Raphe Nucleus]] firing. Psychostimulants Modafinil, Atomoxetine and Guanfacine Impair Bone Cell Differentiation and MSC Migration it’s over. Alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated co-release of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the cerebral cortex Stimulation of the locus coeruleus elicits noradrenaline and dopamine release in the medial prefrontal and parietal cortex Activation of a novel α2AAR-spinophilin-cofilin axis determines the effect of α2 adrenergic drugs on fear memory reconsolidation Clonidine, but not guanfacine, promotes actin and [[Cofilin]] interaction to induce spinophilin to induce cofilin activation at the synapse. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12C/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12C/ 2023-09-08: α2C [[Adrenergic Receptor]] # Gi Antagonism would be interesting, disinhibiting NE/DA activity in PFC, also being anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and analgesic. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12%CE%B4/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B12%CE%B4/ 2023-01-05: α2δ # One gene forming two subunits (linked via disulfide bond) of [[VGCC]]. Gabapentin/pregabalin disrupts it. This prevents calcium channel membrane delivery to cell membrane, and disrupts α2δ interactions with NMDAR, neurexins, and [[Thrombospondin]]s. Gabapentin has similar affinity to α2δ-1 and α2δ-2, the former being its principal MOA. [[Leucine]]/isoleucine are ligands that compete for binding with drugs https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B13%CE%B24-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B13%CE%B24-nAChR/ 2022-04-27: reference: α3β4 nAChR # AT-1001: A High Affinity and Selective α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist Blocks Nicotine Self-Administration in Rats https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14-nAChR/ 2022-05-22: reference: α4 nAChR # Does exist as a homomer. Associated with [[Dopamine]]rgic neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14%CE%B22-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14%CE%B22-nAChR/ 2022-02-18 links: reference: α4β2 nAChR # Partial agonist is cnognitively enhancing, and doesn’t cause behavioral sensitization. Sirsad might get TC-1734 synthesized [[Estradiol]] is a PAM. [[Zinc]] potentiates α4-containing somehow. Selective a4b2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists Target Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cortical GABAergic Neurons Stimulation is associated with [[Growth Hormone]] secretion. Association of a Nicotinic Receptor Mutation with Reduced Height and Blunted Physostigmine-Stimulated Growth Hormone Release People with the inactive CHRNA4 mutation Ser248Phe are an average of 10 cm (4 inches) shorter than average and predisposed to obesity Stimulation of dopamine release by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands in rat brain slices correlates with the profile of high, but not low, sensitivity α4β2 subunit combination (i. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14%CE%B22%CE%B15-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B14%CE%B22%CE%B15-nAChR/ 2023-04-02: α4β2[[α5 nAChR]] # The α4β2α5 nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is resistant to up‐regulation by nicotine in vivo #Read Suggests a regulatory role for [[α5 nAChR]]? Subunit Composition and Pharmacology of Two Classes of Striatal Presynaptic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Mediating Dopamine Release in Mice [[α5 nAChR]] knockout: diminished nicotine-sitmulated dopamine release #Ankified The β2 subunit is an absolute requirement for both classes. In contrast, deletion of β4 or α7 subunits had no effect Virtually all of the [[α5 nAChR|α5]]-containing nAChRs in the rat hippocampus, striatum, cerebral cortex, and thalamus are [[α4β2α5 nAChR]]s. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B15-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B15-nAChR/ 2022-05-26: reference: α5 nAChR # Deletion of α5 nicotine receptor subunits abolishes nicotinic aversive motivational effects in a manner that phenocopies dopamine receptor antagonism Knockout mice exhibit: increased nicotine intake & reduced sensitiviy to its behavioral effects, and show increased attentional performance(?) Less prone to desensitization. The α5 Subunit Regulates the Expression and Function of α4*-Containing Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Ventral-Tegmental Area While the presence of the α5 subunit blunts the desensitization of nAChRs following nicotine exposure, it does not alter the amount of ethanol potentiation of VTA dopaminergic neurons. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B16-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B16-nAChR/ 2023-12-19: α6 nAChR # M: I looked at it now. Phenylpiracetam might also be less addictive since it might not have affinity for a6 type nachrs. Both a4 and a6 types are potent dopamine releaser S: in what i posted i decided was true after reading a fuck ton of similar papers. looks like it upregulates trka and enhances ngf binding, which upregulates nicotinic receptors, and ligands get trapped in nicotinic receptors which causes depressed activity M: *Thats possible but a6 nachrs downregulate, a4a5b2 are resistant so TrkA binding might only affect subset of interneurons thats close to nachrs that released NGF * https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B17-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B17-nAChR/ 2022-03-04: reference: α7 nAChR # Exists as a homomer: has the highest [[Ca2+]] permeability of all the subunits. They generally have a really low opening probability, and low affinity for acetylcholine. Even more Ca2+ permeability than [[NMDAR]]! α7 subunits are also found within heteromers i.e. α7β2. Fast desensitization. Partial agonists and PAMs slow this down. Activation and Desensitization of Nicotinic α7-type Acetylcholine Receptors by Benzylidene Anabaseines and Nicotine sirsadalot: I believe this is the case with all nicotinic receptors But mainly α7 and α4β2 since those are the most excitatory. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B17%CE%B22-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B17%CE%B22-nAChR/ 2022-05-24: reference: α7β2 nAChR # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Carboline/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Carboline/ 2022-04-26: reference: β-Carboline # They are [[Histamine Methyltransferase]] inhibitors. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Carotene/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Carotene/ links: reference: 10-25-2021 Beta Carotene # Tetra[[Terpene]]. [[B12]], fat (pancreatic lipase) and [[Thyroid]] can convert beta carotene into retinol. Travis: A reduced expression of β-carotene 15, 15’-monooxygenase resulting from hypothyroidism is also how all scientists— besides Ray Peat—appear to explain the situation. I have seen no published articles claiming the inverted causality or demonstrated convincing evidence of such. https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/dried-mango-for-vitamin-a.20797/post-289619 With high consumption of β-carotene or retinol, the carotene cleavage enzyme appears to be downregulated. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Catenin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Catenin/ 2022-05-02: reference: β-Catenin # Integral part of the [[WNT]] pathway. Involved both in cell-cell adhesion and in gene transcription. The β-Catenin Destruction Complex [[CK1]] initially phosphorylates Ser45 of β-catenin, which primes [[GSK-3β]] phosphorylateion of β-Catenin at Thr41. Which then in turn primes phosphorylation of Ser37, and Ser33. When unstimulated (what did I mean by this) [[GSK-3β]] phosphorylates β-catenin (Tyr216), whereby it dissociates and then it is [[Ubiquitin|ubiquinated]]. When [[WNT]] binds to the complex… sometimes you see the complex in a fragmented state - idk. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Endorphin/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Endorphin/ 2022-04-07: reference: β-Endorphin # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Glucan/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Glucan/ links: reference: 4-23-2021 Beta-Glucan # Oat bran (no gluten) is a powerful source. Cordyceps is a source? Beta-glucans can inhibit [[Aromatase]]. Three Different Types of β-Glucans Enhance Cognition: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Glucuronidase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Glucuronidase/ links: [[Enzyme]] reference: 10-26-2021 β-Glucuronidase # Removes [[Glucuronic Acid]] and reactivates detoxed compounds, so to say. Lower with Cardamom https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-hydroxybutyrate/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-hydroxybutyrate/ 2022-02-06 links: reference: β-hydroxybutyrate # A [[Ketone Body]]. Increases expression of FOXO3a via [[HDAC]] inhibition R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Klotho/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Klotho/ 2023-10-07: β-Klotho # Promoted by [[PPRE]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Lapachone/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B2-Lapachone/ 2022-05-18: reference: https://www.beta-lapachone.com/ β-Lapachone # Activates [[PGC-1α]]. Promotes [[Brown Adipose]] formation. Downregulates [[COX-2]]. Indeed, it’s a coagulant, but this is due to Lapachol inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K quinone reductase Induces [[Egr-1]] Pau D’Arco # Potent glyoxylase inhibitor thanks to its [[β-Lapachone]] content. Part of yerba mate. High doses of extract inhibits estrogen receptor signaling: R https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B22-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B22-nAChR/ 2022-05-26: reference: β2 nAChR # Improves attentional performance. Knockout mice: loss of nicotine-induced dopamine and GABA release, impaired development of the visual system, increased passive avoidance latency; loss of nicotine self-administration, reduced nicotine-induced antinociception, impaired learning and increased neurodegeneration in aged animals https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B22/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B22/ 2022-11-10: β2 # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B23-Adrenegic-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B23-Adrenegic-Receptor/ 2024-12-02: β3 [[Adrenergic Receptor]] # Synephrine is a selective agonist. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B24-nAChR/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B24-nAChR/ 2022-05-26: reference: β4 nAChR # Knockout mice have higher extracellular dopamine in [[Nucleus Accumbens]], Lower nicotine self-administration & withdrawal and decreased anxiety-related response https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-8/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-8/ 2022-05-05: reference: TARP γ8 (Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein) # Most abundantly expressed in the [[Hippocampus]] R, and perhaps the principal TARP afaik. Stargazin is still ubiquitous though. CaMKII phosphorylation of TARPgamma-8 is a mediator of LTP and learning and memory Knockout severely depletes LTP by means of reducing the pool of [[eAMPAR]], which are indeed required. Maybe they’re actually neuroprotective compared to [[eNMDAR]]? Who knows. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-Secretase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-Secretase/ 2022-12-10: γ-Secretase # A complex of a few notably proteins, the most important being the catalytic complex, [[Presenilin]]-1 (there is als PS2). Related to cleavage of E/N-[[Cadherin]]. Golde et al. 2012: γ-secretase inhibitors induce severe side effects. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-tocopherol/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B3-tocopherol/ 2022-02-23: [[Vitamin E]] reference: γ-tocopherol # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B4-Opioid-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%B4-Opioid-Receptor/ 2022-05-30: reference: δ-Opioid Receptor # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%945-Desaturase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%945-Desaturase/ 2023-05-29: Δ5 Desaturase # DGLA -> [[Arachidonic Acid]], a far more fatal fate. Knockdown of delta-5-desaturase promotes the anti-cancer activity of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in colon cancer cells expressing COX-2 A Novel Orally Available Delta-5 Desaturase Inhibitor Prevents Atherosclerotic Lesions Accompanied by Changes in Fatty Acid Composition and Eicosanoid Production in ApoE Knockout Mice Delta-5-desaturase: A novel therapeutic target for cancer management https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%946-Desaturase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%946-Desaturase/ 2022-02-20 links: reference: Delta 6 Desaturase (D6D) (Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase) # One of the 3 fatty acid desaturases (along with Δ5 and Δ-9), denoting the bond they desaturate (i.e. 6-7, forming an ω-7.) Perhaps among other things, [[Adipose]] decreases the amount of Δ5 desaturase. Converts: cis-[[Linoleic Acid]] to [[GLA]] - Deficiencies in GLA lead to DGLA [[PGE1]] deficiencies. [[Palmitic Acid]] to [[Sapienic Acid]] [[ALA|α-linoleic acid]] to [[Stearidonic Acid]] Tetracosatetranoic acid to tetracosapentanoic acid (intedmediate between EPA and DHA) Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism Evidence, in general, is consistent with the hypothesis that LC-PUFAs in breast milk may enhance cognitive development (15). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%946-Elongase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%946-Elongase/ 2022-08-10: reference: Δ6 Elongase # https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%949-Desaturase/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%949-Desaturase/ 2022-08-17: reference: Δ9 Desaturase (Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1/9-desaturase) # (FADS2 also has Δ8 and Δ4 activity apparently) Rate-limiting step of [[Monounsaturated Fat]] synthesis: I’ve seen it described as an [[Protein Kinase B|AKT]] activator/AMPK inhibitor. Insights into Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Regulation of Systemic Metabolism In SCD1 GKO mice, reduced hepatic oleate synthesis reduces liver triglycerides accumulation Inhibits [[FAAH]] Lower the better. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%94FosB/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%94FosB/ links: reference: 8-16-2021 ΔFOSB (FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) # Splice variant of FOSB. Function and increase in expression is inhibited by by G9a (a histone methyltransferase), and ΔJunD. Delta FosB mediates epigenetic desensitization of the c-fos gene after chronic amphetamine exposure ΔFosB recruits [[HDAC]] 1 to [[c-Fos]]’s gene promoter (on chromatin or something?) thus decreasing its mRNA; c-Fos being a transcription factor necessary for dopamine’s effects and for plasticity. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%BA-Opioid-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%BA-Opioid-Receptor/ links: [[Opioid Receptor]] reference: 11-10-2021 Kappa Opioid Receptor # Gi-coupled PCR, coupled to [[Potassium Channel|Kir]] channels (and N-type [[VGCC]]s.). 3 subtypes (κ1, κ2, κ3) The [[Claustrum]] is the region of the brain in which the KOR is most densely expressed The claustrum’s proposed role in consciousness is supported by the effect and target localization of Salvia divinorum Crick and Koch theorized that the claustrum is a “conductor of consciousness”. The effect of claustrum lesions on human consciousness and recovery of function Primarily binds [[Dynorphin]]. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%BC-Opioid-Receptor/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CE%BC-Opioid-Receptor/ 2022-01-12 links: [[Opioid Receptor]] reference: μ-Opioid Receptor # Knockout mice have reduced binding at [[Adenosine A1]]. R Colocalized with AMPAR, μ promotes their exocytosis by reducing extracellular calcium. https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CF%831/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CF%831/ 2022-04-16: reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/prefrontal/comments/18wwbas/the_neuroscience_of_sigma1_%CF%831_and_its_relevance/ σ1 # Located on the endoplasmic reticulum where it modulates IP3 receptor’s calcium signaling. Heteromerizes with D2. Upregulaes AADC and TH. A ‘chaperone protein’ of the [[Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum]], co-localizing with their [[Inositol Triphosphate]] receptors. The sigma-1 receptor as key common factor in cocaine and food-seeking behaviors [[Ghrelin]]-R1a-[[D1]] heteromers…. damn. Hypothesis: The Psychedelic Ayahuasca Heals Traumatic Memories via a Sigma 1 Receptor-Mediated Epigenetic-Mnemonic Process Ayahuasca, via hyperactivation of trauma and emotional memory-related centres, and via its concomitant SIGMAR1- and MAOIs- induced anti-amnesic effects, facilitates the retrieval of traumatic memories, in turn making them labile (destabilised). https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CF%832/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://yana-log.net/notes/vault/%CF%832/ 2022-04-30: reference: σ2 # Negatively regulates [[NMDAR]].